Mn K-edge X-ray absorption studies of oxo- and hydroxo-manganese(IV) complexes: experimental and theoretical insights into pre-edge properties

Structural Evolution of Manganese Prussian Blue Analogue in Aqueous ZnSO4 Electrolyte

Among different Prussian Blue Analogues (PBAs), manganese hexacyanoferrate (MnHCF), with open framework and two abundant electroactive metal sites, exhibits high potential for the grid-scale aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ARZIBs) application. Until now, the intercalation mechanism of Zn2+ into MnHCF has not been clearly illustrated. In this work, combining different synchrotron X-ray techniques, the structural and microscopic evolution of MnHCF in 3 m ZnSO4 electrolyte is comprehensively studied, and a thorough understanding of the intercalation/release dynamic, in terms of local and long-range domain, is provided. The elemental distribution and structural information of Fe, Mn, Zn inside MnHCF electrodes is obtained from the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) elemental maps and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The in-depth analysis of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) signals confirm that the rearrangement of Mn site, evidencing the cleavage of the Mn─N bond with the formation of a Mn─O bond, in an octahedral environment. The phase transformation of MnHCF takes place exclusively during the 1st cycle, and a mixture of rhombohedral and cubic zinc hexacynoferrate (ZnHCF) phases are formed during the first charge process. Thereafter, the newly formed cubic ZnHCF phase becomes the only stable one, existing in the subsequent cycles and exhibiting excellent electrochemical stability.

Revealing the atomic and electronic mechanism of human manganese superoxide dismutase product inhibition

Human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a crucial oxidoreductase that maintains the vitality of mitochondria by converting superoxide (O2●-) to molecular oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with proton-coupled electron transfers (PCETs). Human MnSOD has evolved to be highly product inhibited to limit the formation of H2O2, a freely diffusible oxidant and signaling molecule. The product-inhibited complex is thought to be composed of a peroxide (O22-) or hydroperoxide (HO2-) species bound to Mn ion and formed from an unknown PCET mechanism. PCET mechanisms of proteins are typically not known due to difficulties in detecting the protonation states of specific residues that coincide with the electronic state of the redox center. To shed light on the mechanism, we combine neutron diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy of the product-bound, trivalent, and divalent states of the enzyme to reveal the positions of all the atoms, including hydrogen, and the electronic configuration of the metal ion. The data identifies the product-inhibited complex, and a PCET mechanism of inhibition is constructed.

Controlling Redox Potential of a Manganese(III)-Bis(hydroxo) Complex through Protonation and the Hydrogen-Atom Transfer Reactivity

A series of mononuclear manganese(III)-hydroxo and -aqua complexes, [MnIII(TBDAP)(OH)2]+ (1), [MnIII(TBDAP)(OH)(OH2)]2+ (2) and [MnIII(TBDAP)(OH2)2]3+ (3), were prepared from a manganese(II) precursor and confirmed using various methods including X-ray crystallography. Thermodynamic analysis showed that protonation from hydroxo to aqua species resulted in increased redox potentials (E1/2) in the order of 1 (-0.15 V) < 2 (0.56 V) < 3 (1.11 V), while pKa values exhibited a reverse trend in the order of 3 (3.87) < 2 (11.84). Employing the Bordwell Equation, the O-H bond dissociation free energies (BDFE) of [MnII(TBDAP)(OH)(OH2)]+ and [MnII(TBDAP)(OH2)2]2+, related to the driving force of 1 and 2 in hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), were determined as 75.3 and 77.3 kcal mol-1, respectively. It was found that the thermodynamic driving force of 2 in HAT becomes greater than that of 1 as the redox potential of 2 increases through protonation from 1 to 2. Kinetic studies on electrophilic reactions using a variety of substrates revealed that 1 is only weakly reactive with O-H bonds, whereas 2 can activate aliphatic C-H bonds in addition to O-H bonds. The reaction rates increased by 1.4 × 104-fold for the O-H bonds by 2 over 1, which was explained by the difference in BDFE and the tunneling effect. Furthermore, 3, possessing the highest redox potential value, was found to undergo an aromatic C-H bond activation reaction under mild conditions. These results provide valuable insights into enhancing electrophilic reactivity by modulating the redox potential of manganese(III)-hydroxo and -aqua complexes through protonation.

The role of Tyr34 in proton-coupled electron transfer of human manganese superoxide dismutase

Human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) plays a crucial role in controlling levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by converting superoxide (O2 ●-) to molecular oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with proton-coupled electron transfers (PCETs). The reactivity of human MnSOD is determined by the state of a key catalytic residue, Tyr34, that becomes post-translationally inactivated by nitration in various diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. We previously reported that Tyr34 has an unusual pKa due to its proximity to the Mn metal and undergoes cyclic deprotonation and protonation events to promote the electron transfers of MnSOD. To shed light on the role of Tyr34 MnSOD catalysis, we performed neutron diffraction, X-ray spectroscopy, and quantum chemistry calculations of Tyr34Phe MnSOD in various enzymatic states. The data identifies the contributions of Tyr34 in MnSOD activity that support mitochondrial function and presents a thorough characterization of how a single tyrosine modulates PCET catalysis.

The mechanism of water oxidation using transition metal-based heterogeneous electrocatalysts

The water oxidation reaction, a crucial process for solar energy conversion, has garnered significant research attention. Achieving efficient energy conversion requires the development of cost-effective and durable water oxidation catalysts. To design effective catalysts, it is essential to have a fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanisms. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the understanding of the mechanisms of water oxidation using transition metal-based heterogeneous electrocatalysts, including Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu-based catalysts. It highlights the catalytic mechanisms of different transition metals and emphasizes the importance of monitoring of key intermediates to explore the reaction pathway. In addition, advanced techniques for physical characterization of water oxidation intermediates are also introduced, for the purpose of providing information for establishing reliable methodologies in water oxidation research. The study of transition metal-based water oxidation electrocatalysts is instrumental in providing novel insights into understanding both natural and artificial energy conversion processes.

