1
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Brotsman VA, Troyanov SI. Chlorination-Promoted Skeletal Transformations in Isolated-Pentagon Rule (IPR) Isomers of Fullerene C 86 to Non-IPR Chloro- and Trifluoromethyl Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:548-553. [PMID: 38103016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene C86 contains two isomers obeying the Isolated-Pentagon Rule (IPR), CS-C86(16) and C2-C86(17). Both isomers undergo unprecedented skeletal transformations at high-temperature (400 °C) chlorination with SbCl5. One-step Stone-Wales rearrangement (SWR) in C86(17) results in the pentagon-fused #63614C86 cage found in the structure of #63614C86Cl24. CF3 derivatives with the same cage, two isomers of #63614C86(CF3)18 and #63614C86(CF3)18O2, were obtained by high-temperature trifluoromethylation of the chlorination products with CF3I, followed by HPLC separation. The skeletal transformation of C86(16) proceeds via two SWRs under the formation of a #63624C86 cage with one fused-pentagon pair found in the structure of #63624C86(CF3)18. The addition patterns in skeletally transformed molecules are discussed in detail, disclosing the influence of the pentagon fusions, isolated C=C bonds, and benzenoid rings on the stability of the molecules with non-IPR C86 cages. The chlorination-promoted SWRs in C86 isomers have been observed for the first time, which contribute a lot to the understanding of skeletal transformations in fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Brotsman
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Brotsman VA, Tamm NB, Troyanov SI. Structural Chemistry of Pentagon-Fused C 82 Fullerene Derivatives #39173C 82(CF 3) 14,16,18 and #39173C 82Cl 28. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2425-2429. [PMID: 36668679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature chlorination of the most stable Isolated-Pentagon-Rule (IPR) isomer of fullerene C82, C2-C82(3), invariably produces non-IPR #39173C82Cl28, containing one pentagon-pentagon fusion in the carbon cage. High-temperature trifluoromethylation of #39173C82Cl28 followed by HPLC separation resulted in the isolation and structure elucidation of eight #39173C82(CF3)n (n = 14, 16, 18) compounds. Structural chemistry of #39173C82(CF3)14,16,18 and #39173C82Cl28 is characterized by the variation of the addition patterns in the region of a pentagon-pentagon fusion. The regiochemistry of CF3 addition in the remaining cage region is similar to that of the known IPR C82(3)(CF3)n compounds. Theoretical calculations revealed that #39173C82(CF3)n possess lower thermodynamic stability than isomeric IPR derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Brotsman
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda B Tamm
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991Moscow, Russia
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3
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Banerjee S, Ash T, Debnath T, Das AK. Dual modification to stabilize Non-IPR C 72 fullerene: A new theoretical strategy. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 117:108289. [PMID: 35964364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The stabilization of non-IPR fullerenes for their isolation and characterization is an area of recent interest. In the present study, we have explored the stabilization techniques of C72 isomers via endo and exo-modifications and finally approached dual modification. A total of four isomers of C72 have been considered in this study; among them, one is IPR derivative (1), and the rest are non-IPR derivatives with one (2) and two (3 and 4) fused pentagon rings. First, we have studied the endohedral modification by encapsulating one and two La atoms in the C72 cavity. Secondly, we have exohedrally modified the C72 isomers via chlorination by adding four and eight chlorides, respectively. Our final approach is to study the dual modification, where we have implemented both endo exo-modifications together. This dual modification can be achieved in two ways: exo followed by endo and endo followed by exo. For each modification, the relative stability of every modified C72 derivative has been checked by calculating the relative energy with respect to the most stable modified analogue. To find out whether these modifications are energetically feasible or not, we have calculated the binding energy of each modified C72 isomer. The binding energy calculation reveals that the encapsulation and exo-modification techniques are good enough to stabilize the non-IPR C72 derivatives. Moreover, the effectiveness of dual modification has also been established from the enhanced binding energy compared to either endo- or exo-modification. We have also studied the NPA charges on the encapsulated La atoms for each endo- and dual-modified C72 derivative. Furthermore, the AIM study has also been perceived to find out the interaction between the La atom and the fullerene cages for both mono- and di-encapsulated fullerene derivatives and also between La-La centres for di-encapsulated derivatives. Overall, the present theoretical study will provide an idea about the stability of the modified C72 derivatives, which will help the experimentalists to design new strategies for synthesizing modified non-IPR fullerene derivatives that have vast applications in the medicinal and industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumadip Banerjee
- School of Mathematical & Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Tamalika Ash
- School of Mathematical & Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Tanay Debnath
- School of Mathematical & Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Abhijit K Das
- School of Mathematical & Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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4
