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Yadav I, Prakash V, Maurya MR, Sankar M. Oxido-Molybdenum(V) Corroles as Robust Catalysts for Oxidative Bromination and Selective Epoxidation Reactions in Aqueous Media under Mild Conditions. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5292-5301. [PMID: 36958040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Two new meso-substituted oxido-molybdenum corroles were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. In the thermogram, MoO[TTC] (1) exhibited excellent thermal stability up to 491 °C while MoO[TNPC] (2) exhibited good stability up to 318 °C. The oxidation states of the molybdenum(V) were verified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and exhibited an axial compression with dxy1 configuration. Oxido-molybdenum(V) complexes were utilized for the selective epoxidation of various olefins with high TOF values (2066-3287 h-1) in good yields in a CH3CN/H2O (3:2, v/v) mixture in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as a green oxidant and NaHCO3 as a promoter. The oxidative bromination catalytic activity of oxido-molybdenum(V) complexes in an aqueous medium has been reported for the first time. Surprisingly, MoO[TNPC] (2) biomimics of the vanadium bromoperoxidase (VBPO) enzyme activity exhibited remarkably high TOF values (36 988-61 646 h-1) for the selective oxidative bromination of p-cresol and other phenol derivatives. Catalyst MoO[TNPC] (2) exhibited higher TOF values and better catalytic activity than catalyst MoO[TTC] (1) due to the presence of electron-withdrawing nitro groups evident from cyclic voltammetric studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderpal Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Ved Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Mannar R Maurya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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2
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Yadav P, Nigel-Etinger I, Kumar A, Mizrahi A, Mahammed A, Fridman N, Lipstman S, Goldberg I, Gross Z. Hydrogen evolution catalysis by terminal molybdenum-oxo complexes. iScience 2021; 24:102924. [PMID: 34430813 PMCID: PMC8367842 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable complexes with terminal triply bound metal-oxygen bonds are usually not considered as valuable catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We now report the preparation of three conceptually different (oxo)molybdenum(V) corroles for testing if proton-assisted 2-electron reduction will lead to hyper-reactive molybdenum(III) capable of converting protons to hydrogen gas. The upto 670 mV differences in the [(oxo)Mo(IV)]-/[(oxo)Mo(III)]-2 redox potentials of the dissolved complexes came into effect by the catalytic onset potential for proton reduction thereby, significantly earlier than their reduction process in the absence of acids, but the two more promising complexes were not stable at practical conditions. Under heterogeneous conditions, the smallest and most electron-withdrawing catalyst did excel by all relevant criteria, including a 97% Faradaic efficiency for catalyzing HER from acidic water. This suggests complexes based on molybdenum, the only sustainable heavy transition metal, as catalysts for other yet unexplored green-energy-relevant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky Yadav
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Izana Nigel-Etinger
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amit Kumar
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amir Mizrahi
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Chemistry Department, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, Beer Sheva 84190, Israel
| | - Atif Mahammed
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Natalia Fridman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sophia Lipstman
- School of Chemistry, Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Israel Goldberg
- School of Chemistry, Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Zeev Gross
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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3
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Nayak M, Nayak P, Sahu K, Kar S. Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Oxo-Molybdenum(V)-Corrolato Complexes in Epoxidation Reactions. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11654-11662. [PMID: 32808776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sharpless et al. have described, while performing the molybdenum-catalyzed epoxidation reaction of olefins using alkyl hydroperoxides, that the molybdenum-oxo moiety is an active catalytic species. Thus, continuous efforts have been made to synthesize molybdenum-oxo complexes of different ligand environments. While plenty of such works on molybdenum porphyrins are reported in the literature, related molybdenum corroles are very less reported. The synthesis and characterization of two new oxo-molybdenum(V)-corrolato complexes are described herein. Both the complexes have been fully characterized by several spectroscopic techniques in conjunction with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The efficacy of the oxo-molybdenum(V)-corrolato complexes for the catalytic epoxidation reaction of olefins with the help of hydroperoxides has also been explored. The catalytic application of oxo-molybdenum(V)-corrolato complexes in the epoxidation reaction has not been reported earlier. A mechanism has been proposed to explain the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Nayak
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Panisha Nayak
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Kasturi Sahu
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Sanjib Kar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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4
