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Hadlington TJ. Heavier tetrylene- and tetrylyne-transition metal chemistry: it's no carbon copy. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:9738-9831. [PMID: 39230570 PMCID: PMC11373607 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00226h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Since the late 19th century, heavier tetrylene- and tetrylyne-transition metal chemistry has formed an important cornerstone in both main-group and organometallic chemistry alike. Driven by the success of carbene systems, significant efforts have gone towards the thorough understanding of the heavier group 14 derivatives, with examples now known from across the d-block. This now leads towards applications in cooperative bond activation, and moves ultimately towards well-defined catalytic systems. This review aims to summarise this vast field, from initial discoveries of tetrylene and tetrylyne complexes, to the most recent developments in reactivity and catalysis, as a platform to the future of this exciting, blossoming field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance J Hadlington
- Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.
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2
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Fan J, Wang Y, Shi T, Yang P, Zhou G, Xu J, Su B. Isolation and Diverse Reactivity of an Unsymmetrical 1,2-Bis(silylene)-Stabilized Pentacarbonyl Chromium(0) Species. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39225133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The construction of the unsymmetrical 1,2-bis(silylene) pentacarbonyl chromium(0) complex 1 was achieved through the reaction of chlorosilylene with half an equivalent of K2Cr(CO)5. X-ray diffraction analysis of 1 confirms the formation of the Si-Si bond and the coordination of one of the silicon atoms to the Cr center. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations disclose that highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) mainly corresponds to the lone pair of electrons on the silicon atom and the σ-bonding interaction between two Si atoms. Based on its unique electronic structure, its diverse reactivity toward the transition metal compounds and small molecules was investigated in detail. The reactions of 1 with Fe2(CO)9 or CuCl yielded the 1,2-bis(silylene)-stabilized heterobimetallic complex 2 or oxidized product 3, respectively. Additionally, treatments of 1 with selenium, CO2, or Me3SiN3 led to the formation of the corresponding selenium-, oxo-, and nitrogen-bridged complexes 4-7. All compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Fan
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yuyi Wang
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tao Shi
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Peng Yang
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Guijiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Zhangye Dagong Pesticide Chemistry Co., Ltd., Zhangye 734000, China
| | - Bochao Su
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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3
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Akhtar R, Gaurav K, Khan S. Applications of low-valent compounds with heavy group-14 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6150-6243. [PMID: 38757535 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00101j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the low-valent compounds of group-14 elements have received significant attention in several fields of chemistry owing to their unique electronic properties. The low-valent group-14 species include tetrylenes, tetryliumylidene, tetrylones, dimetallenes and dimetallynes. These low-valent group-14 species have shown applications in various areas such as organic transformations (hydroboration, cyanosilylation, N-functionalisation of amines, and hydroamination), small molecule activation (e.g. P4, As4, CO2, CO, H2, alkene, and alkyne) and materials. This review presents an in-depth discussion on low-valent group-14 species-catalyzed reactions, including polymerization of rac-lactide, L-lactide, DL-lactide, and caprolactone, followed by their photophysical properties (phosphorescence and fluorescence), thin film deposition (atomic layer deposition and vapor phase deposition), and medicinal applications. This review concisely summarizes current developments of low-valent heavier group-14 compounds, covering synthetic methodologies, structural aspects, and their applications in various fields of chemistry. Finally, their opportunities and challenges are examined and emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruksana Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Kumar Gaurav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
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4
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Cabeza JA, García-Álvarez P. Polydentate Amidinato-Silylenes, -Germylenes and -Stannylenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400786. [PMID: 38606572 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
This review article focuses on amidinatotetrylenes that potentially can (or have already shown to) behave as bi- or tridentate ligands because they contain at least one amidinatotetrylene moiety (silylene, germylene or stannylene) and one (or more) additional coordinable fragment(s). Currently, they are being widely used as ligands in coordination chemistry, small molecule activation and catalysis. This review classifies those that have been isolated as transition metal-free compounds into five families that differ in the position(s) of the donor group(s) (D) on the amidinatotetrylene moiety, namely: ED{R1NC(R2)NR1}, EX{DNC(R2)NR1}, EX{R1NC(D)NR1}, EX{DNC(R2)ND} and E{R1NC(R2)ND}2 (E=Si, Ge or Sn). Those that do not exist as transition metal-free compounds but have been observed as ligands in transition metal complexes are cyclometallated and ring-opened amidinatotetrylene ligands. This article presents schematic descriptions of their structures, the approaches used for their syntheses and a quick overview of their involvement (as ligands) in transition metal-catalysed reactions. The literature is covered up to the end of 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Cabeza
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Álvarez
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33071, Oviedo, Spain
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5
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Chan K, Ying F, He D, Yang L, Zhao Y, Xie J, Su JH, Wu B, Yang XJ. One-Electron (2c/1e) Tin···Tin Bond Stabilized by ortho-Phenylenediamido Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2333-2338. [PMID: 38241610 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Odd-electron bonds, i.e., the two-center, three-electron (2c/3e), or one-electron (2c/1e) bonds, have attracted tremendous interest owing to their novel bonding nature and radical properties. Herein, complex [K(THF)6][LSn:···Sn:L] (1), featuring the first and unsupported 2c/1e Sn···Sn σ-bond with a long distance (3.2155(9) Å), was synthesized by reduction of stannylene [LSn:] (L = N,N-dpp-o-phenylene diamide) with KC8. The one-electron Sn-Sn bond in 1 was confirmed by the crystal structure, DFT calculations, EPR spectroscopy, and reactivity studies. This compound can be viewed as a stabilized radical by delocalizing to two metal centers and can readily mediate radical reactions such as C-C coupling of benzaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyip Chan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Fei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Dongyu He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yanxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ji-Hu Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
