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Parambath JBM, Vijai Anand K, Alawadhi H, Mohamed AA. Flexible Copper Films Modification via Spontaneous Reduction of Aryldiazonium Gold Salts: Unraveling Surface Properties and Energy Profile. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:9797-9808. [PMID: 38669636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we report the modification of flexible copper films via the spontaneous reduction of aryldiazonium gold salts [X-4-C6H4N≡N]AuCl4 (X═COOH, NO2). The electroless modification involves dipping of flexible copper films in the aryldiazonium gold solutions for a few seconds, under ambient conditions, followed by a washing step with deionized water to obtain a mechanically robust gold-aryl coating. The chemical composition, morphology, electronic structure, and optical properties of the gold-aryl layer and the flexibility of the modified copper films are supported by the results from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemistry, contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). XPS surface analysis showed metallic gold in addition to C-C, C-O/C-N, and C═O functional groups from the grafted aryls. Cu 2p showed metallic copper as a major component and a small amount of Cu(II) ions. Wettability studies showed that Au-COOH@Cu increased the contact angle of the bare copper films from 68.0 ± 0.7° to 82.0° ± 0.7°, while Au-NO2@Cu increased the contact angle to 134.0° ± 0.3°. UPS energy profile analysis of [HOOC-4-C6H4N≡N]AuCl4 (valence band maximum = 1.91 eV) exhibited greater reducibility than [O2N-4-C6H4N≡N]AuCl4 (valence band maximum = 2.91 eV). The lower ionization potential of [HOOC-4-C6H4N≡N]AuCl4 (IP = 4.33 eV) enhanced the reactivity upon copper film contact, potentially inducing efficient energy level alignment, compared with [O2N-4-C6H4N≡N]AuCl4 (IP = 5.62 eV). UPS results were further supported by electrochemistry investigation which revealed that [HOOC-4-C6H4N≡N]AuCl4 is easily reducible compared with [O2N-4-C6H4N≡N]AuCl4. The findings presented here hold significant implications for developing flexible copper films and pave the way for future advancements in electronic material modification for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad B M Parambath
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Physics, Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Chemistry, Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kabali Vijai Anand
- Department of Physics, Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hussain Alawadhi
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Applied Physics & Astronomy, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed A Mohamed
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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SERS performance of cubic-shaped gold nanoparticles for environmental monitoring. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ahmad AAL, Marutheri Parambath JB, Postnikov PS, Guselnikova O, Chehimi MM, Bruce MRM, Bruce AE, Mohamed AA. Conceptual Developments of Aryldiazonium Salts as Modifiers for Gold Colloids and Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:8897-8907. [PMID: 34291926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Modified colloids and flat surfaces occupy an important place in materials science research due to their widespread applications. Interest in the development of modifiers that adhere strongly to surfaces relates to the need for stability under ambient conditions in many applications. Diazonium salts have evolved as the primary choice for the modification of surfaces. The term "diazonics" has been introduced in the literature to describe "the science and technology of aryldiazonium salt-derived materials". The facile reduction of diazonium salts via chemical or electrochemical processes, irradiation stimuli, or spontaneously results in the efficient modification of gold surfaces. Robust gold-aryl nanoparticles, where gold is connected to the aryl ring through bonding to carbon and films modified by using diazonium salts, are critical in electronics, sensors, medical implants, and materials for power sources. Experimental and theoretical studies suggest that gold-carbon interactions constructed via chemical reactions with diazonium salts are stronger than nondiazonium surface modifiers. This invited feature article summarizes the conceptual development of recent studies of diazonium salts in our laboratories and others with a focus on the surface modification of gold nanostructures, flat surfaces and gratings, and their applications in nanomedicine engineering, sensors, energy, forensic science, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A L Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | | | - Pavel S Postnikov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Guselnikova
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Mohamed Mehdi Chehimi
- Université de Paris, CNRS-UMR 7086, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et DYnamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Mitchell R M Bruce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Alice E Bruce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Ahmed A Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE
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The Molecular and Macromolecular Level of Carbon Nanotube Modification Via Diazonium Chemistry: Emphasis on the 2010s Years. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-020-00144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
The challenges of diazonium salts stabilization have been overcome by their isolation as metal salts such as tetrachloroaurate(III). The cleavage of molecular nitrogen from diazonium salts even at very low potential or on reducing surfaces by fine tuning the substituents on the phenyl ring expanded their applications as surface modifiers in forensic science, nanomedicine engineering, catalysis and energy. The robustness of the metal–carbon bonding produced from diazonium salts reduction has already opened an era for further applications. The integration of experimental and calculations in this field catalyzed its speedy progress. This review provides a narrative of the progress in this chemistry with stress on our recent contribution, identifies potential applications, and highlights the needs in this emerging field. For these reasons, we hope that this review paper serves as motivation for others to enter this developing field of surface modification originating from diazonium salts.