The role of Tyr34 in proton-coupled electron transfer of human manganese superoxide dismutase

Human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) plays a crucial role in controlling levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by converting superoxide (O 2 •- ) to molecular oxygen (O 2 ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) with proton-coupled electron transfers (PCETs). The reactivity of human MnSOD is determined by the state of a key catalytic residue, Tyr34, that becomes post-translationally inactivated by nitration in various diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. We previously reported that Tyr34 has an unusual pK a due to its proximity to the Mn metal and undergoes cyclic deprotonation and protonation events to promote the electron transfers of MnSOD. To shed light on the role of Tyr34 MnSOD catalysis, we performed neutron diffraction, X-ray spectroscopy, and quantum chemistry calculations of Tyr34Phe MnSOD in various enzymatic states. The data identifies the contributions of Tyr34 in MnSOD activity that support mitochondrial function and presents a thorough characterization of how a single tyrosine modulates PCET catalysis.

Iron Kβ X-ray Emission Spectroscopy: The Origin of Spectral Features from Atomic to Molecular Systems Using Multi-configurational Calculations

Kβ X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) is widely used to fingerprint the local spin of transition-metal ions, including in pump-probe experiments, to identify excited states or in chemical and biological reactions to characterize short-lived intermediates. In this study, the spectra of ferrous and ferric complexes for various spin states were measured experimentally and described theoretically through restricted active space (RAS) calculations including dynamic correlations. Through the RAS calculations from simple atomic models to complex molecular systems, spectral effects such as the exchange interactions, crystal-field strength, and covalent orbital mixing were evaluated and discussed. The calculations find that only the spectral features of low-spin cases show a dependence on the crystal-field strength, particularly for ferrous low spin. The effect of the covalent orbital mixing strength on the first moment of the Kβ1,3 main line and the Kβ1,3-Kβ' energy splitting is quantitatively described. Clear relationships are found within a given nominal spin but less between different spin states, which calls for careful selection of reference spectra in future experiments. This study further advances our understanding of the correlation between changes in experimental spectral features and their corresponding electronic structure information.

Revealing the atomic and electronic mechanism of human manganese superoxide dismutase product inhibition

Human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a crucial oxidoreductase that maintains the vitality of mitochondria by converting O 2 ∙ - to O 2 and H 2 O 2 with proton-coupled electron transfers (PCETs). Since changes in mitochondrial H 2 O 2 concentrations are capable of stimulating apoptotic signaling pathways, human MnSOD has evolutionarily gained the ability to be highly inhibited by its own product, H 2 O 2 . A separate set of PCETs is thought to regulate product inhibition, though mechanisms of PCETs are typically unknown due to difficulties in detecting the protonation states of specific residues that coincide with the electronic state of the redox center. To shed light on the underlying mechanism, we combined neutron diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy of the product-bound, trivalent, and divalent states to reveal the all-atom structures and electronic configuration of the metal. The data identifies the product-inhibited complex for the first time and a PCET mechanism of inhibition is constructed.

Revealing the atomic and electronic mechanism of human manganese superoxide dismutase product inhibition

Human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a crucial oxidoreductase that maintains the vitality of mitochondria by converting O 2 ●- to O 2 and H 2 O 2 with proton-coupled electron transfers (PCETs). Since changes in mitochondrial H 2 O 2 concentrations are capable of stimulating apoptotic signaling pathways, human MnSOD has evolutionarily gained the ability to be highly inhibited by its own product, H 2 O 2 . A separate set of PCETs is thought to regulate product inhibition, though mechanisms of PCETs are typically unknown due to difficulties in detecting the protonation states of specific residues that coincide with the electronic state of the redox center. To shed light on the underlying mechanism, we combined neutron diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy of the product-bound, trivalent, and divalent states to reveal the all-atom structures and electronic configuration of the metal. The data identifies the product-inhibited complex for the first time and a PCET mechanism of inhibition is constructed.

Nature of S-States in the Oxygen-Evolving Complex Resolved by High-Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detected X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Photosystem II, the water splitting enzyme of photosynthesis, utilizes the energy of sunlight to drive the four-electron oxidation of water to dioxygen at the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). The OEC harbors a Mn4CaO5 cluster that cycles through five oxidation states Si (i = 0-4). The S3 state is the last metastable state before the O2 evolution. Its electronic structure and nature of the S2 → S3 transition are key topics of persisting controversy. Most spectroscopic studies suggest that the S3 state consists of four Mn(IV) ions, compared to the Mn(III)Mn(IV)3 of the S2 state. However, recent crystallographic data have received conflicting interpretations, suggesting either metal- or ligand-based oxidation, the latter leading to an oxyl radical or a peroxo moiety in the S3 state. Herein, we utilize high-energy resolution fluorescence detected (HERFD) X-ray absorption spectroscopy to obtain a highly resolved description of the Mn K pre-edge region for all S-states, paying special attention to use chemically unperturbed S3 state samples. In combination with quantum chemical calculations, we achieve assignment of specific spectroscopic features to geometric and electronic structures for all S-states. These data are used to confidently discriminate between the various suggestions concerning the electronic structure and the nature of oxidation events in all observable catalytic intermediates of the OEC. Our results do not support the presence of either peroxo or oxyl in the active configuration of the S3 state. This establishes Mn-centered storage of oxidative equivalents in all observable catalytic transitions and constrains the onset of the O-O bond formation until after the final light-driven oxidation event.