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Schweyen P, Kleeberg C, Körner D, Thüsing A, Wicht R, Zaretzke MK, Bröring M. Ruffling and doming: Structural and redox studies on meso-aryl and β-alkyl chromyl(V)corroles. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chromyl(V) complexes of eleven different meso-aryl- and [Formula: see text]-alkylcorrole ligands have been prepared and characterized by analytical, spectroscopical, electrochemical and structural means. All seven new complexes show the expected optical spectra of chromyl(V) corroles with the Soret band situated slightly above (meso-arylcorroles) or below ([Formula: see text]-alkylcorrole) 400 nm, and with an isotropic room temperature EPR signal for the [Formula: see text] ion Cr(V) at about [Formula: see text]. Cyclic voltammetry evidences two or three quasi-reversible one-electron redox steps, which are characterized as two ligand-centered processes and one metal-centered process based on spectroelectrochemical measurements and a Hammett analysis. Chemical reduction to a chromyl(IV) corrolate was successfully performed using NaHg and NEt3. Citric acid, however, produces a different reduction product, for which an isocorrole structure is proposed. Six chromyl(V) corroles could be analysed by seven single crystal diffraction analyses. The obtained molecular data prove the presence of remarkably similar CrN4O coordination units independent of the corrole substitution pattern, and of macrocyclic conformations which can be understood as comprised mainly of a doming mode, a more or less pronounced saddling mode, and one out of two different and dominating ruffling modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schweyen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Kleeberg
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dominik Körner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anne Thüsing
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Richard Wicht
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc-Kevin Zaretzke
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Bröring
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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5
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Sorokin AB. Recent progress on exploring µ-oxo bridged binuclear porphyrinoid complexes in catalysis and material science. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Schweyen P, Brandhorst K, Hoffmann M, Wolfram B, Zaretzke MK, Bröring M. Viking Helmet Corroles: Activating Inert Oxidometal Corroles. Chemistry 2017; 23:13897-13900. [PMID: 28833727 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chemically inert oxidometal(V) corrols of molybdenum and rhenium undergo clean ligand-exchange reactions upon the action of SiCl4 . The resulting dichlorido complexes show trigonal prismatic coordination of the metal ion with the chlorine atoms residing in a cis configuration, and were studied by optical and resonance spectroscopy as well as DFT calculations. In situ reactivity studies with carbon nucleophiles indicate high reactivity for chlorine replacement. Treatment with sodium cyclopentadienide paves the way to robust molybdenum corrolocene half-sandwich complexes. These organometallic compounds are the first corrole species that stabilize an air-stable and diamagnetic low spin d2 -MoIV center. Structural, spectroelectrochemical, and chemical investigations prove a reversible MoIV /MoV redox couple close to the Fc/Fc+ potential for these systems. The high stability of the compounds in both redox states calls for future applications in catalysis and as redox switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schweyen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai Brandhorst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wolfram
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc-Kevin Zaretzke
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Bröring
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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7
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Ghosh A. Electronic Structure of Corrole Derivatives: Insights from Molecular Structures, Spectroscopy, Electrochemistry, and Quantum Chemical Calculations. Chem Rev 2017; 117:3798-3881. [PMID: 28191934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Presented herein is a comprehensive account of the electronic structure of corrole derivatives. Our knowledge in this area derives from a broad range of methods, including UV-vis-NIR absorption and MCD spectroscopies, single-crystal X-ray structure determination, vibrational spectroscopy, NMR and EPR spectroscopies, electrochemistry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculations, the latter including both density functional theory and ab initio multiconfigurational methods. The review is organized according to the Periodic Table, describing free-base and main-group element corrole derivatives, then transition-metal corroles, and finally f-block element corroles. Like porphyrins, corrole derivatives with a redox-inactive coordinated atom follow the Gouterman four-orbital model. A key difference from porphyrins is the much wider prevalence of noninnocent electronic structures as well as full-fledged corrole•2- radicals among corrole derivatives. The most common orbital pathways mediating ligand noninnocence in transition-metal corroles are the metal(dz2)-corrole("a2u") interaction (most commonly observed in Mn and Fe corroles) and the metal(dx2-y2)-corrole(a2u) interaction in coinage metal corroles. Less commonly encountered is the metal(dπ)-corrole("a1u") interaction, a unique feature of formal d5 metallocorroles. Corrole derivatives exhibit a rich array of optical properties, including substituent-sensitive Soret maxima indicative of ligand noninnocence, strong fluorescence in the case of lighter main-group element complexes, and room-temperature near-IR phosphorescence in the case of several 5d metal complexes. The review concludes with an attempt at identifying gaps in our current knowledge and potential future directions of electronic-structural research on corrole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway , 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhongping Ou
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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9
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Barata JFB, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS. Strategies for Corrole Functionalization. Chem Rev 2016; 117:3192-3253. [PMID: 28222602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the functionalization reactions of meso-arylcorroles, both at the inner core, as well as the peripheral positions of the macrocycle. Experimental details for the synthesis of all known metallocorrole types and for the N-alkylation reactions are presented. Key peripheral functionalization reactions such as halogenation, formylation, carboxylation, nitration, sulfonation, and others are discussed in detail, particularly the nucleophilic aromatic substitution and the participation of corroles in cycloaddition reactions as 2π or 4π components (covering Diels-Alder and 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions). Other functionalizations of corroles include a large diversity of reactions, namely Wittig reactions, reactions with methylene active compounds, formation of amines, amides, and imines, and metal catalyzed reactions. At the final section, the reactions involving oxidation and ring expansion of the corrole macrocycle are described comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F B Barata