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Tamm NB, Brotsman VA, Markov VY, Troyanov SI. Fused-Pentagon C 70Cl 6 and C 70Cl 8 Obtained via Chlorination-Promoted Skeletal Transformation of IPR C 70. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10400-10403. [PMID: 32648746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The isolated-pentagon-rule (IPR) D5h-C70 fullerene is least susceptible to skeletal transformations in comparison with higher fullerenes and even C60. A cage transformation in IPR C70 via a one-step Stone-Wales rearrangement was accomplished by high-temperature (440 °C) ampule chlorination with SbCl5. Subsequent dechlorination at 450 °C, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography separation, allowed the isolation of non-IPR C70Cl6 and C70Cl8. X-ray diffraction study revealed the presence of an unprecedented C70 carbon cage, possessing two pairs of fused pentagons and the chlorination patterns located on one cage hemisphere. A high energetic and thermal stability of both non-IPR chlorides was also confirmed by theoretical calculations of formation energies. Pathways of skeletal transformations of IPR C70 in comparison with those in C60 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B Tamm
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Victor A Brotsman
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vitaliy Yu Markov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
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5
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Tamm NB, Fritz MA, Troyanov SI. Chloro‐ and Trifluoromethyl Derivatives of Fullerene C
82
, C
82
Cl
14
and C
82
(CF
3
)
14. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B. Tamm
- Department of ChemistryMoscow State University 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory Russia
| | - Maria A. Fritz
- Department of ChemistryMoscow State University 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory Russia
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Department of ChemistryMoscow State University 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory Russia
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6
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Vysochanskaya ON, Brotsman VA, Goryunkov AA, Feiler CG, Troyanov SI. Fused-Pentagon Isomers of C 60 Fullerene Isolated as Chloro and Trifluoromethyl Derivatives. Chemistry 2020; 26:2338-2341. [PMID: 31849115 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The carbon cage of buckminsterfullerene Ih -C60 , which obeys the Isolated-Pentagon Rule (IPR), can be transformed to non-IPR cages in the course of high-temperature chlorination of C60 or C60 Cl30 with SbCl5 . The non-IPR chloro derivatives were isolated chromatographically (HPLC) and characterized crystallographically as 1809 C60 Cl16 , 1810 C60 Cl24 , and 1805 C60 Cl24 , which contain, respectively two, four, and four pairs of fused pentagons in the carbon cage. High-temperature trifluoromethylation of the chlorination products with CF3 I afforded a non-IPR CF3 derivative, 1807 C60 (CF3 )12 , which contains four pairs of fused pentagons in the carbon cage. Addition patterns of non-IPR chloro and CF3 derivatives were compared and discussed in terms of the formation of stabilizing local substructures on fullerene cages. A detailed scheme of the experimentally confirmed non-IPR C60 isomers obtained by Stone-Wales cage transformations is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Vysochanskaya
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor A Brotsman
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Goryunkov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Christian G Feiler
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Crystallography, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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7
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Brotsman VA, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Fused-pentagon C 70Cl 26 obtained via chlorination-promoted Stone-Wales cage transformations of C 70. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13378-13381. [PMID: 31633714 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07464c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature (360 °C) chlorination of C70 with VCl4 or SbCl5 yields only IPR C70Cl26/28. Chlorination with SbCl5 at 440 °C resulted in a skeletal transformation via a two-step Stone-Wales rearrangement and the formation of non-IPR 8005C70Cl26 with two fused pentagon pairs in the carbon cage which was established by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Brotsman
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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8
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Freisetzung der Spannung kondensierter Fünfringe des Fullerenkäfigs durch chemische Funktionalisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Guan R, Chen M, Jin F, Yang S. Strain Release of Fused Pentagons in Fullerene Cages by Chemical Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1048-1073. [PMID: 30884036 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
According to the isolated pentagon rule (IPR), for stable fullerenes, the 12 pentagons should be isolated from one another by hexagons, otherwise the fused pentagons will result in an increase in the local steric strain of the fullerene cage. However, the successful isolation of more than 100 endohedral and exohedral fullerenes containing fused pentagons over the past 20 years has shown that strain release of fused pentagons in fullerene cages is feasible. Herein, we present a general overview on fused-pentagon-containing (i.e. non-IPR) fullerenes through an exhaustive review of all the types of fused-pentagon-containing fullerenes reported to date. We clarify how the strain of fused pentagons can be released in different manners, and provide an in-depth understanding of the role of fused pentagons in the stability, electronic properties, and chemical reactivity of fullerene cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
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10