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6
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Jiang Y, Yuvaraj K, Rajeshkumar T, Feng Lim L, Cox N, Maron L, Jones C. Stabilization and One Electron Reduction of a Silicon Analogue of a Carboxylic Acid Anhydride. Chemistry 2023:e202303949. [PMID: 38116910 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of the 1,2-disilylenes {(DipAr Am)Si}2 (DipAr Am=[(NDip)2 CAr]- , Dip=2,6-diisopropylphenyl, Ar=4-C6 H4 But (Ar') 1 a or Ph 1 b) and two abnormal N-heterocyclic silylenes, (DipAr Am)SiOCSi{(NDip)2 CAr} (Ar=Ar' 3 a or Ph 3 b) with N2 O led to formation of unprecedented examples of uncoordinated silicon analogues of carboxylic acid anhydrides, (DipAr Am)(O=)SiOSi(=O)(DipAr Am) (Ar=Ar' 2 a or Ph 2 b). Both compounds have been fully characterized, and the mechanism of formation of one explored using DFT calculations. Reduction of sila-acid anhydride 2 a with a dimagnesium(I) compound, [{(Mes Nacnac)Mg}2 ] (Mes Nacnac=[(MesNCMe)2 CH]- , Mes=mesityl), led to the one-electron reduction of the anhydride and formation of a magnesium complex of a sila-acid anhydride radical anion [(Mes Nacnac)Mg{(OSi(DipAr' Am)}2 O] 5. A combination of EPR spectroscopic studies and DFT calculations reveal the unpaired electron to largely reside on one of the amidinate ligands of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Jiang
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - K Yuvaraj
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Université de Toulouse et, CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Li Feng Lim
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia. Web
| | - Nicholas Cox
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia. Web
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse et, CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
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7
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Arsenyeva KV, Piskunov AV. HETEROCYCLIC HEAVY ANALOGUES OF CARBENES: STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. REVIEW. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476623010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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8
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Baradzenka AG, Vyboishchikov SF, Pilkington M, Dmitrienko A, Nikonov GI. The Insertion of E
II
and E
IV
Chlorides (E=Si, Ge) into the Si−Si Bond of Disilylene. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202799. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliona G. Baradzenka
- Department of Chemistry Brock University 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way St. Catharines Ontario L2S 3 A1 Canada
| | - Sergei F. Vyboishchikov
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Spain
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry Brock University 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way St. Catharines Ontario L2S 3 A1 Canada
| | - Anton Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry Brock University 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way St. Catharines Ontario L2S 3 A1 Canada
| | - Georgii I. Nikonov
- Department of Chemistry Brock University 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way St. Catharines Ontario L2S 3 A1 Canada
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9
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He Z, Liu L, de Zwart FJ, Xue X, Ehlers AW, Yan K, Demeshko S, van der Vlugt JI, de Bruin B, Krogman J. Reactivity of a Unique Si(I)-Si(I)-Based η 2-Bis(silylene) Iron Complex. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11725-11733. [PMID: 35857413 PMCID: PMC9377512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In this paper, we report the synthesis of a unique silicon(I)-based
metalla-disilirane and report on its reactivity toward TMS-azide and
benzophenone. Metal complexes containing disilylenes ((bis)silylenes
with a Si–Si bond) are known, but direct ligation of the Si(I)
centers to transition metals always generated dinuclear species. To
overcome this problem, we targeted the formation of a mononuclear
iron(0)–silicon(I)-based disilylene complex via templated synthesis,
starting with ligation of two Si(II) centers to iron(II), followed
by a two-step reduction. The DFT structure of the resulting η2-disilylene-iron complex reveals metal-to-silicon π-back
donation and a delocalized three-center–two-electron (3c–2e)
aromatic system. The Si(I)–Si(I) bond displays unusual but
well-defined reactivity. With TMS-azide, both the initial azide adduct
and the follow-up four-membered nitrene complex could be isolated.
Reaction with benzophenone led to selective 1,4-addition into the
Si–Si bond. This work reveals that selective reactions of Si(I)–Si(I)
bonds are made possible by metal ligation. The first selective ligation of a silicon(I)-based
disilylene
to a mononuclear metal center is achieved via templated synthesis.
Computational analysis of the ensuing η2-disilylene-iron(0)
complex supports a delocalized three-center−two-electron (3c−2e)
aromatic system. The Si(I)−Si(I) bond displays well-defined
reactivity toward trimethylsilyl azide and benzophenone. This work
reveals that selective reactions of Si(I)−Si(I) bonds are made
possible by metal ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan He
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lingyu Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Felix J de Zwart
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaolian Xue
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Andreas W Ehlers
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg P.O. Box 254, ZA-2006, South Africa
| | - KaKing Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Department of Chemistry, Georg August University, Tammanstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 12629 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Bas de Bruin
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Krogman
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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10
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Garg P, Dange D, Jiang Y, Jones C. Facile activation of inert small molecules using a 1,2-disilylene. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:7838-7844. [PMID: 35536565 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00721e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of the known amidinate stabilised 1,2-disilylene, [{ArC(NDip)2}Si]21 (Dip = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, Ar = 4-C6H4But) with a series of inert, unsaturated small molecule substrates have been carried out. Compound 1 reduces ButNC: to give the singlet biradicaloid 1,3-disilacyclobutanediyl [{ArC(NDip)2}Si(μ-CNBut)]23, which can be oxidised by 1,2-dibromoethane to give [{ArC(NDip)2}(Br)Si(μ-CNBut)]24. Disilylene 1 reduces two molecules of ethylene to give an unprecedented disilabicyclo[2.2.0]hexane, [{ArC(NDip)2}Si(μ-C2H4)]25. In contrast, only one molecule of ethylene inserts in the Ge-Ge bond of the digermylene analogue of 1, viz. [{ArC(NDip)2}Ge]26, leading to the formation of the bis(germylene), [{ArC(NDip)2}Ge]2(μ-C2H4) 7. Compound 1 reduces CO2, generating CO, and the oxo/carbonate-bridged disilicon(IV) system, {ArC(NDip)2}Si(μ-CO3)2(μ-O)Si{(NDip)2CAr} 10, while its reaction with N2O proceeds via generation of N2, and a hydrogen abstraction process, to give the oxo/hydroxy disilicon(IV) species, [{ArC(NDip)2}(HO)Si(μ-O)]211. This study highlights new small molecule activation chemistry for 1,2-disilylenes, which could lead to further adoption of compound 1 as a potent reducing reagent for the transformation of inert unsaturated molecules into value added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Garg
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Deepak Dange
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Yixiao Jiang