Enhanced Understanding of Structure-Function Relationships for Oxomanganese(IV) Complexes

A series of manganese(II) and oxomanganese(IV) complexes supported by neutral, pentadentate ligands with varied equatorial ligand-field strength (N3pyQ, N2py2I, and N4pyMe2) were synthesized and then characterized using structural and spectroscopic methods. On the basis of electronic absorption spectroscopy, the [MnIV(O)(N4pyMe2)]2+ complex has the weakest equatorial ligand field among a set of similar MnIV-oxo species. In contrast, [MnIV(O)(N2py2I)]2+ shows the strongest equatorial ligand-field strength for this same series. We examined the influence of these changes in electronic structure on the reactivity of the oxomanganese(IV) complexes using hydrocarbons and thioanisole as substrates. The [MnIV(O)(N3pyQ)]2+ complex, which contains one quinoline and three pyridine donors in the equatorial plane, ranks among the fastest MnIV-oxo complexes in C-H bond and thioanisole oxidation. While a weak equatorial ligand field has been associated with high reactivity, the [MnIV(O)(N4pyMe2)]2+ complex is only a modest oxidant. Buried volume plots suggest that steric factors dampen the reactivity of this complex. Trends in reactivity were examined using density functional theory (DFT)-computed bond dissociation free energies (BDFEs) of the MnIIIO-H and MnIV ═ O bonds. We observe an excellent correlation between MnIV═O BDFEs and rates of thioanisole oxidation, but more scatter is observed between hydrocarbon oxidation rates and the MnIIIO-H BDFEs.

Electronic structure contributions to O-O bond cleavage reactions for MnIII-alkylperoxo complexes

Synthetic manganese catalysts that activate hydrogen peroxide perform a variety of hydrocarbon oxidation reactions. The most commonly proposed mechanism for these catalysts involves the generation of a manganese(III)-hydroperoxo intermediate that decays via heterolytic O-O bond cleavage to generate a Mn(V)-oxo species that initiates substrate oxidation. Due to the paucity of well-defined MnIII-hydroperoxo complexes, MnIII-alkylperoxo complexes are often employed to understand the factors that affect the O-O cleavage reaction. Herein, we examine the decay pathways of the MnIII-alkylperoxo complexes [MnIII(OOtBu)(6Medpaq)]+ and [MnIII(OOtBu)(N4S)]+, which have distinct coordination environments (N5- and N4S-, respectively). Through the use of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and comparisons with published experimental data, we are able to rationalize the differences in the decay pathways of these complexes. For the [MnIII(OOtBu)(N4S)]+ system, O-O homolysis proceeds via a two-state mechanism that involves a crossing from the quintet reactant to a triplet state. A high energy singlet state discourages O-O heterolysis for this complex. In contrast, while quintet-triplet crossing is unfavorable for [MnIII(OOtBu)(6Medpaq)]+, a relatively low-energy single state accounts for the observation of both O-O homolysis and heterolysis products for this complex. The origins of these differences in decay pathways are linked to variations in the electronic structures of the MnIII-alkylperoxo complexes.

Influence of Transition-Metal Order on the Reaction Mechanism of LNMO Cathode Spinel: An Operando X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study

An operando dual-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy on both transition-metal ordered and disordered LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ during electrochemical delithiation and lithiation was carried out. The large data set was analyzed via a chemometric approach to gain reliable insights into the redox activity and the local structural changes of Ni and Mn throughout the electrochemical charge and discharge reaction. Our findings confirm that redox activity relies predominantly on the Ni^2+/4+ redox couple involving a transient Ni³⁺ phase. Interestingly, a reversible minority contribution of Mn^3+/4+ is also evinced in both LNMO materials. While the reaction steps and involved reactants of both ordered and disordered LNMO materials generally coincide, we highlight differences in terms of reaction dynamics as well as in local structural evolution induced by the TM ordering.

The Oxo-Wall Remains Intact: A Tetrahedrally Distorted Co(IV)-Oxo Complex

In this paper, we report the preparation, spectroscopic and theoretical characterization, and reactivity studies of a Co(IV)-oxo complex bearing an N4-macrocyclic coligand, 12-TBC (12-TBC = 1,4,7,10-tetrabenzyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane). On the basis of the ligand and the structure of the Co(II) precursor, [Co^II(12-TBC)(CF₃SO₃)₂], one would assume that this species corresponds to a tetragonal Co(IV)-oxo complex, but the spectroscopic data do not support this notion. Co K-edge XAS data show that the treatment of the Co(II) precursor with iodosylbenzene (PhIO) as an oxidant at -40 °C in the presence of a proton source leads to a distinct shift in the Co K-edge, in agreement with the formation of a Co(IV) intermediate. The presence of the oxo group is further demonstrated by resonance Raman (rRaman) spectroscopy. Interestingly, the EPR data of this complex show a high degree of rhombicity, indicating structural distortion. This is further supported by the EXAFS data. Using DFT calculations, a structural model is developed for this complex with a ligand-protonated structure that features a Co═O···HN hydrogen bond and a four-coordinate Co center in a seesaw-shaped coordination geometry. Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy further supports this finding. The hydrogen bond leads to an interesting polarization of the Co-oxo π-bonds, where one O(p) lone-pair is stabilized and leads to a regular Co(d) interaction, whereas the other π-bond shows an inverted ligand field. The reactivity of this complex in hydrogen atom and oxygen atom transfer reactions is discussed as well.

Bifunctional Metal-Organic Layers for Tandem Catalytic Transformations Using Molecular Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Tandem catalytic reactions improve atom- and step-economy over traditional synthesis but are limited by the incompatibility of the required catalysts. Herein, we report the design of bifunctional metal-organic layers (MOLs), HfOTf-Fe and HfOTf-Mn, consisting of triflate (OTf)-capped Hf₆ secondary building units (SBUs) as strong Lewis acidic centers and metalated TPY ligands as metal active sites for tandem catalytic transformations using O₂ and CO₂ as coreactants. HfOTf-Fe effectively transforms hydrocarbons into cyanohydrins via tandem oxidation with O₂ and silylcyanation whereas HfOTf-Mn converts styrenes into styrene carbonates via tandem epoxidation and CO₂ insertion. Density functional theory calculations revealed the involvement of a high-spin Fe^IV (S = 2) center in the challenging oxidation of the sp³ C-H bond. This work highlights the potential of MOLs as a tunable platform to incorporate multiple catalysts for tandem transformations.