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Druzhinina AI, Tiflova LA, Monayenkova AS, Goryunkov AA. History of the V.F. Luginin Thermal Laboratory. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024419110098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Yang S, Ioffe IN, Troyanov SI. Chlorination-Promoted Skeletal Transformations of Fullerenes. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1783-1792. [PMID: 31180640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Classical fullerenes are built of pentagonal and hexagonal rings, and the conventional syntheses produce only those isomers that obey the isolated-pentagon rule (IPR), where all pentagonal rings are separated from each other by hexagonal rings. Upon exohedral derivatization, the IPR fullerene cages normally retain their connectivity pattern. However, it has been discovered that high-temperature chlorination of fullerenes with SbCl5 or VCl4 can induce skeletal transformations that alter the carbon cage topology, as directly evidenced by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of the chlorinated products of a series of fullerenes in the broad range of C60 to C102. Two general types of transformations have been identified: (i) the Stone-Wales rearrangement (SWR) that consists of a rotation of a C-C bond by 90°, and (ii) the removal of a C-C bond, i.e., C2 loss (C2L). Single- or multistep SWR and/or C2L transformations afford either classical non-IPR fullerenes bearing fused pentagons (highlighted in red in the TOC picture) or nonclassical (NCx) fullerenes with x = 1-3 heptagonal rings (highlighted in blue in the TOC picture) often flanked by fused pentagons. Several subtypes of the SWR and C2L processes can be further discerned depending on the local topology of the transformed region of the cage. Under the chlorination conditions, the non-IPR and NC carbon cages that would be energetically unfavorable and mostly labile in their pristine state are instantaneously stabilized by chlorination of the pentagon-pentagon junctions and by delimitation of the original spherical π-system into smaller favorable aromatic fragments. The significance of the chlorination-promoted skeletal transformations within the realm of fullerene chemistry is demonstrated by the growing body of examples. To date, these include single- and multistep SWRs in the buckminsterfullerene C60 and in the higher fullerenes C76(1), C78(2), C82(3), and C102(19), single and multistep C2Ls (i.e., cage shrinkage) in C86(16), C88(33), C90(28), C92(50), C96(80), C96(114), and C102(19), and multistep combinations of SWRs and C2Ls in C88(3), C88(33), and C100(18), (IPR isomer numbering in parentheses is according to the spiral algorithm). Remarkably, an IPR precursor can give rise to versatile transformed chlorinated fullerene cages formed via branched pathways. The products can be recovered either in their initial chlorinated form or as more soluble CF3/F derivatives obtained by an additional trifluoromethylation workup. Reconstruction of the skeletal transformation pathways is often complicated due to the lack of the isolable intermediate products in the multistep cases. Therefore, it is usually based on the principle of selecting the shortest pathways between the starting and the final cage. The quantum-chemical calculations illustrate the detailed mechanisms of the SWR and C2L transformations and the thermodynamic driving forces behind them. A particularly important aspect is the interplay between the chlorination patterns and the regiochemistry of the skeletal transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ilya N. Ioffe
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Tamm NB, Guan R, Yang S, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Chlorination-Promoted Cage Transformation of IPR C 92 Discovered via Trifluoromethylation under Formation of Non-classical C 92 (NC)(CF 3 ) 22. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2108-2111. [PMID: 31091007 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
High-temperature trifluoromethylation of isolated-pentagon-rule (IPR) fullerene C92 chlorination products followed by HPLC separation of C92 (CF3 )n derivatives resulted in the isolation and X-ray structural characterization of IPR C92 (38)(CF3 )18 and non-classical C92 (NC)(CF3 )22 . The formation of C92 (38)(CF3 )18 as the highest CF3 derivative of the known isomer C92 (38) can be expected. The formation of C92 (NC)(CF3 )22 was interpreted as chlorination-promoted cage transformation of C92 (38) followed by trifluoromethylation of non-classical C92 (NC) chloride. Noticeably, C92 (NC)(CF3 )22 shows the highest degree of trifluoromethylation among all known CF3 derivatives of fullerenes. The addition patterns of C92 (38)(CF3 )18 and C92 (NC)(CF3 )22 are discussed and compared to the chlorination patterns of C92 (38)Cln compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B Tamm
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor.-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Yamada M, Akasaka T, Nagase S. Gewinnung reaktiver Fullerene aus Ruß durch exohedrale Derivatisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei; Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei; Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance; University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-0821 Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Dye and Mold Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry; Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku; Kyoto 606-8103 Japan
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14
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Yamada M, Akasaka T, Nagase S. Salvaging Reactive Fullerenes from Soot by Exohedral Derivatization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13394-13405. [PMID: 29665229 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The awesome allotropy of carbon yields innumerable topologically possible cage structures of molecular carbon. This field is also related to endohedral metallofullerenes constructed by metal-atom encapsulation. Stable and soluble empty fullerenes and endohedral metallofullerenes are available in pure form in macroscopic amounts from carbon arc production or other physical processes followed by extraction and subsequent chromatographic separation. However, many other unidentified fullerene species, which must be reactive and insoluble in their pristine forms, remain in soot. These "missing" species must have extremely small HOMO-LUMO gaps and may have unconventional cage structures. Recent progress in this field has demonstrated that reactive fullerenes can be salvaged by exohedral derivatization, which can stabilize the reactive carbon cages. This concept provides a means of preparing macroscopic amounts of unconventional fullerenes as their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan.,Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.,Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0821, Japan.,State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Dye and Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