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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11
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Garg P, Carpentier A, Douair I, Dange D, Jiang Y, Yuvaraj K, Maron L, Jones C. Activation of CO Using a 1,2-Disilylene: Facile Synthesis of an Abnormal N-Heterocyclic Silylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201705. [PMID: 35238149 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the 1,2-disilylene, [{ArC(NDip)2 }Si]2 1 (Dip=2,6-diisopropylphenyl, Ar=4-C6 H4 But ), with CO proceeds via insertion of CO into one Si-N bond, and Si-Si bond cleavage, to cleanly give the bis(silylene), {ArC(NDip)2 }Si(:)O C S i ( : ) ( N D i p ) 2 C ‾ Ar 2, under ambient conditions. The reaction can be partially reversed when solutions of 2 are subjected to UV irradiation. The five-membered heterocyclic fragment of 2 represents the first silicon analogue of an "abnormal" N-heterocyclic carbene (aNHC), a view which is substantiated by a computational analysis of the compound. Reaction of 2 with [Mo(CO)6 ] under UV light affords the chelate complex, [Mo(CO)4 (κ2 -Si,Si-2)] 3, while reaction with [Fe(CO)5 ] gives the unusual silyleneyl bridged complex, [{Fe2 (CO)6 }{μ-Si[(NDip)2 CAr]}2 ] 4. The same coordination complexes can be accessed by reaction of 1 with [Mo(CO)6 ] or [Fe(CO)5 ] under UV light. As is the case for aNHCs, d-block metal complexes of bis(silylene) 2 could prove useful as bespoke catalysts for organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Garg
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ambre Carpentier
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Iskander Douair
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Deepak Dange
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Yixiao Jiang
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - K Yuvaraj
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
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12
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Dodonov VA, Kushnerova OA, Razborov DA, Baranov EV, Ulivanova EA, Lukoyanov AN, Fedushkin IL. Stannylenes based on neutral, anionic, and dianionic 1,2-bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Garg P, Carpentier A, Douair I, Dange D, Jiang Y, Yuvaraj K, Maron L, Jones C. Activation of CO Using a 1,2‐Disilylene: Facile Synthesis of an Abnormal N‐Heterocyclic Silylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Palak Garg
- School of Chemistry PO Box 23 Monash University VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Ambre Carpentier
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Iskander Douair
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Deepak Dange
- School of Chemistry PO Box 23 Monash University VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Yixiao Jiang
- School of Chemistry PO Box 23 Monash University VIC 3800 Australia
| | - K. Yuvaraj
- School of Chemistry PO Box 23 Monash University VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry PO Box 23 Monash University VIC 3800 Australia
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14
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Fan J, Quek S, Yang MC, Zhang ZF, Su MD, So CW. Reversible CO 2 activation by a N-phosphinoamidinato digermyne. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:1033-1036. [PMID: 34951421 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The N-phosphinoamidinato digermynes [LG̈e-G̈eL] (L = tBu2PNC(Ph)NAr, 4: Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, 5: Ar = Ph) underwent reversible CO2 activation to form [LG̈eOC(O)G̈eL] (6: Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, 7: Ar = Ph). Compound 7 was further reacted with diphenylacetylene and hexafluorobenzene, which proceeded through compound 5 in the first step, to form CO2, [LG̈eC(Ph) = C(Ph) G̈eL] (8), [LG̈eF] (9) and [LG̈eC6F5] (10), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shina Quek
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
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15
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Nakaya K, Takahashi S, Ishii A, Boonpalit K, Surawatanawong P, Nakata N. Hydroboration of carbonyls and imines by an iminophosphonamido tin(II) precatalyst. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14810-14819. [PMID: 34596191 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01856f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel three-coordinated tin(II) chloride [Ph2P(NtBu)2]SnCl (1) supported by an N,N'-di-tert-butyliminophosphonamide having two phenyl groups on the phosphorus atom was synthesized by the reaction of the starting lithium iminophosphonamide [Ph2P(NtBu)2]Li with SnCl2·(dioxane) in toluene. The molecular structure of 1 was established by X-ray diffraction analysis. Tin(II) chloride 1 can act as an efficient precatalyst for the hydroboration of a wide variety of aldehydes, ketones, and imines at -10 °C. DFT calculations propose that hydroboration involves hydride transfer from the corresponding tin(II) hydride intermediate [Ph2P(NtBu)2]SnH (10) to the carbonyl substrates via four-membered transition states (TS-12), affording three-coordinated tin(II) alkoxide intermediates [Ph2P(NtBu)2]SnOR (13), followed by the stepwise reaction of 13 with HBpin (pin = pinacolate) to release the boronate esters and regenerate the tin(II) hydride 10. The stoichiometric reaction of the in site-generated 10 with benzophenone 2a at -10 °C led to the formation of 13. Moreover, 13 also stoichiometrically reacted with HBpin at -10 °C, forming the corresponding boronate ester 3a and 10 based on the 1H NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nakaya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Shintaro Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Ishii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Kajjana Boonpalit
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Panida Surawatanawong
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Norio Nakata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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16
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Hu C, Zhang J, Yang H, Guo L, Cui C. Synthesis of Cationic Silaamidinate Germylenes and Stannylenes and the Catalytic Application for Hydroboration of Pyridines. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14038-14046. [PMID: 34505507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The N-heterocyclic germylenes and stannylenes LSi(NAr)2EX (L = PhC(NtBu)2, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; E = Ge, Sn; X = Cl, CF3SO3, BPh4) supported by the bulky silaamidinate ligand [LSi(NAr)2]- have been synthesized and fully characterized. The germylene triflate LSi(NAr)2GeOTf (3b) and dimeric borate [LSi(NAr)2Ge]2ClBPh4 (3a) enabled highly regio- and chemoselective catalytic hydroboration of pyridines and may represent the most active catalytic system for the transformation. DFT calculations disclosed that the cationic germylene [LSi(NAr)2Ge]+ with a low-lying LUMO energy initiated the catalytic process. In contrast, the analogous amidinate germylene triflates are almost inactive, indicating the silaamidinate ligand is essential for the stabilization of cationic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaopeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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17
