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Vázquez M, Martínez M. Kinetico-mechanistic Studies on the Substitution Reactivity on the {Ru(II)(bpy)2} Core with Nucleosides and Nucleotides at Physiological pH. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:6731-8. [PMID: 27327488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinetico-mechanistic study of the substitution reactions of the aquo ligands in cis-[Ru(bpy)2(H2O)2](2+) by different nucleotides and nucleosides has been conducted at pH close to the physiological value. The concentration dependence and thermal and pressure activation parameters have been measured to ascertain the activation via which reactions take place. Substitution processes are found associatively activated for nitrogen-bonded nucleosides or nucleotides, with outer-sphere hydrogen-bonded aggregates being determinant. For reactions leading to oxygen-bonded nucleotides, the process is clearly dissociatively activated. A selectively induced lability of the inert {Ru(II)(bpy)2} core is observed on the formation of nitrogen(amide)-bonded complexes at relatively low pH values, which might be relevant for the effective intercalation of designed, ruthenium(II)-bonded, aromatic rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vázquez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Shatskiy A, Lomoth R, Abdel-Magied AF, Rabten W, Laine TM, Chen H, Sun J, Andersson PG, Kärkäs MD, Johnston EV, Åkermark B. Catalyst–solvent interactions in a dinuclear Ru-based water oxidation catalyst. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:19024-19033. [PMID: 27853776 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03789e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new dinuclear ruthenium-based water oxidation catalyst is described. Insight is provided into interactions between the catalyst and acetonitrile, a common co-solvent in water oxidation catalysis.
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3
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Agarwala H, Scherer TM, Mobin SM, Kaim W, Lahiri GK. Bidirectional non-innocence of the β-diketonato ligand 9-oxidophenalenone (L-) in [Ru([9]aneS3)(L)(dmso)]n, [9]aneS3 = 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:3939-48. [PMID: 24448427 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53069h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The new compound [Ru(II)([9]aneS3)(L)(dmso)]ClO4 ([]ClO4) ([9]aneS3 = 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane, HL = 9-hydroxyphenalenone, dmso = dimethylsulfoxide) has been structurally characterised to reveal almost equal C-O bond distances of coordinated L(-), suggesting a delocalised bonding situation of the β-diketonato ligand. The dmso ligand is coordinated via the sulfur atom in the native (1+) and reduced states (1 and 1-) as has been revealed by X-ray crystallography and by DFT calculations. Cyclic voltammetry of 1+ exhibits two close-lying one-electron oxidation waves at 0.77 V and 0.94 V, and two similarly close one-electron reduction processes at -1.43 V and -1.56 V versus SCE in CH2Cl2. The electronic structures of 1n in the accessible redox states have been analysed via experiments (EPR and UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry) and by DFT/TD-DFT calculations, revealing the potential for bidirectional non-innocent behaviour of coordinated L(˙/-/˙2-). Specifically, the studies establish significant involvement of L based frontier orbitals in both the oxidation and reduction processes: [([9]aneS3)(dmso)Ru(III)-L˙](3+) (1(3+)) ⇌ [([9]aneS3)(dmso)Ru(III)-L(-)](2+)/[([9]aneS3)(dmso)Ru(II)-L˙](2+) (1(2+)) ⇌ [([9]aneS3)(dmso)Ru(II)-L(-)](+) (1(+)) ⇌ [([9]aneS3)(dmso)Ru(II)-L(˙2-)] (1) ⇌ [([9]aneS3)(dmso)Ru(II)-L(3-)](-)/[([9]aneS3)(dmso)Ru(I)-L(˙2-)](-) (1-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemlata Agarwala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
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4
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Tuning electronic interactions in mixed valence ruthenium systems incorporating thiacrown ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Gamble AJ, Lynam JM, Thatcher RJ, Walton PH, Whitwood AC. cis-1,3,5-Triaminocyclohexane as a facially capping ligand for ruthenium(II). Inorg Chem 2013; 52:4517-27. [PMID: 23517123 DOI: 10.1021/ic302819j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of cis-[RuCl2(DMSO-S)3(DMSO-O)] with cis-1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane (tach) results in the formation of [RuCl(tach)(DMSO-S)2]Cl, a valuable precursor for a wide range of other tach-containing Ru complexes. Reaction of [RuCl(tach)(DMSO-S)2]Cl with the chelating nitrogen-based ligands (N-N = bipyridine, phenanthroline, and ethylenediamine) affords [Ru(N-N)(DMSO-S)2(tach)][Cl]2. A similar reaction between [RuCl(tach)(DMSO-S)]Cl with the chelating phosphorus-based ligands (P-P = dppm, dppe, dppp, dppb, dppv, and dppben) leads to the formation of [RuCl(P-P)(tach)]Cl. The structures of 10 examples of the tach-containing complexes have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. An examination of the structural metrics obtained from these studies indicates that the tach ligand is a strong sigma donor. In addition, the presence of the NH2 groups in the tach ligand allow for participation in hydrogen bonding further modulating the coordinative properties of the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee J Gamble