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Facile protic hydration of acetonitrile to protonated acetamide at oxygen mediated by chloroauric acid: insights from experimental and calculations. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Classification of Tea Aromas Using Multi-Nanoparticle Based Chemiresistor Arrays. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19112547. [PMID: 31167394 PMCID: PMC6603602 DOI: 10.3390/s19112547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle based chemical sensor arrays with four types of organo-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were introduced to classify 35 different teas, including black teas, green teas, and herbal teas. Integrated sensor arrays were made using microfabrication methods including photolithography and lift-off processing. Different types of nanoparticle solutions were drop-cast on separate active regions of each sensor chip. Sensor responses, expressed as the ratio of resistance change to baseline resistance (ΔR/R0), were used as input data to discriminate different aromas by statistical analysis using multivariate techniques and machine learning algorithms. With five-fold cross validation, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) gave 99% accuracy for classification of all 35 teas, and 98% and 100% accuracy for separate datasets of herbal teas, and black and green teas, respectively. We find that classification accuracy improves significantly by using multiple types of nanoparticles compared to single type nanoparticle arrays. The results suggest a promising approach to monitor the freshness and quality of tea products.
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Ahmad AAL, Panicker S, Chehimi MM, Monge M, Lopez-de-Luzuriaga JM, Mohamed AA, Bruce AE, Bruce MRM. Synthesis of water-soluble gold–aryl nanoparticles with distinct catalytic performance in the reduction of the environmental pollutant 4-nitrophenol. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01402k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In-depth kinetic insight into the catalytic reduction of nitrophenol pollutant using gold–carbon nanoparticles is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seema Panicker
- Center for Advanced Materials Research
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering
- University of Sharjah
- Sharjah 27272
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed M. Chehimi
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris Est (ICMPE)-SPC-UMR 7182 CNRS-Université Paris Est Créteil
- 94320 Thiais
- France
| | - Miguel Monge
- Departamento de Química
- Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ)
- Universidad de La Rioja
- 26006-Logroño
- Spain
| | - Jose M. Lopez-de-Luzuriaga
- Departamento de Química
- Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ)
- Universidad de La Rioja
- 26006-Logroño
- Spain
| | - Ahmed A. Mohamed
- Center for Advanced Materials Research
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering
- University of Sharjah
- Sharjah 27272
- United Arab Emirates
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Mohamed AA, Neal SN, Atallah B, AlBab ND, Alawadhi HA, Pajouhafsar Y, Abdou HE, Workie B, Sahle-Demessie E, Han C, Monge M, Lopez-de-Luzuriaga JM, Reibenspies JH, Chehimi MM. Synthesis of gold organometallics at the nanoscale. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zarei A, Khazdooz L, Aghaei H, Gheisari MM, Alizadeh S, Golestanifar L. Synthesis of phenols by using aryldiazonium silica sulfate nanocomposites. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Enciso AE, Doni G, Nifosì R, Palazzesi F, Gonzalez R, Ellsworth AA, Coffer JL, Walker AV, Pavan GM, Mohamed AA, Simanek EE. Facile synthesis of stable, water soluble, dendron-coated gold nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:3128-3132. [PMID: 28211928 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09679d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Upon reduction with sodium borohydride, diazonium tetrachloroaurate salts of triazine dendrons yield dendron-coated gold nanoparticles connected by a gold-carbon bond. These robust nanoparticles are stable in water and toluene solutions for longer than one year and present surface groups that can be reacted to change surface chemistry and manipulate solubility. Molecular modeling was used to provide insight on the hydration of the nanoparticles and their observed solubilties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E Enciso
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Giovanni Doni
- Department of Physics, King's College, London Strand, London WC2R 2NS, UK
| | - Riccardo Nifosì
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Palazzesi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland and Facoltá di Informatica, Istituto di Scienze Computazionali, Universitá della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | | | - Jeffery L Coffer
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Amy V Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Galleria 2, Via Cantonale 2c, CH-6928 Manno, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed A Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA and Department of Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eric E Simanek
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
