1
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Charman RSC, Mahon MF, Lowe JP, Liptrot DJ. The structures of ring-expanded NHC supported copper(I) triphenylstannyls and their phenyl transfer reactivity towards heterocumulenes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:831-835. [PMID: 34994747 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03109k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three ring-expanded N-heterocyclic carbene-supported copper(I) triphenylstannyls have been synthesised by the reaction of (RE-NHC)CuOtBu with triphenylstannane (RE-NHC = 6-Mes, 6-Dipp, 7-Dipp). The compounds were characterised by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Reaction of (6-Mes)CuSnPh3 with di-p-tolyl carbodiimide, phenyl isocyanate and phenylisothiocyanate gives access to a copper(I) benzamidinate, benzamide and benzothiamide respectively via phenyl transfer from the triphenylstannyl anion with concomitant formation of (Ph2Sn)n. Attempts to exploit this reactivity under a catalytic regime were hindered by rapid copper(I)-catalysed dismutation of Ph3SnH to Ph4Sn, various perphenylated tin oligomers, H2 and a metallic material thought to be Sn(0). Mechanistic insight was provided by reaction monitoring via NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex S C Charman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath. Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK.
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath. Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK.
| | - John P Lowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath. Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK.
| | - David J Liptrot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath. Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK.
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2
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Maudrich JJ, Diab F, Weiß S, Widemann M, Dema T, Schubert H, Krebs KM, Eichele K, Wesemann L. Deprotonation of Organogermanium and Organotin Trihydrides. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:15758-15768. [PMID: 31368306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Terphenyltin and terphenylgermanium trihydrides were deprotonated in reaction with strong bases, such as LiMe, LDA, or KBn. In the solid state, the Li salts of the germate anion 4 and 4a exhibit a Li-Ge contact. In the Li salt of the dihydridostannate anion 6a, the Li cation is not coordinated at the tin atom instead an interaction of the Li cation with the hydride substituents was found. Evidenced by 1H-7Li-HOESY NMR spectroscopy the Li-salt of the deprotonated tin hydride 6a exhibits in toluene solution a contact between Li cation and hydride substituents, whereas in the 1H-7Li-HOESY NMR spectrum of the homologous germate salt 4a, no crosspeak between hydride and Li signals was found. The organodihydridogermate and -stannate react as nucleophiles with low-valent Group 14 electrophiles. Thus, three compounds were synthesized: Ar-Ë'-EH2-Ar (E', E = Sn, Ge; Pb, Ge; Pb, Sn; Ar = Ar', Ar*). Following an alternative synthesis Ar'SnH2PbAr* was synthesized in reaction between [(Ar*PbH)2] and [(Ar'SnH)4] generated in situ. In reaction between low-valent organotin hydride [(Ar*SnH)2] and organdihydridostannate [Ar*SnH2]- formation of distannate [Ar*2Sn2H3]- was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob-Jonathan Maudrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Fatima Diab
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Sebastian Weiß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Max Widemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Taulant Dema
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Kilian M Krebs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Klaus Eichele
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
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3
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Koby RF, Rightmire NR, Schley ND, Hanusa TP, Brennessel WW. Halide metathesis in overdrive: mechanochemical synthesis of a heterometallic group 1 allyl complex. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1856-1863. [PMID: 31467607 PMCID: PMC6693392 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As a synthesis technique, halide metathesis (n RM + M'Xn → RnM' + n MX) normally relies for its effectiveness on the favorable formation of a metal halide byproduct (MX), often aided by solubility equilibria in solution. Owing to the lack of significant thermodynamic driving forces, intra-alkali metal exchange is one of the most challenging metathetical exchanges to attempt, especially when conducted without solvent. Nevertheless, grinding together the bulky potassium allyl [KA']∞ (A' = [1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3]–) and CsI produces the heterometallic complex [CsKA'2]∞ in low yield, which was crystallographically characterized as a coordination polymer that displays site disorder of the K+ and Cs+ ions. The entropic benefits of mixed Cs/K metal centers, but more importantly, the generation of multiple intermolecular K…CH3 and Cs…CH3 interactions in [CsKA'2]∞, enable an otherwise unfavorable halide metathesis to proceed with mechanochemical assistance. From this result, we demonstrate that ball milling and unexpected solid-state effects can permit seemingly unfavored reactions to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross F Koby