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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6
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Farràs P, Maji S, Benet-Buchholz J, Llobet A. Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Dyad Ruthenium-Based Molecules for Light-Driven Oxidation Catalysis. Chemistry 2013; 19:7162-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Di Giovanni C, Vaquer L, Sala X, Benet-Buchholz J, Llobet A. New dinuclear ruthenium complexes: structure and oxidative catalysis. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:4335-45. [PMID: 23527765 DOI: 10.1021/ic302481s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new dinuclear complexes of the general formula {[Ru(II)(trpy)]2(μ-pdz-dc)(μ-(L)}(+) [pdz-dc is the pyridazine-3,6-dicarboxylate dianion; trpy is 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine; L = Cl (1(+)) or OH (2(+))] is described. These complexes are characterized by the usual analytical and spectroscopic techniques and by X-ray diffraction analysis. Their redox properties are characterized by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Complex 2(+) is used as the starting material to prepare the corresponding Ru-aqua complex {[Ru(II)(trpy)(H2O)]2(μ-pdz-dc)}(2+) (3(2+)), whose electrochemistry is also investigated by means of CV and DPV. Complex 3(2+) is able to catalytically and electrocatalytically oxidize water to dioxygen with moderate efficiencies. In sharp contrast, 3(2+) is a superb catalyst for the epoxidation of alkenes. For the particular case of cis-β-methylstyrene, the catalyst is capable of carrying out 1320 turnovers with a turnover frequency of 11.0 cycles min(-1), generating cis-β-methylstyrene oxide stereospecifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Di Giovanni
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
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8
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Vaquer L, Miró P, Sala X, Bozoglian F, Masllorens E, Benet-Buchholz J, Fontrodona X, Parella T, Romero I, Roglans A, Rodríguez M, Bo C, Llobet A. Understanding Electronic Ligand Perturbation over Successive Metal-Based Redox Potentials in Mononuclear Ruthenium-Aqua Complexes. Chempluschem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Mandal A, Mondal S, Karmakar P, Mallick S, Bera BK, Ghosh AK. Mechanistic aspects of ligand substitution on [(H2O)(tap)2RuORu(tap)2(H2O)]2+ ion {tap = 2-(m-tolylazo)pyridine} by some amino acids in aqueous medium at physiological pH. INT J CHEM KINET 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Levason W, Reid G. Hetero-Crown Ethers-Synthesis and Metal-Binding Properties of Macrocyclic Ligands Bearing Group 16 (S, Se, Te) Donor Atoms. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470661345.smc049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Planas N, Christian G, Roeser S, Mas-Marzá E, Kollipara MR, Benet-Buchholz J, Maseras F, Llobet A. Substitution Reactions in Dinuclear Ru-Hbpp Complexes: an Evaluation of Through-Space Interactions. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:1889-901. [DOI: 10.1021/ic202225g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Planas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans
16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gemma Christian
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans
16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Stephan Roeser
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans
16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Elena Mas-Marzá
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans
16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mohan-Rao Kollipara
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola
del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Benet-Buchholz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans
16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans
16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola
del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans
16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola
