Substituent Effects on Core Structures and Heterogeneous Catalytic Activities of MnIII(μ-O)2MnIV Dimers with 2,2′:6′,2″-Terpyridine Derivative Ligands for Water Oxidation

Recent developments in the synthesis and applications of terpyridine-based metal complexes: a systematic review

Terpyridine-based metal complexes have emerged as versatile and indispensable building blocks in the realm of modern chemistry, offering a plethora of applications spanning from materials science to catalysis and beyond. This comprehensive review article delves into the multifaceted world of terpyridine complexes, presenting an overview of their synthesis, structural diversity, and coordination chemistry principles. Focusing on their diverse functionalities, we explore their pivotal roles in catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, luminescent materials, and nanoscience. Furthermore, we highlight the burgeoning applications of terpyridine complexes in sustainable energy technologies, biomimetic systems, and medicinal chemistry, underscoring their remarkable adaptability to address pressing challenges in these fields. By elucidating the pivotal role of terpyridine complexes as versatile building blocks, this review provides valuable insights into their current state-of-the-art applications and future potential, thus inspiring continued innovation and exploration in this exciting area of research.

Class Ib Ribonucleotide Reductases: Activation of a Peroxido-MnIIMnIII to Generate a Reactive Oxo-MnIIIMnIV Oxidant

In the postulated catalytic cycle of class Ib Mn2 ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs), a MnII2 core is suggested to react with superoxide (O2·-) to generate peroxido-MnIIMnIII and oxo-MnIIIMnIV entities prior to proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) oxidation of tyrosine. There is limited experimental support for this mechanism. We demonstrate that [MnII2(BPMP)(OAc)2](ClO4) (1, HBPMP = 2,6-bis[(bis(2 pyridylmethyl)amino)methyl]-4-methylphenol) was converted to peroxido-MnIIMnIII (2) in the presence of superoxide anion that converted to (μ-O)(μ-OH)MnIIIMnIV (3) via the addition of an H+-donor (p-TsOH) or (μ-O)2MnIIIMnIV (4) upon warming to room temperature. The physical properties of 3 and 4 were probed using UV-vis, EPR, X-ray absorption, and IR spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. Compounds 3 and 4 were capable of phenol oxidation to yield a phenoxyl radical via a concerted PCET oxidation, supporting the proposed mechanism of tyrosyl radical cofactor generation in RNRs. The synthetic models demonstrate that the postulated O2/Mn2/tyrosine activation mechanism in class Ib Mn2 RNRs is plausible and provides spectral insights into intermediates currently elusive in the native enzyme.

Homogeneous Water Oxidation Catalyzed by First-Row Transition Metal Complexes: Unveiling the Relationship between Turnover Frequency and Reaction Overpotential

The utilization of earth-abundant low-toxicity metal ions in the construction of highly active and efficient molecular catalysts promoting the water oxidation reaction is important for developing a sustainable artificial energy cycle. However, the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the currently available molecular water oxidation catalysts (MWOCs) have not been comprehensively investigated. This Review summarizes the current status of MWOCs based on first-row transition metals in terms of their turnover frequency (TOF, a kinetic property) and overpotential (η, a thermodynamic property) and uses the relationship between log(TOF) and η to assess catalytic performance. Furthermore, the effects of the same ligand classes on these MWOCs are discussed in terms of TOF and η, and vice versa. The collective analysis of these relationships provides a metric for the direct comparison of catalyst systems and identifying factors crucial for catalyst design.

Electrode surface embedded manganese(iii)–pincer complexes: efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction

Highly stable and robust gold electrode surface anchored Mn(iii)–pincer complex exhibits an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxygen evolution reaction at a low overpotential with a medium Tafel slope under neutral pH condition.

A high-valent di-μ-oxo dimanganese complex covalently anchored in a metal–organic framework as a highly efficient and recoverable water oxidation catalyst

A biomimetic homogeneous catalyst is successfully anchored inside MOFs, exhibiting high activity and reliable durability in the water oxidation reaction.

Molecular ruthenium water oxidation catalysts carrying non-innocent ligands: mechanistic insight through structure–activity relationships and quantum chemical calculations

Herein is highlighted how structure–activity relationships can be used to provide mechanistic insight into H₂O oxidation catalysis.

Water oxidation using earth-abundant transition metal catalysts: opportunities and challenges

Catalysts for the oxidation of water are a vital component of solar energy to fuel conversion technologies. This Perspective summarizes recent advances in the field of designing homogeneous water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) based on Mn, Fe, Co and Cu.