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Baradzenka AG, Pilkington M, Dmitrienko A, Simionescu R, Nikonov GI. Reactivity of a Phosphinoamidinate-Stabilized Disilylene toward H-X Bonds. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:13110-13121. [PMID: 34383507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the preparation of a phosphinoamidinate-supported disilylene was developed, and its reactivity toward H-E bonds (E = elements from Groups 13-15) was studied. With HBpin, transfer of the ligand from silicon to boron was observed to afford (NP)Bpin. Reaction with a silane (H3SiPh) took place only at elevated temperatures, at which point oxidative addition of the N-P bond of the NP-ligand to one of the silicon atoms of the disilylene occurred prior to Si-H addition involving the remaining silylene center. In contrast, reaction of the disilylene with phosphine, HPPh2 furnished the phosphidosilylene (NP)SiPPh2 (16) together with a highly transient species that, on the basis of a trapping experiment with H3SiPh, is proposed to be the hydridosilylene (NP)SiH, 17. Interestingly, 16 reacts with HPPh2 to give the diphosphine (PPh2)2, most likely via a direct σ-bond metathesis process. The aforementioned products have been characterized by multinuclear NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliona G Baradzenka
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Anton Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Razvan Simionescu
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Georgii I Nikonov
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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18
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Takahashi S, Ishii A, Nakata N. Formation of silaimines from a sterically demanding iminophosphonamido chlorosilylene via intramolecular N-P bond cleavage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6728-6731. [PMID: 34159981 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02812j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The sterically demanding iminophosphonamido chlorosilylene [Ph2P(DipN)2]SiCl (Dip = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) was synthesized and fully characterized using NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Substitution reactions of [Ph2P(DipN)2]SiCl with N- and Fe-nucleophiles led to the unexpected formation of the corresponding silaimine derivatives. This process involves the ring-opening rearrangement of three-coordinated silylene intermediates that proceeds via intramolecular N-P bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Ishii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Norio Nakata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
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19
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Chapple PM, Hamdoun G, Roisnel T, Carpentier JF, Oulyadi H, Sarazin Y. Bis(imino)carbazolate lead(II) fluoride and related halides. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9021-9025. [PMID: 34160505 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01615f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The versatility of a bulky bis(imino)carbazolate ligand in lead(ii) chemistry is illustrated by the synthesis of a soluble, heteroleptic lead(ii) fluoride and several halide (Cl, Br and I), amide and hydrocarbyl congeners. All complexes have been structurally authenticated, and a full set of 207Pb NMR data is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Chapple
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France.
| | | | - Thierry Roisnel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France.
| | - Jean-François Carpentier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France.
| | - Hassan Oulyadi
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, Laboratoire COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Yann Sarazin
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France.
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20
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Caise A, Griffin LP, Heilmann A, McManus C, Campos J, Aldridge S. Controlling Catenation in Germanium(I) Chemistry through Hemilability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Liam P. Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jesús Campos
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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21
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Caise A, Griffin LP, Heilmann A, McManus C, Campos J, Aldridge S. Controlling Catenation in Germanium(I) Chemistry through Hemilability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15606-15612. [PMID: 33939867 PMCID: PMC8362110 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel approach for constructing chains of Group 14 metal atoms linked by unsupported metal-metal bonds that exploits hemilabile ligands to generate unsaturated metal sites. The formation/nature of catenated species (oligo-dimetallynes) can be controlled by the use of (acidic/basic) "protecting groups" and through variation of the ligand scaffold. Reduction of ArNiPr2 GeCl (ArNiPr2 =2,6-(i Pr2 NCH2 )2 C6 H3 )-featuring hemilabile Ni Pr2 donors-yields (ArNiPr2 Ge)4 (2), which contains a tetrameric Ge4 chain. 2 represents a novel type of a linear homo-catenated GeI compound featuring unsupported E-E bonds. Trapping experiments reveal that a key structural component is the central two-way Ge=Ge donor-acceptor bond: reactions with IMe4 and W(CO)5 (NMe3 ) give the base- or acid-stabilized digermynes (ArNiPr2 Ge(IMe4 ))2 (4) and (ArNiPr2 Ge{W(CO)5 })2 (5), respectively. The use of smaller N-donors leads to stronger Ge-N interactions and quenching of catenation behaviour: reduction of ArNEt2 GeCl gives the digermyne (ArNEt2 Ge)2 , while the unsymmetrical system ArNEt2 GeGeArNiPr2 dimerizes to give tetranuclear (ArNEt2 GeGeArNiPr2 )2 through aggregation at the Ni Pr2 -ligated GeI centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Liam P. Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Jesús Campos
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
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22
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Weiß S, Widemann M, Eichele K, Schubert H, Wesemann L. Low valent lead and tin hydrides in reactions with heteroallenes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:4952-4958. [PMID: 33877193 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00542a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low valent organoelement hydrides of tin and lead, [(Ar*SnH)2] and [(Ar*PbH)2], were reacted with diorganocarbodiimide and adamantylisocyanate to give products of hydroelementation reactions. Carbon dioxide also reacts with both low valent hydrides, but a reaction product was only characterized in the tin hydride case. A hydride was transferred to the carbon atom and the formed formate anion [HCO2]- shows coordination at two tin atoms. Carbon disulfide reacts with the stannyl-stannylene isomer of the low valent organotin hydride. The stannyl part forms a Sn-C bond whereas the stannylene moiety coordinates at the two sulfur atoms. The dimeric organolead hydride exhibits transfer of both hydride ligands to the carbon atom of CS2 to give a dithiol ligand [CH2S2]2- bridging both organolead units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Weiß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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23
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Dong Z, Winkler JM, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. Three-membered cyclic digermylenes stabilised by an N-heterocyclic carbene. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6287-6292. [PMID: 34084426 PMCID: PMC8115106 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00956g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of potassium salts of silole dianions with donor stabilised germanium dichlorides gave the anticipated silagermafulvenylidenes R2Si = Ge(Do) (R2Si = 1-silacyclopentadiendiyl, Do = N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)) only as transient intermediates in a side reaction. They were detected by NMR spectroscopy and, in one case, the formal dimer, 2,4-disila-1λ3,3λ3-digermetane, was isolated. The main products of these reactions are sila-bis-λ3-germiranes, i.e. directly interconnected digermylenes that are part of a three-membered ring. The structural data, supported by the results of density functional calculations confirm the digermylene nature of these products with a long inner cyclic Ge-Ge bond that decreases the inherent high ring strain in silagermiranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany .,Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jan Mathis Winkler