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15
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Brotsman VA, Tamm NB, Markov VY, Ioffe IN, Goryunkov AA, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Rebuilding C60: Chlorination-Promoted Transformations of the Buckminsterfullerene into Pentagon-Fused C60 Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:8325-8331. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Brotsman
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
| | - Nadezhda B. Tamm
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
| | - Vitaliy Yu. Markov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
| | - Ilya N. Ioffe
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Goryunkov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor.-Str.2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
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16
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Tamm NB, Brotsman VA, Markov VY, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Chlorination-promoted skeletal transformation of IPR C76 discovered via trifluoromethylation under the formation of non-IPR C76(CF3)nFm. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:6898-6902. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00984h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature chlorination of IPR D2-C76 followed by trifluoromethylation resulted in X-ray structures of non-classical, non-IPR C76(CF3)14, C76(CF3)14F2, and C76(CF3)16F6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B. Tamm
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
| | | | | | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry
- Humboldt University Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
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17
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Sudarkova SM, Mazaleva ON, Konoplev-Esgenburg RA, Troyanov SI, Ioffe IN. Versatility of chlorination-promoted skeletal transformation pathways in C76 fullerene. Dalton Trans 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00245b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorination-promoted cage transformations in C76 produce a new non-IPR C76Cl30 molecule revealing the considerable versatility of concurrently accessible skeletal transformation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Sudarkova
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
| | - O. N. Mazaleva
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
| | | | - S. I. Troyanov
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
| | - I. N. Ioffe
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow State University
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
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18
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Mazaleva ON, Ioffe IN, Jin F, Yang S, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Experimental and Theoretical Approach to Variable Chlorination-Promoted Skeletal Transformations in Fullerenes: The Case of C 102. Inorg Chem 2017; 57:4222-4225. [PMID: 29140687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first example of three alternative chlorination-promoted skeletal transformation pathways in the same fullerene cage is presented. Isolated-pentagon-rule (IPR) C102(19) undergoes both Stone-Wales rotations to give non-IPR #283794C102Cl20 and C2 losses to form nonclassical C98 and non-IPR C96. X-ray structural characterization of the transformation products and a theoretical study of their formation pathways are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Mazaleva
- Chemistry Department , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Ilya N Ioffe
- Chemistry Department , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry , Humboldt University of Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory , 119991 Moscow , Russia
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19
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Brotsman VA, Ignat'eva DV, Troyanov SI. Chlorination-promoted Transformation of Isolated Pentagon Rule C78
into Fused-pentagons- and Heptagons-containing Fullerenes. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2379-2382. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Brotsman
- Department of Chemistry; Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Leninskie gory Russia
| | - Daria V. Ignat'eva
- Department of Chemistry; Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Leninskie gory Russia
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Department of Chemistry; Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Leninskie gory Russia
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20
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Jin F, Yang S, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Skeletal Transformation of a Classical Fullerene C 88 into a Nonclassical Fullerene Chloride C 84Cl 30 Bearing Quaternary Sequentially Fused Pentagons. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4651-4654. [PMID: 28335594 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A classical fullerene is composed of hexagons and pentagons only, and its stability is generally determined by the Isolated-Pentagon-Rule (IPR). Herein, high-temperature chlorination of a mixture containing a classical IPR-obeying fullerene C88 resulted in isolation and X-ray crystallographic characterization of non-IPR, nonclassical (NC) fullerene chloride C84(NC2)Cl30 (1) containing two heptagons. The carbon cage in C84(NC2)Cl30 contains 14 pentagons, 12 of which form two pairs of fused pentagons and two groups of quaternary sequentially fused pentagons, which have never been observed in reported carbon cages. All 30 Cl atoms form an unprecedented single chain of ortho attachments on the C84 cage. A reconstruction of the pathway of the chlorination-promoted skeletal transformation revealed that the previously unknown IPR isomer C88(3) is converted into 1 by two losses of C2 fragments followed by two Stone-Wales rearrangements, resulting in the formation of very stable chloride with rather short C-Cl bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University , 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