del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Roeser S, Farràs P, Bozoglian F, Martínez-Belmonte M, Benet-Buchholz J, Llobet A. Chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical catalytic oxidation of water to dioxygen with mononuclear ruthenium complexes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:197-207. [PMID: 21275063 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Four new Ru(II)-Cl and Ru(II)-H(2)O complexes containing the meridional 2,2':6',2"-terpyridine (trpy) ligand and the chelating 2-(5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine (H3p) ligand of general formula in- and out-[Ru(II) (trpy)(H3p)(X)](n+) (X=Cl, n=1; X=H(2)O, n=2) have been prepared, isolated and thoroughly characterized both in solution and in the solid state. In solution, all the complexes are characterized spectroscopically by UV/Vis and NMR, and their redox properties investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, and coulometry. In the solid state, monocrystal X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out for the in and out Ru-Cl complexes. The capacity of the Ru-aqua complexes to act as water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) was also investigated chemically, electrochemically, and photochemically. The performance of these complexes has also been compared to two previously described complexes of general formula in- and out-[Ru(II)(trpy)(Hbpp)(H(2)O)](2+) (Hbpp is 2,2'-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyl)dipyridine)), the capacity of which as WOCs had not been previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Roeser
- Catalan Institute of Chemical Research (ICIQ), Av. Paisos Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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13
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Mola J, Dinoi C, Sala X, Rodríguez M, Romero I, Parella T, Fontrodona X, Llobet A. A new dinuclear Ru-Hbpp based water oxidation catalyst with a trans-disposition of the Ru-OH. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:3640-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00964d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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De P, Maji S, Dutta Chowdhury A, Mobin SM, Kumar Mondal T, Paretzki A, Lahiri GK. Ruthenium nitrosyl complexes with 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane and 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) or 2-phenylazopyridine (pap) coligands. Electronic structure and reactivity aspects. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:12527-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10761e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Janzen DE, VanDerveer DG, Mehne LF, Grant GJ. Ruthenium(II) thiacrown complexes: Synthetic, spectroscopic, electrochemical, DFT, and single crystal X-ray structural studies of [Ru([15]aneS5)Cl](PF6). Inorganica Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Studies on the reactions of ruthenium(II) substrates with tridentate (N,N,O) azo ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Bozoglian F, Romain S, Ertem MZ, Todorova TK, Sens C, Mola J, Rodríguez M, Romero I, Benet-Buchholz J, Fontrodona X, Cramer CJ, Gagliardi L, Llobet A. The Ru−Hbpp Water Oxidation Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:15176-87. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9036127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bozoglian
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, Serveis Tècnics de Recerca and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain, and Departament de Química,
| | - Sophie Romain
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, Serveis Tècnics de Recerca and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain, and Departament de Química,
| | - Mehmed Z. Ertem
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, Serveis Tècnics de Recerca and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain, and Departament de Química,
| | - Tanya K. Todorova
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, Serveis Tècnics de Recerca and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain, and Departament de Química,
| | - Cristina Sens
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, Serveis Tècnics de Recerca and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain, and Departament de Química,
| | - Joaquim Mola
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, Serveis Tècnics de Recerca and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain, and Departament de Química,
| | - Montserrat Rodríguez
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, Serveis Tècnics de Recerca and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain, and Departament de Química,
| | - Isabel Romero
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, Serveis Tècnics de Recerca and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain, and Departament de Química,
| | - Jordi Benet-Buchholz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, Serveis Tècnics de Recerca and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain, and Departament de Química,
| | - Xavier Fontrodona