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
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24
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Cottin L, Girard S, Hanan GS, Cibian M. N, N'-Bis[2,6-bis-(1-methyl-eth-yl)phen-yl]pyridine-4-carboximidamide toluene hemisolvate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:117-120. [PMID: 33614137 PMCID: PMC7869534 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C30H39N3·0.5C7H8, is a symmetrically N,N'-disubstituted aryl-amidine containing a 4-pyridyl substituent on the carbon atom of the N-C-N linkage and bulky 2,6-diiso-propyl-phenyl groups on the nitro-gen atoms. It crystallizes in the Z-anti configuration and its amidine C-N bonds present amine [1.368 (1) Å] and imine [1.286 (1) Å] features. Intra-molecular hydrogen bonds are present in the structure together with inter-molecular N-H⋯N and C-H⋯N inter-actions linking the mol-ecules in chains along the a- and c-axis directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Cottin
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique et l’Institut de Recherche sur l’Hydrogène (IRH), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351, Boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Sarah Girard
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique et l’Institut de Recherche sur l’Hydrogène (IRH), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351, Boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Garry S. Hanan
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, campus MIL, 1375 Avenue, Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC, H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Mihaela Cibian
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique et l’Institut de Recherche sur l’Hydrogène (IRH), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351, Boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
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25
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Fernández I, Holzmann N, Frenking G. The Valence Orbitals of the Alkaline-Earth Atoms. Chemistry 2020; 26:14194-14210. [PMID: 32666598 PMCID: PMC7702052 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations of the alkaline-earth oxides, imides and dihydrides of the alkaline-earth atoms (Ae=Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) and the calcium cluster Ca6 H9 [N(SiMe3 )2 ]3 (pmdta)3 (pmdta=N,N,N',N'',N''-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine) have been carried out by using density functional theory. Analysis of the electronic structures by charge and energy partitioning methods suggests that the valence orbitals of the lighter atoms Be and Mg are the (n)s and (n)p orbitals. In contrast, the valence orbitals of the heavier atoms Ca, Sr and Ba comprise the (n)s and (n-1)d orbitals. The alkaline-earth metals Be and Mg build covalent bonds like typical main-group elements, whereas Ca, Sr and Ba covalently bind like transition metals. The results not only shed new light on the covalent bonds of the heavier alkaline-earth metals, but are also very important for understanding and designing experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica ICentro de Innovación en, Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de Madrid28040MadridSpain
| | - Nicole Holzmann
- Research Center for Computer-Aided Drug DiscoveryShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Strasse 435032MarburgGermany
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for, Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China
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26
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Garg P, Dange D, Jones C. s‐ and p‐Block Dinuclear Metal(loid) Complexes Bearing 1,4‐Phenylene and 1,4‐Cyclohexylene Bridged Bis(amidinate) Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Palak Garg
- School of Chemistry Monash University PO Box 23 3800 Australia
| | - Deepak Dange
- School of Chemistry Monash University PO Box 23 3800 Australia
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry Monash University PO Box 23 3800 Australia
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27
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Chlupatý T, Nevoralová J, Růžičková Z, Růžička A. Lithium and Dilithium Guanidinates, a Starter Kit for Metal Complexes Containing Various Mono- and Dianionic Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10854-10865. [PMID: 32650639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Comparative studies of the synthesis of lithium guanidinates via nucleophilic addition of lithium amides to carbodiimides were performed. Four combinations of small or sterically crowded carbodiimide and sterically crowded lithium amide or lithium amide containing an adjacent amino donor group give ten different types of complexes. In particular, 2,6-[(CH3)2CH]2C6H3NHLi (DipNHLi, 1) reacts with (CH3)2CHN═C═NCH(CH3)2 upon the formation of the dissymmetric dimeric complex 2 with four-coordinate Li atoms. In contrast, 1 with DipN═C═NDip gives the mononuclear lithium guanidinate 3 with two-coordinate lithium by κ1-guanidinate, solvent molecule, and additional interaction with a π-electron cloud of one of the Dip groups. Analogous reactions of 2-[(CH3)2NCH2]C6H4NHLi (7) yield complexes 8 and 9, where the adjacent amino donors are always coordinated. Further deprotonation of 2, 3, 8, and 9 leads to dilithium guanidinates(2-)-4, 5, 10, and 11, among which only 5, containing three Dip groups, is monomeric with contacts to two π-electron systems of Dip groups. The rest of the complexes are tetranuclear with different structural patterns. In the central parts of molecules, toward which the nitrogen atoms of the guanidinates are oriented, lithium atoms are usually pseudotetrahedral, but trigonal in peripheral parts. Adjacent solvent molecules, chelating amino groups, and π-electron systems of Dip groups are coordinated in order to complete coordination polyhedra. Complexes 4 and 5 deoligomerize in solution upon the formation of fluxional monomeric dilithium species. Conversely, 11 is a dimer in solution due to the strong donation of an amino group. The silylated lithium amide {2-[(CH3)2NCH2]C6H4}[(Si(CH3)3]NLi (12) reacts with both carbodiimides to give dinuclear 13 obtained from diisopropylcarbodiimide and monomeric 14 from the second carbodiimide. Complexes 13 and 14 structurally resemble 8 and 9, with the highest degree of the localization of π-electron density within the N3C guanidinate system, η3-contact to the Dip ring, and a lack of the solvent molecule in 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Chlupatý
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Nevoralová
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Růžičková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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28