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21
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Gao CL, Abella L, Tan YZ, Wu XZ, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Poblet JM, Xie SY, Huang RB, Zheng LS. Capturing the Fused-Pentagon C74 by Stepwise Chlorination. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:6861-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong-li Gao
- State
Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Laura Abella
- State
Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Departament
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State
Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xin-Zhou Wu
- State
Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep M. Poblet
- Departament
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State
Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Rong-Bin Huang
- State
Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lan-Sun Zheng
- State
Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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22
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Ioffe IN, Yang S, Wang S, Kemnitz E, Sidorov LN, Troyanov SI. C100 is Converted into C94 Cl22 by Three Chlorination-Promoted C2 Losses under Formation and Elimination of Cage Heptagons. Chemistry 2015; 21:4904-7. [PMID: 25677792 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chlorination of the C100 (18) fullerene with a mixture of VCl4 and SbCl5 gives rise to branched skeletal transformations affording non-classical (NC) C94 (NC1)Cl22 with one heptagon in the carbon cage together with the previously reported C96 (NC3)Cl20 with three heptagons. The three-step pathway to C94 (NC1)Cl22 starts with two successive C2 losses of 5:6 CC bonds to give two cage heptagons, whereas the third C2 loss of the 5:5 CC bond from a pentalene fragment eliminates one of the heptagons. Quantum-chemical calculations demonstrate that the two unusual skeletal transformations-creation of a heptagon in C96 (NC3)Cl20 through a Stone-Wales rearrangement and the presently reported elimination of a heptagon through C2 loss-are both characterized by relatively low activation energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya N Ioffe
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow (Russia)
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23
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Yang S, Wei T, Wang S, Ioffe IN, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Structures of chlorinated fullerenes, IPR C₉₆Cl₂₀ and non-classical C₉₄Cl₂₈ and C₉₂Cl₃₂: evidence of the existence of three new isomers of C₉₆. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:3102-5. [PMID: 25169656 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chlorination of various HPLC fractions of C96 with a mixture of VCl4 and SbCl5 at 340-360 °C and single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of the products led to the identification of three new IPR isomers of C96. The C96(175) isomer forms a stable chloride, C96(175)Cl20, while chlorides of two other new isomers, C96(114) and C96(80), undergo cage shrinkage yielding C94(NC1)Cl28 and C96(NC2)Cl32 with non-classical (NC) cages. These two NC chlorides contain, respectively, one and two heptagons flanked by pairs of fused pentagons and are stabilized by chlorine attachment to the emerging pentagon-pentagon junctions. Thus, the number of the experimentally confirmed C96 isomers has reached nine, which corroborates the empirical rule that the C(6n) fullerenes exhibit particularly rich isomerism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026 (China).
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24
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Ioffe IN, Mazaleva ON, Sidorov LN, Yang S, Wei T, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Cage Shrinkage of Fullerene via a C2 Loss: from IPR C90(28)Cl24 to Nonclassical, Heptagon-Containing C88Cl22/24. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:13821-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402556g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya N. Ioffe
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga N. Mazaleva
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lev N. Sidorov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory
for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory
for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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25
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Yang S, Wei T, Wang S, Ignat'eva DV, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. The first structural confirmation of a C102 fullerene as C102Cl20 containing a non-IPR carbon cage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:7944-6. [PMID: 23900537 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44386h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chlorination of a pristine C102 fullerene separated by HPLC from fullerene soot afforded crystals of C102Cl20 with a non-IPR (IPR = isolated pentagon rule) cage containing two pairs of fused pentagons; structural reconstruction of a two-step Stone-Wales rearrangement revealed the starting IPR isomer (no. 19) of C102.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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26
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27
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Yang S, Wei T, Troyanov SI. A New Isomer of Pristine Higher FullereneCs-C82(4) Captured by Chlorination as C82Cl20. Chem Asian J 2012; 8:351-3. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201201038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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