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, Serveis Tècnics de Recerca and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain, and Departament de Química,
| | - Christopher J. Cramer
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, Serveis Tècnics de Recerca and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain, and Departament de Química,
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, Serveis Tècnics de Recerca and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain, and Departament de Química,
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, Serveis Tècnics de Recerca and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain, and Departament de Química,
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18
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Zangrando E, Kulisic N, Ravalico F, Bratsos I, Jedner S, Casanova M, Alessio E. New ruthenium(II) precursors with the tetradentate sulfur macrocycles tetrathiacyclododecane ([12]aneS4) and tetrathiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS4) for the construction of metal-mediated supramolecular assemblies. Inorganica Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2008.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Francàs L, Sala X, Benet-Buchholz J, Escriche L, Llobet A. A Ru-Hbpp-based water-oxidation catalyst anchored on rutile TiO2. CHEMSUSCHEM 2009; 2:321-329. [PMID: 19308921 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200800191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two organic ligands based on bis-(2-pyridyl)pyrazole (Hbpp) functionalized with a para-methylenebenzoic acid (Hbpp-R(a)) or its ester derivative (Hbpp-R(e)) were prepared and characterized. The ester-functionalized ligand was then used to prepare a series of related dinuclear ruthenium complexes of general formula [Ru(II)2(L-L)(bpp-R(n))(trpy)2](m+) (L-L=mu-Cl, mu-acetato, or (H2O)2; n=e or a; trpy=2,2':6',2''-terpyridine; m=2 or 3). The complexes were characterized in solution by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and electrochemical techniques. The [Ru(II)2(mu-Cl)(bpp-R(e))(trpy)2](PF6)(2) complex was further characterized in the solid state by X-ray diffraction. The complexes containing the free carboxylic acid ligand were anchored onto rutile TiO2 and treated with 0.1 M triflic acid solution to generate the homologous water-oxidation catalysts TiO(2)-[Ru(II) (2)(H2O)(2)(bpp-R(a))(trpy)2]2+. This new hybrid material catalytically oxidizes water to molecular oxygen in a heterogeneous manner using Ce(IV) as chemical oxidant. The generation of molecular oxygen is accompanied by the formation of carbon dioxide as well as some leaching of the Ru catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Francàs
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Mola J, Pujol D, Rodríguez M, Romero I, Sala X, Katz N, Parella T, Benet-Buchholz J, Fontrodona X, Llobet A. Synthesis and Structure of Novel RuII - N≡C - Me Complexes and their Activity Towards Nitrile Hydrolysis: An Examination of Ligand Effects. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch08563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and isolation of new RuII–acetonitrile complexes, of general formula trans,fac-[Ru(bpea)(B)(MeCN)](BF4)2 (bpea = N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylamine; B = bpy, 2,2′-bipyridine, 4; B = dppe, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, 5), together with a synthetic intermediate trans,fac-[Ru(NO3)(bpea)(dppe)](BF4), 6, are described. Ru(bpea)Cl3, 1, is used as the starting material for the synthesis of all complexes 2–6 presented in this paper, which are characterized by analytical, spectroscopic (IR, UV/Vis, 1D and 2D NMR), and electrochemical techniques (cyclic voltammetry). Furthermore, complexes 4, 5, and 6 have also been characterized in the solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Their structures show a distorted octahedral geometry where the bpea ligand binds in a facial mode, the bidentate ligands bpy and dppe bind in a chelate manner, and finally the MeCN or the NO3
– ligand occupy the sixth position of the octahedral Ru metal centre. The kinetics of the basic hydrolysis of the coordinated MeCN ligand for complexes 4 and 5 and for the related complex [Ru(phen)(MeCN)([9]aneS3)](BF4)2, 7, which contains the 1,4,7-trithiacyclonane ligand ([9]aneS3) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) is also described. Second-order rate constants for acetonitrile hydrolysis measured at 25°C of k = 1.01 × 10–3 M–1 s–1 for 4, 1.08 × 10–4 M–1 s–1 for 5, and 6.8 × 10–3 M–1 s–1 for 7, have been obtained through UV-vis spectroscopy. Activation parameters have also been determined over the temperature range 25.0–45.0°C and agree with a mechanism that involves an associative rate-determining step. Finally the electronic and steric influence of the auxiliary ligands on this reaction for the above and related complexes is discussed.