Concerted proton-electron transfer reactions of manganese-hydroxo and manganese-oxo complexes

The enzymes manganese superoxide dismutase and manganese lipoxygenase use MnIII-hydroxo centres to mediate proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions with substrate. As manganese is earth-abundant and inexpensive, manganese catalysts are of interest for synthetic applications. Recent years have seen exciting reports of enantioselective C-H bond oxidation by Mn catalysts supported by aminopyridyl ligands. Such catalysts offer economic and environmentally-friendly alternatives to conventional reagents and catalysts. Mechanistic studies of synthetic catalysts highlight the role of Mn-oxo motifs in attacking substrate C-H bonds, presumably by a concerted proton-electron transfer (CPET) step. (CPET is a sub-class of PCET, where the proton and electron are transferred in the same step.) Knowledge of geometric and electronic influences for CPET reactions of Mn-hydroxo and Mn-oxo adducts enhances our understanding of biological and synthetic manganese centers and informs the design of new catalysts. In this Feature article, we describe kinetic, spectroscopic, and computational studies of MnIII-hydroxo and MnIV-oxo complexes that provide insight into the basis for the CPET reactivity of these species. Systematic perturbations of the ligand environment around MnIII-hydroxo and MnIV-oxo motifs permit elucidation of structure-activity relationships. For MnIII-hydroxo centers, electron-deficient ligands enhance oxidative reactivity. However, ligand perturbations have competing consequences, as changes in the MnIII/II potential, which represents the electron-transfer component for CPET, is offset by compensating changes in the pKa of the MnII-aqua product, which represents the proton-transfer component for CPET. For MnIV-oxo systems, a multi-state reactivity model inspired the development of significantly more reactive complexes. Weakened equatorial donation to the MnIV-oxo unit results in large rate enhancements for C-H bond oxidation and oxygen-atom transfer reactions. These results demonstrate that the local coordination environment can be rationally changed to enhance reactivity of MnIII-hydroxo and MnIV-oxo adducts.

Iron and manganese oxo complexes, oxo wall and beyond

High-valent metal-oxo species with multiply-bonded M-O groups have been proposed as key intermediates in many biological and abiological catalytic oxidation reactions. These intermediates are implicated as active oxidants in alkane hydroxylation, olefin epoxidation and other oxidation reactions. For example, [Fe^ivO(porphyrinato^•-)]⁺ cofactors bearing π-radical porphyrinato^•- ligands oxidize organic substrates in cytochrome P450 enzymes, which are common to many life forms. Likewise, high-valent Mn-oxo species are active for H₂O oxidation in photosystem II. The chemistry of these native reactive species has inspired chemists to prepare highly oxidized transition-metal complexes as functional mimics. Although many synthetic Fe-O and Mn-O complexes now exist, the analogous oxo complexes of the late transition metals (groups 9-11) are rare. Indeed, late-transition-metal-oxo complexes of tetragonal (fourfold) symmetry should be electronically unstable, a rule commonly referred to as the 'oxo wall'. A few late metal-oxos have been prepared by targeting other symmetries or unusual spin states. These complexes have been studied using spectroscopic and theoretical methods. This Review describes mononuclear non-haem Fe-O and Mn-O species, the nature of the oxo wall and recent advances in the preparation of oxo complexes of Co, Ni and Cu beyond the oxo wall.

A new synthesis of porphyrins via a putative trans-manganese(iv)-dihydroxide intermediate

A new method for the synthesis of meso-substituted porphyrins was developed. In this two-step methodology, the first step involves the condensation of pyrroles/dipyrromethanes with aldehydes in a water-methanol mixture under acidic conditions. The second step involves manganese induced cyclization followed by oxidation via PhIO/O2. This methodology has been useful for the synthesis of a wide range of trans-A2B2 porphyrins and also symmetric porphyrins in moderate to good yields. A detailed investigation of the manganese induced cyclization reaction has allowed us to characterize a Mn-porphyrinogen complex. A series of analytical and spectroscopic techniques and DFT calculations have led us to the conclusion that the putative intermediate species are trans-manganese(iv)-dihydroxide complexes. EPR and magnetic susceptibility measurements helped us to assign the oxidation state of the manganese complexes in their native state. The assumption of trans-manganese(iv)-dihydroxide as the true intermediate for this porphyrin synthesis has been authenticated via in situ UV-Vis experiments. This new methodology is certainly different from other previously reported methodologies in many aspects and most importantly these reactions can be easily performed on a gram scale for the synthesis of porphyrins.

Structural Characterization of a Series of N5-Ligated MnIV -Oxo Species

Analysis of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data for the MnIV -oxo complexes [MnIV (O)(DMM N4py)]2+ , [MnIV (O)(2pyN2B)]2+ , and [MnIV (O)(2pyN2Q)]2+ (DMM N4py=N,N-bis(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridylmethyl)-N-bis(2-pyridyl)methylamine; 2pyN2B=(N-bis(1-methyl-2-benzimidazolyl)methyl-N-(bis-2-pyridylmethyl)amine, and 2pyN2Q=N,N-bis(2-pyridyl)-N,N-bis(2-quinolylmethyl)methanamine) afforded Mn=O and Mn-N bond lengths. The Mn=O distances for [MnIV (O)(DMM N4py)]2+ and [MnIV (O)(2pyN2B)]2+ are 1.72 and 1.70 Å, respectively. In contrast, the Mn=O distance for [MnIV (O)(2pyN2Q)]2+ was significantly longer (1.76 Å). We attribute this long distance to sample heterogeneity, which is reasonable given the reduced stability of [MnIV (O)(2pyN2Q)]2+ . The Mn=O distances for [MnIV (O)(DMM N4py)]2+ and [MnIV (O)(2pyN2B)]2+ could only be well-reproduced using DFT-derived models that included strong hydrogen-bonds between second-sphere solvent 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol molecules and the oxo ligand. These results suggest an important role for the 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol solvent in stabilizing MnIV -oxo adducts. The DFT methods were extended to investigate the structure of the putative [MnIV (O)(N4py)]2+ ⋅(HOTf)2 adduct. These computations suggest that a MnIV -hydroxo species is most consistent with the available experimental data.