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, PO Box 1822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rightmire
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, PO Box 1822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Nathan D Schley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, PO Box 1822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Timothy P Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, PO Box 1822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - William W Brennessel
- X-ray Crystallographic Facility, B51 Hutchison Hall, Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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4
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Morris LJ, Hill MS, Manners I, McMullin CL, Mahon MF, Rajabi NA. Calcium stannyl formation by organostannane dehydrogenation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12964-12967. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07289f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the dimeric calcium hydride, [(BDI)CaH]2 (1), with Ph3SnH ensues with elimination of H2 to provide [(BDI)Ca-μ2-H-(SnPh3)Ca(BDI)] (3) and [(BDI)Ca(SnPh3)]2 (4) alongside dismutation to Ph4Sn, H2 and Sn(0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J. Morris
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Claverton Down
- Bath
- UK
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Claverton Down
- Bath
- UK
| | - Ian Manners
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada
| | | | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Claverton Down
- Bath
- UK
| | - Nasir A. Rajabi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Claverton Down
- Bath
- UK
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5
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Koby RF, Hanusa TP, Schley ND. Mechanochemically Driven Transformations in Organotin Chemistry: Stereochemical Rearrangement, Redox Behavior, and Dispersion-Stabilized Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15934-15942. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross F. Koby
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B #351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B #351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B #351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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6
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Wei H, Liu Y, Gopalakrishna TY, Phan H, Huang X, Bao L, Guo J, Zhou J, Luo S, Wu J, Zeng Z. B–N–B Bond Embedded Phenalenyl and Its Anions. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15760-15767. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Wei
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulan Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Hoa Phan
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lipiao Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenglian Luo
- College
of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Schödel F, Breunig JM, Thiel V, Bolte M, Wagner M, Lerner HW. Synthesis and properties of 1,3-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2-(trimethylstannyl)- 2,3-dihydro-1H-1,3,2-diazaborole. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2017-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The diazaborole Me3Sn–B{N(Dipp)CH}2 (1; B{N(Dipp)CH}2=N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,3,2-diazaborolyl) was prepared by the reaction of Me3SnCl with one equivalent of Li[B{N(Dipp)CH}2]. Single crystals of 1 were obtained from hexane (triclinic space group P1̅). The diazaborole 1 was mono-deprotonated at the heterocycle upon treatment with Li[Me] to give product 2. In contrast to Li[B{N(Dipp)CH}2] which reacted with P4 to give the tetraphosphenediide Li2[{HC(Dipp)N}2B–P(1)P(2)P(3)P(4)–B{N(Dipp)CH}2] (3; δ
P=364.5, –29.4; 1
J
P(2),P(3)=–509.8 Hz, 1
J
P(1),P(2)=–434.3 Hz, 2
J
P(1),P(3)=–3.7 Hz, 3
J
P(1),P(4)=178.9 Hz) and the triphosphenide Li[{HC(Dipp)N}2B–PPP–B{N(Dipp)CH}2] (δ
P=665.1, 175.4; 1
J
P,P=500 Hz), the stannyl derivative 1 did not activate white phosphorus. The reaction of 1 with GaCl3 yielded either Me2ClSn–B{N(Dipp)CH}2 (4) or MeCl2Sn–B{N(Dipp)CH}2 (5) depending on the molar ratio of the reactants. The monochlorinated diazaborole Me2ClSn–B{N(Dipp)CH}2 was also obtained by the reaction of 1 with AsCl3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Schödel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Jens M. Breunig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Vasco Thiel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main , Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany , Fax: +49-69-79829260