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Hanusch F, Groll L, Inoue S. Recent advances of group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes in bond activation and catalysis. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2001-2015. [PMID: 34163962 PMCID: PMC8179309 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03192e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first heavy alkene analogues of germanium and tin were isolated in 1976, followed by West's disilene in 1981, the chemistry of stable group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes has advanced immensely. Recent developments in this field veered the focus from the isolation of novel bonding motifs to mimicking transition metals in their ability to activate small molecules and perform catalysis. The potential of these homonuclear multiply bonded compounds has been demonstrated numerous times in the activation of H2, NH3, CO2 and other small molecules. Hereby, the strong relationship between structure and reactivity warrants close attention towards rational ligand design. This minireview provides an overview on recent developments in regard to bond activation with group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes with the perspective of potential catalytic applications of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Lisa Groll
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching bei München 85748 Germany
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30
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Qin Y, Zheng G, Guo Y, Gao F, Ma J, Sun W, Xie G, Chen S, Wang Y, Sun H, Li A, Wang W. A Silylene–Germylene Molecule Containing a Si
I
−Ge
I
Single Bond. Chemistry 2020; 26:6122-6125. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Qin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Gaoxin No. 1 High School Xi'an 710065 P. R. China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Gang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Sanping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Yaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Huaming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710199 P. R. China
| | - Anyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
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31
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Tsys KV, Chegerev MG, Fukin GK, Starikov AG, Piskunov AV. Low-valent oligogermanium amidophenolate complex comprising a unique Ge4 chain. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Chang WC, Raj A, Hiramatsu H, Li HJ, Ziegler MS, Lin Y, Huang S, Liu HJ. Linear, mixed-valent homocatenated tri-tin complexes featuring Sn-Sn bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6786-6789. [PMID: 32427248 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02699a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of tri-tin complexes (LPhSn)3X with triple-decker structures (LPh = 2,5-di(o-pyridyl)-3,4-diphenylpyrrolate; X = Cl, AlCl4, OTf, and PF6) was synthesized by reducing LPhSnCl with LiBsBu3H and subsequent reactions. Structural characterization of (LPhSn)3Cl revealed a Sn-Sn-Sn core, and DFT calculations suggest that its HOMO is primarily σ-bonding along the tri-tin framework. (LPhSn)3Cl reacts with W(CO)5THF to afford (LPhSn)2(W(CO)5)2 and LPhSnCl, implying that (LPhSn)3Cl may exhibit dynamic behavior in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chieh Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Daxue Rd, East District, Hsinchu City, 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Ankit Raj
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Daxue Rd, East District, Hsinchu City, 30010, Taiwan. and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan
| | - Hirotsugu Hiramatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Daxue Rd, East District, Hsinchu City, 30010, Taiwan. and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan and Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan
| | - Han-Jung Li
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, 195, Sec. 4, Chung Hsing Rd., Chutung, Hsinchu, 31040, Taiwan
| | - Micah S Ziegler
- Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yichen Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Daxue Rd, East District, Hsinchu City, 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Shengcih Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Daxue Rd, East District, Hsinchu City, 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Hsueh-Ju Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Daxue Rd, East District, Hsinchu City, 30010, Taiwan.
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33
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Flanagan KR, Parish JD, Fox MA, Johnson AL. Synthetic, Structural, and Computational Studies on Heavier Tetragen and Chalcogen Triazenide Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:16660-16666. [PMID: 31746594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of the triazenide complexes [{N(NDipp)2}2M] (Dipp = 2,6-di-isopropylphenyl; M = Ge(II) (1), Sn(II) (2), Pb(II) (3), and Te(II) (5)) are described for the first time. These compounds have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculations were employed to confirm the presence and nature of the stereochemically active lone pairs in 1-5, alongside the Gibbs energy changes for their general synthesis, which enable the rationalization of observed reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry R Flanagan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , United Kingdom
| | - James D Parish
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Fox
- Department of Chemistry , University of Durham , South Road , Durham DH1 3LE , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , United Kingdom
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34
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Béland VA, Wang Z, Macdonald CLB, Sham T, Ragogna PJ. A Comprehensive Investigation of a Zwitterionic Ge
I
Dimer with a 1,2‐Dicationic Core. Chemistry 2019; 25:14790-14800. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A. Béland
- Department of ChemistryCenter for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of ChemistryCenter for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Charles L. B. Macdonald
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Windsor 410 Sunset Ave. Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
- Department of ChemistryCarleton University 203 Steacie Building, 1125 Colonel By Dr. Ottawa Ontario K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - Tsun‐Kong Sham
- Department of ChemistryCenter for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Paul J. Ragogna
- Department of ChemistryCenter for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
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35
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Novák M, Dostál L, Růžičková Z, Mebs S, Beckmann J, Jambor R. From Monomeric Tin(II) Hydride to Nonsymmetric Distannyne. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Novák
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Růžičková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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36
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Synthesis and characterization of three-coordinated Tin(II) chalcogenide compounds from chlorostannylene supported by β-diketiminato ligand. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Siddiqui MM, Sarkar SK, Sinhababu S, Ruth PN, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D, Ghosh M, Fu M, Zhao L, Casanova D, Frenking G, Schwederski B, Kaim W, Roesky HW. Isolation of Transient Acyclic Germanium(I) Radicals Stabilized by Cyclic Alkyl(amino) Carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1908-1912. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mujahuddin M. Siddiqui
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Samir Kumar Sarkar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Soumen Sinhababu
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Niklas Ruth
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Munmun Ghosh
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mingxing Fu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Schwederski
- Institute für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kaim
- Institute für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Herbert W. Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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38