Distribution of manganese species in an oxidative dimerization reaction of a bis-terpyridine mononuclear manganese (II) complex and their heterogeneous water oxidation activities

Heterogeneous water oxidation catalyses were studied as a synthetic model of oxygen evolving complex (OEC) in photosynthesis using mica adsorbing various manganese species. Distribution of manganese species formed in the oxidative dimerization reaction of [Mn(II)(terpy)2](2+) (terpy=2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) (1') with various oxidants in water was revealed. 1' was stoichiometrically oxidized to form di-μ-oxo dinuclear manganese complex, [(OH2)(terpy)Mn(III)(μ-O)2Mn(IV)(terpy)(OH2)](3+) (1) by KMnO4 as an oxidant. When Oxone and Ce(IV) oxidants were used, the further oxidation of 1 to [(OH2)(terpy)Mn(IV)(μ-O)2Mn(IV)(terpy)(OH2)](4+) (2) was observed after the oxidative dimerization reaction of 1'. The mica adsorbates with various composition of 1', 1 and 2 were prepared by adding mica suspension to the various oxidant-treated solutions followed by filtration. The heterogeneous water oxidation catalysis by the mica adsorbates was examined using a Ce(IV) oxidant. The observed catalytic activity of the mica adsorbates corresponded to a content of 1 (1ads) adsorbed on mica for KMnO4- and Oxone-treated systems, indicating that 1' (1'ads) and 2 (2ads) adsorbed on mica do not work for the catalysis. The kinetic analysis suggested that 1ads works for the catalysis through cooperation with adjacent 1ads or 2ads, meaning that 2ads assists the cooperative catalysis by 1ads though 2ads is not able to work for the catalysis alone. For the Ce(IV)-treated system, O2 evolution was hardly observed although the sufficient amount of 1ads was contained in the mica adsorbates. This was explained by the impeded penetration of Ce(IV) ions (as an oxidant for water oxidation) into mica by Ce(3+) cations (generated in oxidative dimerization of 1') co-adsorbed with 1ads.

Earth-abundant metal complexes as catalysts for water oxidation; is it homogeneous or heterogeneous?

This minireview focuses on the aspects that determine whether particular catalysts for the oxidation of water are homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Pulse electron paramagnetic resonance studies of the interaction of methanol with the S2 state of the Mn4O5Ca cluster of photosystem II

The binding of the substrate analogue methanol to the catalytic Mn4CaO5 cluster of the water-oxidizing enzyme photosystem II is known to alter the electronic structure properties of the oxygen-evolving complex without retarding O2-evolution under steady-state illumination conditions. We report the binding mode of (13)C-labeled methanol determined using 9.4 GHz (X-band) hyperfine sublevel-correlation (HYSCORE) and 34 GHz (Q-band) electron spin-echo electron nuclear double resonance (ESE-ENDOR) spectroscopies. These results are compared to analogous experiments on a mixed-valence Mn(III)Mn(IV) complex (2-OH-3,5-Cl2-salpn)2Mn(III)Mn(IV) (salpn = N,N'-bis(3,5-dichlorosalicylidene)-1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane) in which methanol ligates to the Mn(III) ion ( Larson et al. (1992) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 114 , 6263 ). In the mixed-valence Mn(III,IV) complex, the hyperfine coupling to the (13)C of the bound methanol (Aiso = 0.65 MHz, T = 1.25 MHz) is appreciably larger than that observed for (13)C methanol associated with the Mn4CaO5 cluster poised in the S2 state, where only a weak dipolar hyperfine interaction (Aiso = 0.05 MHz, T = 0.27 MHz) is observed. An evaluation of the (13)C hyperfine interaction using the X-ray structure coordinates of the Mn4CaO5 cluster indicates that methanol does not bind as a terminal ligand to any of the manganese ions in the oxygen-evolving complex. We favor methanol binding in place of a water ligand to the Ca(2+) in the Mn4CaO5 cluster or in place of one of the waters that form hydrogen bonds with the oxygen bridges of the cluster.

Solar fuels generation and molecular systems: is it homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis?

Catalysis is a key enabling technology for solar fuel generation. A number of catalytic systems, either molecular/homogeneous or solid/heterogeneous, have been developed during the last few decades for both the reductive and oxidative multi-electron reactions required for fuel production from water or CO(2) as renewable raw materials. While allowing for a fine tuning of the catalytic properties through ligand design, molecular approaches are frequently criticized because of the inherent fragility of the resulting catalysts, when exposed to extreme redox potentials. In a number of cases, it has been clearly established that the true catalytic species is heterogeneous in nature, arising from the transformation of the initial molecular species, which should rather be considered as a pre-catalyst. Whether such a situation is general or not is a matter of debate in the community. In this review, covering water oxidation and reduction catalysts, involving noble and non-noble metal ions, we limit our discussion to the cases in which this issue has been directly and properly addressed as well as those requiring more confirmation. The methodologies proposed for discriminating homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis are inspired in part by those previously discussed by Finke in the case of homogeneous hydrogenation reaction in organometallic chemistry [J. A. Widegren and R. G. Finke, J. Mol. Catal. A, 2003, 198, 317-341].