X-ray absorption spectroscopy of archetypal chromium porphyrin and corrole derivatives

A Cr K-edge XAS study of paradigmatic chromium porphyrin and corrole derivatives has been carried out, providing key data for the Cr(iv) and Cr(v) oxidation states.

Coordination-Induced Interlinked Covalent- and Metal-Organic-Framework Hybrids for Enhanced Lithium Storage

Covalent organic frameworks (COF) or metal-organic frameworks have attracted significant attention for various applications due to their intriguing tunable micro/mesopores and composition/functionality control. Herein, a coordination-induced interlinked hybrid of imine-based covalent organic frameworks and Mn-based metal-organic frameworks (COF/Mn-MOF) based on the MnN bond is reported. The effective molecular-level coordination-induced compositing of COF and MOF endows the hybrid with unique flower-like microsphere morphology and superior lithium-storage performances that originate from activated Mn centers and the aromatic benzene ring. In addition, hollow or core-shell MnS trapped in N and S codoped carbon (MnS@NS-C-g and MnS@NS-C-l) are also derived from the COF/Mn-MOF hybrid and they exhibit good lithium-storage properties. The design strategy of COF-MOF hybrid can shed light on the promising hybridization on porous organic framework composites with molecular-level structural adjustment, nano/microsized morphology design, and property optimization.

Implications of structural heterogeneity for the electronic structure of the final oxygen-evolving intermediate in photosystem II

Heterogeneity in intermediate catalytic states of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of Photosystem II is known from a wide range of experimental and theoretical data, but its potential implications for the mechanism of water oxidation remain unexplored. We delineate the consequences of structural heterogeneity for the final step of the catalytic cycle by tracing the evolution of three spectroscopically relevant and structurally distinct components of the last metastable S₃ state to the transient O₂-evolving S₄ state of the OEC. Using quantum chemical calculations, we show that each S₃ isomer leads to a different electronic structure formulation for the active S₄ state. Crucially, in addition to previously hypothesized Mn(IV)-oxyl species, we establish for the first time, how a genuine Mn(V)-oxo can be obtained in the catalytically active S₄ state: this takes the form of a five-coordinate and locally high-spin (S_Mn = 1) Mn(V) site. This formulation for the S₄ state evolves naturally from a preceding S₃-state structural intermediate that contains a quasi-trigonal-bipyramidal Mn(IV) ion. The results strongly suggest that water binding in the S₃ state is not prerequisite for reaching the oxygen-evolving S₄ state of the complex, supporting the notion that both substrates are preloaded at the beginning of the catalytic cycle. This scenario allows true four-electron metal-centered hole accumulation to precede OO bond formation and hence the latter can proceed via a genuine even-electron mechanism. This can occur as intramolecular nucleophilic coupling of two oxo units synchronously with the binding of a water substrate for the next catalytic cycle.

Manganese acting as a high-performance heterogeneous electrocatalyst in carbon dioxide reduction

Developing highly efficient electrocatalysts based on cheap and earth-abundant metals for CO₂ reduction is of great importance. Here we demonstrate that the electrocatalytic activity of manganese-based heterogeneous catalyst can be significantly improved through halogen and nitrogen dual-coordination to modulate the electronic structure of manganese atom. Such an electrocatalyst for CO₂ reduction exhibits a maximum CO faradaic efficiency of 97% and high current density of ~10 mA cm⁻² at a low overpotential of 0.49 V. Moreover, the turnover frequency can reach 38347 h⁻¹ at overpotential of 0.49 V, which is the highest among the reported heterogeneous electrocatalysts for CO₂ reduction. In situ X-ray absorption experiment and density-functional theory calculation reveal the modified electronic structure of the active manganese site, on which the free energy barrier for intermediate formation is greatly reduced, thus resulting in a great improvement of CO₂ reduction performance.

While renewable CO₂ conversion provides a means to remove and recycle waste emissions, there are few earth-abundant materials that are both efficient and active. Here, authors prepare N-doped carbon with atomic manganese as high-performance CO₂ reduction electrocatalyst.

Manganese-Hydroxido Complexes Supported by a Urea/Phosphinic Amide Tripodal Ligand

Hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) within the secondary coordination sphere are often invoked as essential noncovalent interactions that lead to productive chemistry in metalloproteins. Incorporating these types of effects within synthetic systems has proven a challenge in molecular design that often requires the use of rigid organic scaffolds to support H-bond donors or acceptors. We describe the preparation and characterization of a new hybrid tripodal ligand ([H₂pout]^3-) that contains two monodeprotonated urea groups and one phosphinic amide. The urea groups serve as H-bond donors, while the phosphinic amide group serves as a single H-bond acceptor. The [H₂pout]^3- ligand was utilized to stabilize a series of Mn-hydroxido complexes in which the oxidation state of the metal center ranges from 2+ to 4+. The molecular structure of the Mn^III-OH complex demonstrates that three intramolecular H-bonds involving the hydroxido ligand are formed. Additional evidence for the formation of intramolecular H-bonds was provided by vibrational spectroscopy in which the energy of the O-H vibration supports its assignment as an H-bond donor. The stepwise oxidation of [Mn^IIH₂pout(OH)]^2- to its higher oxidized analogs was further substantiated by electrochemical measurements and results from electronic absorbance and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies. Our findings illustrate the utility of controlling both the primary and secondary coordination spheres to achieve structurally similar Mn-OH complexes with varying oxidation states.