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Lohrey TD, Maron L, Bergman RG, Arnold J. Heterotetrametallic Re-Zn-Zn-Re Complex Generated by an Anionic Rhenium(I) β-Diketiminate. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:800-804. [PMID: 30571106 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of an anionic rhenium(I) compound, Na[Re(η5-Cp)(BDI)] (1; Cp = cyclopentadienide, BDI = N, N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-β-diketiminate) and initial investigations of its use as a strong chemical reductant and metalloligand. Chemical oxidation of 1 gives a rare example of a rhenium(II) compound Re(η5-Cp)(BDI) (2), while protonation of 1 yields the rhenium(III) hydride complex Re(H)(η5-Cp)(BDI) (3). The reaction of 1 with ZnCl2 generated both 2 and the zinc(I) compound [ZnRe(η5-Cp)(BDI)]2 (4), which features a linear, tetrametallic Re(I)-Zn(I)-Zn(I)-Re(I) core. Computational studies of 4 were performed to characterize the metal-metal bonding interactions; the results indicate a dative interaction from rhenium to zinc and covalent bonding between the two zinc centers. One-electron oxidation of 4 yielded both 2 and the triflate-bridged zinc(II) complex [(μ-OTf)ZnRe(η5-Cp)(BDI)]2 (5, OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Lohrey
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO , Université de Toulouse , INAS Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil , Toulouse 31077 , France
| | - Robert G Bergman
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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39
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Leverett AR, Diachenko V, Cole ML, McKay AI. Kinetic stabilization of low-oxidation state and terminal hydrido main group metal complexes by a sterically demanding N,N′-bis(2,6-terphenyl)triazenide. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:13197-13204. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02562f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermally robust main group metal complexes featuring terminal hydride ligands are achieved by deploying a sterically demanding N,N′-bis(2,6-terphenyl)triazenide ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera Diachenko
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Australia
| | - Marcus L. Cole
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Australia
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40
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McKay AI, Cole ML. Structural diversity in a homologous series of donor free alkali metal complexes bearing a sterically demanding triazenide. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:2948-2952. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04983a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The isolation and structural characterization of donor free alkali metal complexes of a bis(terphenyl) substituted triazenide are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus L. Cole
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Australia
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41
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Kelly JA, Juckel M, Hadlington TJ, Fernández I, Frenking G, Jones C. Synthesis and Reactivity Studies of Amido-Substituted Germanium(I)/Tin(I) Dimers and Clusters. Chemistry 2018; 25:2773-2785. [PMID: 30370947 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Three amide ligands of varying steric bulk and electronic properties were utilized to prepare a series of amido-germanium(II)/tin(II) halide compounds, (LEX)n , (L= -N{B(DipNCH)2 }(SiMe3 ), TBo L; -N{B(DipNCH)2 }(SiPh3 ), PhBo L; -N(Dip)(tBu), DBu L; Dip=C6 H3 iPr2 -2,6; E=Ge or Sn; X=Cl or Br; n=1 or 2). Reductions of these with a magnesium(I) dimer, {(Mes Nacnac)Mg}2 (Mes Nacnac=[(MesNCMe)2 CH]- , Mes=mesityl), afforded singly bonded amido-digermynes (TBo LGe-GeTBo L and PhBo LGe-GePhBo L), and an amido-distannyne (PhBo LSn-SnPhBo L), in addition to several low-valent, amido stabilized tetrel-tetrel bonded cluster compounds, (DBu LGe)4 , (DBu LSn)6 and Sn5 (TBo L)4 . The nature of the products resulting from these reactions was largely dependent on the steric bulk of the amide ligand employed. Cluster (DBu LGe)4 possessed an unusual folded butterfly structure, the bonding and electronic of which were examined using DFT calculations. Reactions of the amido-germanium(I) compounds with H2 were explored, and gave rise to the amido-digermene, TBo L(H)Ge=Ge(H)TBo L and the cyclotetragermane, {DBu L(H)Ge}4 . Reactions of (DBu LGe)4 with a series of unsaturated small molecule substrates yielded DBu LGeOGeDBu L, DBu LGe(μ-C2 H4 )2 GeDBu L and DBu LGe(μ-1,4-C6 H8 )(μ-1,2-C6 H8 )GeDBu L. The latter results imply that (DBu LGe)4 can act as a masked source of the digermyne DBu LGeGeDBu L in these reactions. All further reactivity studies indicated that the germanium(I) compounds exhibit a "transition-metal-like" behavior, which is closely related to that previously described for bulky digermynes and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Kelly
- Monash Centre for Catalysis, School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Martin Juckel
- Monash Centre for Catalysis, School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Terrance J Hadlington
- Monash Centre for Catalysis, School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en, Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany.,Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Cameron Jones
- Monash Centre for Catalysis, School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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Nesterov V, Reiter D, Bag P, Frisch P, Holzner R, Porzelt A, Inoue S. NHCs in Main Group Chemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9678-9842. [PMID: 29969239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first stable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) in the beginning of the 1990s, these divalent carbon species have become a common and available class of compounds, which have found numerous applications in academic and industrial research. Their important role as two-electron donor ligands, especially in transition metal chemistry and catalysis, is difficult to overestimate. In the past decade, there has been tremendous research attention given to the chemistry of low-coordinate main group element compounds. Significant progress has been achieved in stabilization and isolation of such species as Lewis acid/base adducts with highly tunable NHC ligands. This has allowed investigation of numerous novel types of compounds with unique electronic structures and opened new opportunities in the rational design of novel organic catalysts and materials. This Review gives a general overview of this research, basic synthetic approaches, key features of NHC-main group element adducts, and might be useful for the broad research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Dominik Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Prasenjit Bag
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Philipp Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Richard Holzner
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Amelie Porzelt
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
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44
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Sharma MK, Sinhababu S, Yadav D, Mukherjee G, Rajaraman G, Nagendran S. Pseudohalogenogermylenes versus Halogenogermylenes: Difference in their Complexation Behavior towards Group 6 Metal Carbonyls. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1357-1365. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016 India
| | - Soumen Sinhababu
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016 India
| | - Dhirendra Yadav
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016 India
| | - Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016 India
| | - Gopalan Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Powai Mumbai 400 076 India
| | - Selvarajan Nagendran
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016 India
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45
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Wang X, Liu J, Yu J, Hou L, Sun W, Wang Y, Chen S, Li A, Wang W. Ge I-Ge I Coupling Reaction Induced by a Mixture of CoBr 2 and a Seven-Membered N-Heterocyclic Carbene. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:2969-2972. [PMID: 29494143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new digermylene has been synthesized through the reaction of a six-membered cyclic radical germylene precursor with a mixture of CoBr2 and a seven-membered N-heterocyclic carbene. The density functional theory simulation on the geometry of the digermylene agrees well with the experimental X-ray diffraction result. The digermylene possesses the shortest GeI-GeI bond [2.4853(6) Å] compared to the known singly bonded analogues, which can be attributed to σ → π* conjugation. In addition, it is revealed that a stable dative bond cannot form for the reductive radical germylene with the oxidative metal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'An 710127 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'An 710127 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxiu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'An 710127 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'An 710127 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'An 710127 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'An 710127 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sanping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'An 710127 , People's Republic of China
| | - Anyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'An 710127 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'An 710127 , People's Republic of China
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46
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Nakata N, Hosoda N, Takahashi S, Ishii A. Chlorogermylenes and -stannylenes stabilized by diimidosulfinate ligands: synthesis, structures, and reactivity. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:481-490. [PMID: 29230468 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04390b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of the lithium salt of N,N'-di-tert-butyldiimidosulfinate ([PhS(NtBu)2]Li) having a phenyl group on the sulphur atom with ECl2·(dioxane) (E = Ge, Sn) afforded the corresponding chlorogermylene [PhS(NtBu)2]GeCl 1 and -stannylene [PhS(NtBu)2]SnCl 2, respectively. In contrast, treatment of the N,N'-bis(trimethylsilyl)diimidosulfinate ion ([PhS(NSiMe3)2]-) with ECl2·(dioxane) resulted in the unexpected formations of six-membered 1,3-bis(chlorogermylene) [PhS(NSiMe3)2(η1-η1-GeCl)2[μ-NSPh(NHSiMe3)] 7 and -stannylene [PhS(NSiMe3)2(η1-η1-SnCl)2[μ-NSPh(NHSiMe3)] 8. The structures of these chlorometallylene derivatives were fully characterized on the basis of their NMR spectroscopic data and X-ray diffraction. In the crystalline states of 1 and 2, the diimidosulfinate ligands chelate to the metal centre to form slightly hinged four-membered EN2S rings. On the other hand, X-ray analyses of 7 and 8 revealed that the central six-membered E2N3S rings adopt a distorted boat-conformation, and one diimidosulfinate ligand coordinates to the metal centre in a bridging monodentate μ-η1-η1-fashion. As the reactivity of 1 and 2, the oxidation of 1 with elemental chalcogen (S8 or Se) afforded the corresponding tetra-coordinated germanium compounds [PhS(NtBu)2]Ge([double bond, length as m-dash]Ch)Cl 3 (Ch[double bond, length as m-dash]S) and 4 (Ch[double bond, length as m-dash]Se). In sharp contrast, the reactions of 2 with elemental chalcogen resulted in the formation of four-membered Sn2Ch2 ring compounds, 1,3,2,4-dichalcogenadistannetanes {(PhS(NtBu)2)SnCl(μ-Ch)}25 (Ch[double bond, length as m-dash]S) and 6 (Ch[double bond, length as m-dash]Se).
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Nakata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
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47
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de Bruin-Dickason CN, Sutcliffe T, Alvarez Lamsfus C, Deacon GB, Maron L, Jones C. Kinetic stabilisation of a molecular strontium hydride complex using an extremely bulky amidinate ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:786-789. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09362d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first dimeric strontium hydride complex (see picture, Dip = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, Ad = 1-adamantyl), and analogous magnesium hydride systems, have been kinetically stabilised by extremely bulky amidinate ligands, developed for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO
- F-31077 Toulouse
- France
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48
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Novotný M, Švec P, Růžičková Z, Růžička A. Direct access to non-symmetric lithium nitriloamidinate and disymmetric dilithium bisamidinate complexes from 1,3- or 1,4- dicyanobenzene and lithium amides. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Wey YT, Yang FS, Yu HC, Kuo TS, Tsai YC. Synthesis and Characterization of an Eclipsed Digermylene as a Building Block to Construct a Cyclic Octagermylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Te Wey
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters; National Tsing Hua University; 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Fan-Shan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters; National Tsing Hua University; 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Cheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters; National Tsing Hua University; 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shen Kuo
- Department of Chemistry; National (Taiwan) Normal University; 88, Sec.4, Ting-Chow Rd Taipei 116 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chou Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters; National Tsing Hua University; 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
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50
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Wey YT, Yang FS, Yu HC, Kuo TS, Tsai YC. Synthesis and Characterization of an Eclipsed Digermylene as a Building Block to Construct a Cyclic Octagermylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15108-15112. [PMID: 28940992 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of an unprecedented GeI -GeI bonded digermylene [K2 {Ge2 (μ-κ2 :η2 :η4 -2,6-(2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 -N)2 -4-CH3 C5 H2 N)2 }] in an eclipsed conformation stabilized by two bridging diamidopyridyl ligands is presented. Although it exhibits an eclipsed conformation, the Ge-Ge bond length is 2.5168(6) Å, which is shorter than those in the trans-bent and gauche digermylenes. In combination with two pendant amido groups, the GeI2 motif is employed as a building block to assemble the first example of octagermylene [Ge4 (μ-κ2 :κ1 -2,6-(2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 -N)2 -4-CH3 C5 H2 N)2 ]2 showing a cyclic configuration and containing three distinct types of GeI -GeI bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Te Wey
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Shan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Cheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shen Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) Normal University, 88, Sec.4, Ting-Chow Rd, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chou Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
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