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Green JC, Hector AL, Hill AF, Lin S, Wilton-Ely JDET. Synthetic and Computational Studies of Thiocarbonyl/σ-Organyl Coupling Reactions. Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om800637y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Green
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Andrew L. Hector
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Anthony F. Hill
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Sibo Lin
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - James D. E. T. Wilton-Ely
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Sun Y, Lutterman DA, Turro C. Role of Electronic Structure on DNA Light-Switch Behavior of Ru(II) Intercalators. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:6427-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ic800560x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Mechanistic theoretical insight of Ru(II) catalysts with a meridional–facial bpea fashion competition. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mola J, Romero I, Rodríguez M, Bozoglian F, Poater A, Solà M, Parella T, Benet-Buchholz J, Fontrodona X, Llobet A. Mechanistic Insights into the Chemistry of Ru(II) Complexes Containing Cl and DMSO Ligands. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:10707-16. [DOI: 10.1021/ic701421w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Mola
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional and Servei de RMN, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), 84084, Italy, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Romero
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional and Servei de RMN, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), 84084, Italy, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Rodríguez
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional and Servei de RMN, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), 84084, Italy, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Bozoglian
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional and Servei de RMN, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), 84084, Italy, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Poater
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional and Servei de RMN, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), 84084, Italy, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional and Servei de RMN, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), 84084, Italy, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teodor Parella
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional and Servei de RMN, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), 84084, Italy, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Benet-Buchholz
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional and Servei de RMN, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), 84084, Italy, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Fontrodona
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional and Servei de RMN, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), 84084, Italy, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional and Servei de RMN, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA), 84084, Italy, Departament de Química and Servei de RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Nakazawa H, Itazaki M, Kamata K, Ueda K. Iron-Complex-Catalyzed CC Bond Cleavage of Organonitriles: Catalytic Metathesis Reaction between HSi and RCN Bonds to Afford RH and SiCN Bonds. Chem Asian J 2007; 2:882-8. [PMID: 17534995 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200700076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The first example of the catalytic C-CN bond cleavage of acetonitrile as well as Si-CN bond formation have been achieved in the photoreaction of MeCN with Et3SiH promoted by [Cp(CO)2FeMe]. This catalytic system is applicable to other organonitriles. Several iron complexes [(eta(5)-C5R5)(CO)2FeR'] (R5 = H5, H4Me, Me5, H4SiMe3, H4I, H4P(O)(OMe)2; R' = SiMe3, CH2Ph, Me, Cl, I) were examined as catalyst, and [Cp(CO)2FeMe] was found to be the best precursor. A catalytic reaction cycle was proposed, which involves oxidative addition of Et3SiH to [Cp(CO)FeMe], reductive elimination of CH4 from [Cp(CO)FeMe(H)(SiEt3)], coordination of RCN to [Cp(CO)Fe(SiEt3)], silyl migration from Fe to N in the coordinated RCN, and dissociation of Et3SiNC from Fe. The reaction with MeCN of [Cp(CO)Fe(py)(SiEt3)], which was newly prepared and determined by X-ray analysis, and the reaction of Et3SiH with MeCN in the presence of a catalytic amount of [Cp(CO)Fe(py)(SiEt3)] showed that the 16-electron species [Cp(CO)Fe(SiEt3)] is the active species in the catalytic cycle (TON up to 251).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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Serrano I, Sala X, Plantalech E, Rodríguez M, Romero I, Jansat S, Gómez M, Parella T, Stoeckli-Evans H, Solans X, Font-Bardia M, Vidjayacoumar B, Llobet A. Synthesis, Structure, Redox Properties, and Catalytic Activity of New Ruthenium Complexes Containing Neutral or Anionic and Facial or Meridional Ligands: An Evaluation of Electronic and Geometrical Effects. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:5381-9. [PMID: 17511446 DOI: 10.1021/ic070087q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a family of new Ru complexes containing meridional or facial tridentate ligands with the general formula [Ru(II)(T)(D)(X)](n+) [T = 2,2':6',2' '-terpyridine or tripyrazolylmethane; D = 4,4'-dibenzyl-4,4',5,5'-tetrahydro-2,2'-bioxazole (S,S-box-C) or 2-[((1'S)-1'-(hydroxymethyl)-2'-phenyl)ethylcarboxamide]-(4S)-4-benzyl-4,5-dihydrooxazole (S,S-box-O); X = Cl, H(2)O, MeCN or pyridine] has been described. All complexes have been spectroscopically characterized in solution through (1)H NMR and UV-vis techniques. Furthermore, all of the chloro complexes presented here have also been characterized in the solid state through monocrystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The oxazolinic S,S-box-C ligands undergo a Ru-assisted hydrolysis reaction generating the corresponding amidate anionic oxazolinic ligands S,S-box-O, which are also strongly attached to the metal center and produce a strong sigma-donation effect over the Ru metal center. The redox properties of all complexes have also been studied by means of cyclic voltammetry, strongly reflecting the nature of the ligands; both effects, geometrical (facial vs meridional) and electronic (neutral vs anionic), can be unveiled and rationalized. Finally, the reactivity of the Ru-OH(2) complexes has been tested with regard to the epoxidation of trans-stilbene, and it has been shown that, in this particular case, the reactivity is practically not dependent on the redox potentials of the catalyst but, in sharp contrast, it is strongly dependent on the geometry of the tridentate ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Serrano
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain
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Janzen DE, Chen W, VanDerveer DG, Mehne LF, Grant GJ. Synthesis and structural studies of ruthenium(II) 12S4 complexes with 4,4′-bipyridine: The crystal structures of [Ru(12S4)(bpy)Cl](Cl)·H2O and [{Ru(12S4)Cl}2-μ-(bpy)](PF6)2·2CH3CN. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2006.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Sala X, Plantalech E, Romero I, Rodríguez M, Llobet A, Poater A, Duran M, Solà M, Jansat S, Gómez M, Parella T, Stoeckli-Evans H, Benet-Buchholz J. Atropisomeric Discrimination in New RuII Complexes Containing theC2-Symmetric Didentate Chiral Phenyl-1,2-bisoxazolinic Ligand. Chemistry 2006; 12:2798-807. [PMID: 16416493 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new family of Ru(II) complexes containing the tridentate meridional 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (trpy) ligand, a C(2)-symmetric didentate chiral oxazolinic ligand 1,2-bis[4'-alkyl-4',5'-dihydro-2'-oxazolyl]benzene (Phbox-R, R = Et or iPr), and a monodentate ligand, of general formula [Ru(Y)(trpy)(Phbox-R)](n+) (Y = Cl, H(2)O, py, MeCN, or 2-OH-py (2-hydroxypyridine)) have been prepared and thoroughly characterized. In the solid state the complexes have been characterized by IR spectroscopy and by X-ray diffraction analysis in two cases. In solution, UV/Vis, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectroscopy techniques have been used. We have also performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations with these complexes to interpret and complement experimental results. The oxazolinic ligand Phbox-R exhibits free rotation along the phenyloxazoline axes. Upon coordination this rotation is restricted by an energy barrier of 26.0 kcal mol(-1) for the case of [Ru(trpy)(Phbox-iPr)(MeCN)](2+) thus preventing its potential interconversion. Furthermore due to steric effects the two atropisomers differ in energy by 5.7 kcal mol(-1) and as a consequence only one of them is obtained in the synthesis. Subtle but important structural effects occur upon changing the monodentate ligands that are detected by NMR spectroscopy in solution and interpreted by using their calculated DFT structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Sala
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
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Shan N, Ingram JD, Easun TL, Vickers SJ, Adams H, Ward MD, Thomas JA. Kinetically locked, trinuclear RuIImetallo-macrocycles—synthesis, electrochemical, and optical properties. Dalton Trans 2006:2900-6. [PMID: 16751899 DOI: 10.1039/b516080b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using a [Ru(II)([9]aneS3)] templating moiety, kinetically-locked, metallomacrocycles incorporating adenine based ligands have been synthesised through self-assembly. The kinetically robust nature of these structures is confirmed by electrochemical studies: each can be reversibly oxidised in a four-member redox series, containing two formally mixed valence states. Unusually, the electrochemically derived comproportionation constants for these mixed valence states are very different, suggesting that intermetallic coupling differs between the two states. Spectroelectochemistry studies confirm that while the [Ru(II)2Ru(III)] state is valence localised, the [Ru(II)Ru(III)2] state is electronically delocalised. Mechanisms by which this switching effect could occur, which involve the unusual connectivities in these mixed valence species, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naz Shan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UKS3 7HF
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Is the Aromatic Fragment of Piano-Stool Ruthenium Compounds an Essential Feature for Anticancer Activity? The Development of New RuII-[9]aneS3 Analogues. Eur J Inorg Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200500210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Synthesis, Properties and Molecular Structure of [Ru(tpm)(bpy)(CH3CN)](PF6)2 (tpm = tris(1-pyrazolyl)methane, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) — Another Example of Nitrile Hydrolysis Promoted by Ruthenium(II). Eur J Inorg Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200500160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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