MnIII-Peroxo adduct supported by a new tetradentate ligand shows acid-sensitive aldehyde deformylation reactivity

The new tetradentate L7BQ ligand (L7BQ = 1,4-di(quinoline-8-yl)-1,4-diazepane) has been synthesized and shown to support MnII and MnIII-peroxo complexes. X-ray crystallography of the [MnII(L7BQ)(OTf)2] complex shows a monomeric MnII center with the L7BQ ligand providing four donor nitrogen atoms in the equatorial field, with two triflate ions bound in the axial positions. When this species is treated with H2O2 and Et3N at -40 °C, a MnIII-peroxo adduct, [MnIII(O2)(L7BQ)]+ is formed. The formation of this new intermediate is supported by a variety of spectroscopic techniques, including electronic absorption, Mn K-edge X-ray absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance methods. Evaluation of extended X-ray absorption fine structure data for [MnIII(O2)(L7BQ)]+ resolved Mn-O bond distances of 1.85 Å, which are on the short end of those previously reported for crystallographically characterized MnIII-peroxo adducts. An analysis of the X-ray pre-edge region of [MnIII(O2)(L7BQ)]+ revealed a large pre-edge area of 20.8 units. Time-dependent density functional theory computations indicate that the pre-edge intensity is due to Mn 4p-3d mixing caused by geometric distortions from centrosymmetry induced by both the peroxo and L7BQ ligands. The reactivity of [MnIII(O2)(L7BQ)]+ towards aldehydes was assessed through reaction with cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde and 2-phenylpropionaldehyde. From these experiments, it was determined that [MnIII(O2)(L7BQ)]+ only reacts with aldehydes in the presence of acid. Specifically, the addition of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid to [MnIII(O2)(L7BQ)]+ converts the MnIII-peroxo adduct to a new intermediate that could be responsible for the observed aldehyde deformylation activity. These observations underscore the challenges in identifying the reactive metal species in aldehyde deformylation reactions.

Oxidation of Naphthalene with a Manganese(IV) Bis(hydroxo) Complex in the Presence of Acid

Naphthalene oxidation with metal-oxygen intermediates is a difficult reaction in environmental and biological chemistry. Herein, we report that a MnIV bis(hydroxo) complex, which was fully characterized by various physicochemical methods, such as ESI-MS, UV/Vis, and EPR analysis, X-ray diffraction, and XAS, can be employed for the oxidation of naphthalene in the presence of acid to afford 1,4-naphthoquinone. Redox titration of the MnIV bis(hydroxo) complex gave a one-electron reduction potential of 1.09 V, which is the most positive potential for all reported nonheme MnIV bis(hydroxo) species as well as MnIV oxo analogues. Kinetic studies, including kinetic isotope effect analysis, suggest that the naphthalene oxidation occurs through a rate-determining electron transfer process.

Model of the Oxygen Evolving Complex Which Is Highly Predisposed to O-O Bond Formation

Light-driven water oxidation is a fundamental reaction in the biosphere. The Mn₄Ca cluster of photosystem II cycles through five redox states termed S₀-S₄, after which oxygen is evolved. Critically, the timing of O-O bond formation within the Kok cycle remains unknown. By combining recent crystallographic, spectroscopic, and DFT results, we demonstrate an atomistic S₃ state model with the possibility of a low barrier to O-O bond formation prior to the final oxidation step. Furthermore, the associated one electron oxidized S₄ state does not provide more advantages in terms of spin alignment or the energy of O-O bond formation. We propose that a high energy peroxide isoform of the S₃ state can preferentially be oxidized by Tyr _z^ox in the course of final electron transfer leading to O₂ evolution. Such a mechanism may explain the peculiar kinetic behavior of O₂ evolution as well as serve as an evolutionary adaptation to avoid release of the harmful peroxides.

Structurally characterized terminal manganese(iv) oxo tris(alkoxide) complex

First structurally characterized Mn(iv) oxo.

A Mn(iv) complex featuring a terminal oxo ligand, [Mn^IV(O)(ditox)₃][K(15-C-5)₂] (3; ditox = ^tBu₂MeCO^–, 15-C-5 = 15-crown-5-ether) has been isolated and structurally characterized. Treatment of the colorless precursor [Mn^II(ditox)₃][K(15-C-5)₂] (2) with iodosobenzene affords 3 as a green free-flowing powder in high yields. The X-ray crystal structure of 3 reveals a pseudotetrahedral geometry about the central Mn, which features a terminal oxo (d(Mn–O_term = 1.628(2) Å)). EPR spectroscopy, SQUID magnetometry, and Evans method magnetic susceptibility indicate that 3 consists of a high-spin S = 3/2 Mn(iv) metal center. 3 promotes C–H bond activation by a hydrogen atom abstraction. The [Mn^IV(O)(ditox)₃]^– furnishes a model for the proposed terminal oxo of the unique manganese of the oxygen evolving complex of photosystem II.