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José A S Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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10
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Zhang W, Lai W, Cao R. Energy-Related Small Molecule Activation Reactions: Oxygen Reduction and Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions Catalyzed by Porphyrin- and Corrole-Based Systems. Chem Rev 2016; 117:3717-3797. [PMID: 28222601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 696] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Globally increasing energy demands and environmental concerns related to the use of fossil fuels have stimulated extensive research to identify new energy systems and economies that are sustainable, clean, low cost, and environmentally benign. Hydrogen generation from solar-driven water splitting is a promising strategy to store solar energy in chemical bonds. The subsequent combustion of hydrogen in fuel cells produces electric energy, and the only exhaust is water. These two reactions compose an ideal process to provide clean and sustainable energy. In such a process, a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during water splitting, and an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) as a fuel cell cathodic reaction are key steps that affect the efficiency of the overall energy conversion. Catalysts play key roles in this process by improving the kinetics of these reactions. Porphyrin-based and corrole-based systems are versatile and can efficiently catalyze the ORR, OER, and HER. Because of the significance of energy-related small molecule activation, this review covers recent progress in hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, and oxygen reduction reactions catalyzed by porphyrins and corroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Wenzhen Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710119, China.,Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, China
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11
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Stefanelli M, Mandoj F, Nardis S, Raggio M, Fronczek FR, McCandless GT, Smith KM, Paolesse R. Corrole and nucleophilic aromatic substitution are not incompatible: a novel route to 2,3-difunctionalized copper corrolates. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:6611-8. [PMID: 25986693 PMCID: PMC4454397 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00659g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The insertion of a -NO2 group onto the corrole framework represents a key step for subsequent synthetic manipulation of the macrocycle based on the chemical versatility of such a functionality. Here we report results of the investigation of a copper 3-NO2-triarylcorrolate in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions with "active" methylene carbanions, namely diethyl malonate and diethyl 2-chloromalonate. Although similar reactions on nitroporphyrins afford chlorin derivatives, nucleophilic attack on carbon-2 of corrole produces 2,3-difunctionalized Cu corrolates in acceptable yields (ca. 30%), evidencing once again the erratic chemistry of this contracted porphyrinoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stefanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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12
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Buckley HL, Arnold J. Recent developments in out-of-plane metallocorrole chemistry across the periodic table. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:30-6. [PMID: 25321078 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02277g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a brief review of recent developments in metallocorrole chemistry, with a focus on species with significant displacement of the metal from the N4 plane of the corrole ring. Comparisons based on X-ray crystallographic data are made between a range of early and/or heavy transition metal, lanthanide, actinide, and main group metallocorrole species.
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13
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Padilla R, Buckley HL, Ward AL, Arnold J. Preparation and characterization of a tungsten(V) corrole dichloride complex. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424614500990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The first example of a tungsten(V) corrole complex, ( Mes 2(p- OMePh ) corrole ) WCl 2, has been prepared through a metathesis reaction of a lithium corrole ( Mes 2(p- OMePh ) corrole ) Li 3 ⋅ 6 THF and WCl 6. The product constitutes the first example of a tungsten(V) corrole complex synthesized under mild conditions and only the second example of a tungsten corrole complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Padilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Heather L. Buckley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ashleigh L. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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14
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Liu B, Fang H, Li X, Cai W, Bao L, Rudolf M, Plass F, Fan L, Lu X, Guldi DM. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of a Sc3N@C80-Corrole Electron Donor-Acceptor Conjugate. Chemistry 2014; 21:746-52. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Ward AL, Buckley HL, Lukens WW, Arnold J. Synthesis and Characterization of Thorium(IV) and Uranium(IV) Corrole Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13965-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ja407203s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh L. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Heather L. Buckley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wayne W. Lukens
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John Arnold
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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