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Gold-organic thin films from the reductive grafting of diazonium gold(III) salts. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mohamed AA, Salmi Z, Dahoumane SA, Mekki A, Carbonnier B, Chehimi MM. Functionalization of nanomaterials with aryldiazonium salts. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 225:16-36. [PMID: 26299313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the surface modification strategies of a wide range of nanomaterials using aryldiazonium salts. After a brief history of diazonium salts since their discovery by Peter Griess in 1858, we will tackle the surface chemistry using these compounds since the first trials in the 1950s. We will then focus on the modern surface chemistry of aryldiazonium salts for the modification of materials, particularly metallic, semiconductors, metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanostructures, diamond and clays. The successful modification of sp(2) carbon materials and metals by aryldiazonium salts paved the way to innovative strategies for the attachment of aryl layers to metal oxide nanoparticles and nanodiamonds, and intercalation of clays. Interestingly, diazotized surfaces can easily trap nanoparticles and nanotubes while diazotized nanoparticles can be (electro)chemically reduced on electrode/materials surfaces as molecular compounds. Both strategies provided organized 2D surface assembled nanoparticles. In this review, aryldiazonium salts are highlighted as efficient coupling agents for many types of molecular, macromolecular and nanoparticulate species, therefore ensuring stability to colloids on the one hand, and the construction of composite materials and hybrid systems with robust and durable interfaces/interphases, on the other hand. The last section is dedicated to a selection of patents and industrial products based on aryldiazonium-modified nanomaterials. After nearly 160 years of organic chemistry, diazonium salts have entered a new, long and thriving era for the benefit of materials, colloids, and surface scientists. This tempts us to introduce the terminology of "diazonics" we define as the science and technology of aryldiazonium salt-derived materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Chemistry, Delaware State University, 1200 N. DuPont Highway, Dover 19901, DE, USA
| | - Zakaria Salmi
- Université Paris-Est, ICMPE UMR 7182 CNRS - UPEC, SPC, PoPI team: Polymers & Particles @ Interfaces, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Si Amar Dahoumane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Ahmed Mekki
- Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El Bahri 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Benjamin Carbonnier
- Université Paris-Est, ICMPE UMR 7182 CNRS - UPEC, SPC, PoPI team: Polymers & Particles @ Interfaces, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Mohamed M Chehimi
- Université Paris-Est, ICMPE UMR 7182 CNRS - UPEC, SPC, PoPI team: Polymers & Particles @ Interfaces, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France.
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Jung MH, Chu MJ. Comparative experiments of graphene covalently and physically binding CdSe quantum dots to enhance the electron transport in flexible photovoltaic devices. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:9241-9249. [PMID: 24980616 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr02254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this research, we prepared composite films via covalent coupling of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) to graphene through the direct binding of aryl radicals to the graphene surface. To compare the carrier transport with the CdSe aryl binding graphene film, we prepared CdSe pyridine capping graphene films through the pi-pi interactions of noncovalent bonds between the graphene and pyridine molecules. The photovoltaic devices were fabricated from the two hybrid films using the electrophoretic deposition method on flexible substrates. Even though the two hybrid films have the same amount of QDs and graphene, time-resolved fluorescence emission decay results show that the emission lifetime of the CdSe aryl group binding graphene film is significantly shorter than that of the pyridine capping CdSe-graphene. The quantum efficiency and photocurrent density of the device fabricated from CdSe aryl binding graphene were also higher than those of the device fabricated from pyridine capping CdSe-graphene. These results indicated that the carrier transport of the QD-graphene system is not related to the additive effect from the CdSe and graphene components but rather is a result of the unique interactions between the graphene and QDs. We could expect that these results can be useful in designing QD-graphene composite materials, which are applied in photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hee Jung
- Solar Cell Technology Research Section, IT Components and Materials Industry Technology Research Department, IT Materials and Components Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-no, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-700, Republic of Korea.
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Orefuwa SA, Ravanbakhsh M, Neal SN, King JB, Mohamed AA. Robust Organometallic Gold Nanoparticles. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400927g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Orefuwa
- Department of Chemistry, Delaware State University, 1200 N. DuPont Highway, Dover, Delaware 19901, United States
| | - Mahsa Ravanbakhsh
- Department of Chemistry, Delaware State University, 1200 N. DuPont Highway, Dover, Delaware 19901, United States
| | - Sabine N. Neal
- Department of Chemistry, Delaware State University, 1200 N. DuPont Highway, Dover, Delaware 19901, United States
| | - Julie B. King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ahmed A. Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Delaware State University, 1200 N. DuPont Highway, Dover, Delaware 19901, United States
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