Manganese-Oxygen Intermediates in O-O Bond Activation and Hydrogen-Atom Transfer Reactions

Biological systems capitalize on the redox versatility of manganese to perform reactions involving dioxygen and its derivatives superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and water. The reactions of manganese enzymes influence both human health and the global energy cycle. Important examples include the detoxification of reactive oxygen species by manganese superoxide dismutase, biosynthesis by manganese ribonucleotide reductase and manganese lipoxygenase, and water splitting by the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II. Although these enzymes perform very different reactions and employ structurally distinct active sites, manganese intermediates with peroxo, hydroxo, and oxo ligation are commonly proposed in catalytic mechanisms. These intermediates are also postulated in mechanisms of synthetic manganese oxidation catalysts, which are of interest due to the earth abundance of manganese. In this Account, we describe our recent efforts toward understanding O-O bond activation pathways of Mn^III-peroxo adducts and hydrogen-atom transfer reactivity of Mn^IV-oxo and Mn^III-hydroxo complexes. In biological and synthetic catalysts, peroxomanganese intermediates are commonly proposed to decay by either Mn-O or O-O cleavage pathways, although it is often unclear how the local coordination environment influences the decay mechanism. To address this matter, we generated a variety of Mn^III-peroxo adducts with varied ligand environments. Using parallel-mode EPR and Mn K-edge X-ray absorption techniques, the decay pathway of one Mn^III-peroxo complex bearing a bulky macrocylic ligand was investigated. Unlike many Mn^III-peroxo model complexes that decay to oxo-bridged-Mn^IIIMn^IV dimers, decay of this Mn^III-peroxo adduct yielded mononuclear Mn^III-hydroxo and Mn^IV-oxo products, potentially resulting from O-O bond activation of the Mn^III-peroxo unit. These results highlight the role of ligand sterics in promoting the formation of mononuclear products and mark an important step in designing Mn^III-peroxo complexes that convert cleanly to high-valent Mn-oxo species. Although some synthetic Mn^IV-oxo complexes show great potential for oxidizing substrates with strong C-H bonds, most Mn^IV-oxo species are sluggish oxidants. Both two-state reactivity and thermodynamic arguments have been put forth to explain these observations. To address these issues, we generated a series of Mn^IV-oxo complexes supported by neutral, pentadentate ligands with systematically perturbed equatorial donation. Kinetic investigations of these complexes revealed a correlation between equatorial ligand-field strength and hydrogen-atom and oxygen-atom transfer reactivity. While this trend can be understood on the basis of the two-state reactivity model, the reactivity trend also correlates with variations in Mn^III/IV reduction potential caused by changes in the ligand field. This work demonstrates the dramatic influence simple ligand perturbations can have on reactivity but also illustrates the difficulties in understanding the precise basis for a change in reactivity. In the enzyme manganese lipoxygenase, an active-site Mn^III-hydroxo adduct initiates substrate oxidation by abstracting a hydrogen atom from a C-H bond. Precedent for this chemistry from synthetic Mn^III-hydroxo centers is rare. To better understand hydrogen-atom transfer by Mn^III centers, we developed a pair of Mn^III-hydroxo complexes, formed in high yield from dioxygen oxidation of Mn^II precursors, capable of attacking weak O-H and C-H bonds. Kinetic and computational studies show a delicate interplay between thermodynamic and steric influences in hydrogen-atom transfer reactivity, underscoring the potential of Mn^III-hydroxo units as mild oxidants.

Dioxygen Activation and O-O Bond Formation Reactions by Manganese Corroles

Activation of dioxygen (O2) in enzymatic and biomimetic reactions has been intensively investigated over the past several decades. More recently, O-O bond formation, which is the reverse of the O2-activation reaction, has been the focus of current research. Herein, we report the O2-activation and O-O bond formation reactions by manganese corrole complexes. In the O2-activation reaction, Mn(V)-oxo and Mn(IV)-peroxo intermediates were formed when Mn(III) corroles were exposed to O2 in the presence of base (e.g., OH-) and hydrogen atom (H atom) donor (e.g., THF or cyclic olefins); the O2-activation reaction did not occur in the absence of base and H atom donor. Moreover, formation of the Mn(V)-oxo and Mn(IV)-peroxo species was dependent on the amounts of base present in the reaction solution. The role of the base was proposed to lower the oxidation potential of the Mn(III) corroles, thereby facilitating the binding of O2 and forming a Mn(IV)-superoxo species. The putative Mn(IV)-superoxo species was then converted to the corresponding Mn(IV)-hydroperoxo species by abstracting a H atom from H atom donor, followed by the O-O bond cleavage of the putative Mn(IV)-hydroperoxo species to form a Mn(V)-oxo species. We have also shown that addition of hydroxide ion to the Mn(V)-oxo species afforded the Mn(IV)-peroxo species via O-O bond formation and the resulting Mn(IV)-peroxo species reverted to the Mn(V)-oxo species upon addition of proton, indicating that the O-O bond formation and cleavage reactions between the Mn(V)-oxo and Mn(IV)-peroxo complexes are reversible. The present study reports the first example of using the same manganese complex in both O2-activation and O-O bond formation reactions.

X-ray Emission Spectroscopy of Biomimetic Mn Coordination Complexes

Understanding the function of Mn ions in biological and chemical redox catalysis requires precise knowledge of their electronic structure. X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) is an emerging technique with a growing application to biological and biomimetic systems. Here, we report an improved, cost-effective spectrometer used to analyze two biomimetic coordination compounds, [Mn^IV(OH)₂(Me₂EBC)]²⁺ and [Mn^IV(O)(OH)(Me₂EBC)]⁺, the second of which contains a key Mn^IV═O structural fragment. Despite having the same formal oxidation state (Mn^IV) and tetradentate ligands, XES spectra from these two compounds demonstrate different electronic structures. Experimental measurements and DFT calculations yield different localized spin densities for the two complexes resulting from Mn^IV-OH conversion to Mn^IV═O. The relevance of the observed spectroscopic changes is discussed for applications in analyzing complex biological systems such as photosystem II. A model of the S₃ intermediate state of photosystem II containing a Mn^IV═O fragment is compared to recent time-resolved X-ray diffraction data of the same state.