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8
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Plotzitzka J, Kleeberg C. [(18-C-6)K][(N≡C)Cu I-SiMe 2Ph], a Potassium Silylcyanocuprate as a Catalyst Model for Silylation Reactions with Silylboranes: Syntheses, Structures, and Catalytic Properties. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:6671-6680. [PMID: 28509537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CuI-catalyzed silylation reactions involving silylboranes (in particular, pinB-SiMe2Ph (1)) as silyl sources have recently gained considerable attention. One of the most efficient and versatile and yet simplest catalyst systems consists of CuCN/NaOMe; however, nothing is known about the catalytically relevant species. Using an NHC-based model catalyst, copper silyl complexes of the type [(NHC)Cu-SiMe2Ph] have been established to be crucial species in these catalytic processes. The well-defined and spectroscopically and structurally characterized complex [(18-C-6)K][NC-Cu-OtBu] (2), as a model for the catalytic system, CuCN/NaOMe, shows comparable catalytic activity toward established, exemplary substrates (aldehydes, imines, α,β-unsaturated carbonyls) and in extension allows the efficient silylation of ketones. In addition, a number of peculiarities of the catalytic reaction are readily rationalized on the basis of the mechanistic insight already established using [(NHC)Cu-SiMe2Ph] as a model catalyst. Analogously to the NHC model system, the reaction of 2 with the silylborane 1 furnishes the silylcyanocuprate [(18-C-6)K][NC-Cu-SiMe2Ph] (3) as a potential crucial intermediate in these silylation reactions also suggesting mechanistic similarities between (NHC)Cu- and CuCN/NaOMe-based catalyst systems. Moreover, 3 and [(NHC)Cu-SiMe2Ph] complexes also share structurally distinctive features. In the solid state 3 either exists as a linear, two-coordinated copper complex or, depending on the conditions of crystallization, forms binuclear μ-silyl bridged dimers exhibiting very short Cu···Cu distances. Both structural motifs are also known for [(NHC)Cu-SiR3] complexes. These findings give an initial insight into the versatile structural chemistry of certain silylcyanocuprates; in particular, the finding of dinuclear silylcuprates gives rise to the question whether these dimeric species are of mechanistic relevance for the catalytic processes. However, all peculiarities of the investigated catalytic reaction can readily be rationalized on the basis of the mechanistic details established using (NHC)Cu model complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Plotzitzka
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Kleeberg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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9
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Plotzitzka J, Kleeberg C. [(NHC)Cu(I)-ER3] Complexes (ER3 = SiMe2Ph, SiPh3, SnMe3): From Linear, Mononuclear Complexes to Polynuclear Complexes with Ultrashort Cu(I)···Cu(I) Distances. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:4813-23. [PMID: 27145039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of complexes of the type [(NHC)Cu-ER3] (NHC = IDipp, IMes, ItBu, Me2IMe, and ER3 = SiMe2Ph, SiPh3, SnMe3) and [(NHC)Cu-R'] (NHC = IDipp, Me2IMe and R' = Ph, C≡CPh) was synthesized in good yields by the reaction of the corresponding [(NHC)Cu-OtBu] complex with the respective silylborane pinB-ER3 (pin = OCMe2CMe2O; ER3 = SiMe2Ph, SiPh3), the stannylborane ((C2H4)(iPrN)2)B-SnMe3, or a boronic acid ester pinB-R' (R' = Ph, C≡CPh). Solid structures of all complexes were systematically studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. The solid state structures of the complexes [(NHC)Cu-ER3] show a dependence of the structural motif from the steric properties of the NHC ligand. The sterically demanding NHC ligands (IDipp, IMes, ItBu) lead to monomeric, linear complexes [(NHC)Cu-ER3], while with the less demanding Me2IMe ligand, polynuclear, μ-ER3-bridged complexes with ultrashort Cu···Cu distances are observed. For the related complexes [(NHC)Cu-R'] no analogous complexes with bridging anionic ligands are realized. Instead, irrespective of the NHC ligand, linear coordinated copper complexes of different types are formed. (29)Si heteronuclear solution NMR spectroscopic data on [(NHC)Cu(I)-SiR3] exhibit distinctly different chemical shifts for the (in the solid state) monomeric and dimeric complexes suggesting different structure types also in solution. This agrees well with the observation of a trinuclear complex [(Me2IMe)Cu-SnMe3]3 both in the solid state and in solution. Initial catalytic studies suggest that [(NHC)Cu-OtBu] complexes (NHC = ItBu, Me2IMe) are, in addition to the established [(IDipp)Cu-OtBu] complex, efficient precatalysts for the silylation of aldehydes and α,β-unsaturated ketones with pinB-SiMe2Ph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Plotzitzka
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Kleeberg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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