Equatorial Ligand Perturbations Influence the Reactivity of Manganese(IV)-Oxo Complexes

Manganese(IV)-oxo complexes are often invoked as intermediates in Mn-catalyzed C-H bond activation reactions. While many synthetic Mn^IV -oxo species are mild oxidants, other members of this class can attack strong C-H bonds. The basis for these reactivity differences is not well understood. Here we describe a series of Mn^IV -oxo complexes with N5 pentadentate ligands that modulate the equatorial ligand field of the Mn^IV center, as assessed by electronic absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance, and Mn K-edge X-ray absorption methods. Kinetic experiments show dramatic rate variations in hydrogen-atom and oxygen-atom transfer reactions, with faster rates corresponding to weaker equatorial ligand fields. For these Mn^IV -oxo complexes, the rate enhancements are correlated with both 1) the energy of a low-lying ⁴ E excited state, which has been postulated to be involved in a two-state reactivity model, and 2) the Mn^III/IV reduction potentials.

Comparative electronic structures of nitrogenase FeMoco and FeVco

An investigation of the active site cofactors of the molybdenum and vanadium nitrogenases (FeMoco and FeVco) was performed using high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy. Synthetic heterometallic iron-sulfur cluster models and density functional theory calculations complement the study of the MoFe and VFe holoproteins using both non-resonant and resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy. Spectroscopic data show the presence of direct iron-heterometal bonds, which are found to be weaker in FeVco. Furthermore, the interstitial carbide is found to perturb the electronic structures of the cofactors through highly covalent Fe-C bonding. The implications of these conclusions are discussed in light of the differential reactivity of the molybdenum and vanadium nitrogenases towards various substrates. Possible functional roles for both the heterometal and the interstitial carbide are detailed.

K- and L-edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS) Determination of Differential Orbital Covalency (DOC) of Transition Metal Sites

Continual advancements in the development of synchrotron radiation sources have resulted in X-ray based spectroscopic techniques capable of probing the electronic and structural properties of numerous systems. This review gives an overview of the application of metal K-edge and L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), as well as K resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS), to the study of electronic structure in transition metal sites with emphasis on experimentally quantifying 3d orbital covalency. The specific sensitivities of K-edge XAS, L-edge XAS, and RIXS are discussed emphasizing the complementary nature of the methods. L-edge XAS and RIXS are sensitive to mixing between 3d orbitals and ligand valence orbitals, and to the differential orbital covalency (DOC), that is, the difference in the covalencies for different symmetry sets of the d orbitals. Both L-edge XAS and RIXS are highly sensitive to and enable separation of and donor bonding and back bonding contributions to bonding. Applying ligand field multiplet simulations, including charge transfer via valence bond configuration interactions, DOC can be obtained for direct comparison with density functional theory calculations and to understand chemical trends. The application of RIXS as a probe of frontier molecular orbitals in a heme enzyme demonstrates the potential of this method for the study of metal sites in highly covalent coordination sites in bioinorganic chemistry.

Mechanistic Investigation of Water Oxidation Catalyzed by Uniform, Assembled MnO Nanoparticles

The development of active water oxidation catalysts is critical to achieve high efficiency in overall water splitting. Recently, sub-10 nm-sized monodispersed partially oxidized manganese oxide nanoparticles were shown to exhibit not only superior catalytic performance for oxygen evolution, but also unique electrokinetics, as compared to their bulk counterparts. In the present work, the water-oxidizing mechanism of partially oxidized MnO nanoparticles was investigated using integrated in situ spectroscopic and electrokinetic analyses. We successfully demonstrated that, in contrast to previously reported manganese (Mn)-based catalysts, Mn(III) species are stably generated on the surface of MnO nanoparticles via a proton-coupled electron transfer pathway. Furthermore, we confirmed as to MnO nanoparticles that the one-electron oxidation step from Mn(II) to Mn(III) is no longer the rate-determining step for water oxidation and that Mn(IV)═O species are generated as reaction intermediates during catalysis.

Spectroscopic and Computational Investigations of a Mononuclear Manganese(IV)-Oxo Complex Reveal Electronic Structure Contributions to Reactivity

The mononuclear Mn(IV)-oxo complex [Mn^IV(O)(N4py)]²⁺, where N4py is the pentadentate ligand N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-N-bis(2-pyridyl)methylamine, has been proposed to attack C-H bonds by an excited-state reactivity pattern [ Cho, K.-B.; Shaik, S.; Nam, W. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2012 , 3 , 2851 - 2856 (DOI: 10.1021/jz301241z )]. In this model, a ⁴E excited state is utilized to provide a lower-energy barrier for hydrogen-atom transfer. This proposal is intriguing, as it offers both a rationale for the relatively high hydrogen-atom-transfer reactivity of [Mn^IV(O)(N4py)]²⁺ and a guideline for creating more reactive complexes through ligand modification. Here we employ a combination of electronic absorption and variable-temperature magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy to experimentally evaluate this excited-state reactivity model. Using these spectroscopic methods, in conjunction with time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and complete-active space self-consistent-field calculations (CASSCF), we define the ligand-field and charge-transfer excited states of [Mn^IV(O)(N4py)]²⁺. Through a graphical analysis of the signs of the experimental C-term MCD signals, we unambiguously assign a low-energy MCD feature of [Mn^IV(O)(N4py)]²⁺ as the ⁴E excited state predicted to be involved in hydrogen-atom-transfer reactivity. The CASSCF calculations predict enhanced Mn^III-oxyl character on the excited-state ⁴E surface, consistent with previous DFT calculations. Potential-energy surfaces, developed using the CASSCF methods, are used to determine how the energies and wave functions of the ground and excited states evolved as a function of Mn═O distance. The unique insights into ground- and excited-state electronic structure offered by these spectroscopic and computational studies are harmonized with a thermodynamic model of hydrogen-atom-transfer reactivity, which predicts a correlation between transition-state barriers and driving force.

Structural Changes Correlated with Magnetic Spin State Isomorphism in the S2 State of the Mn4CaO5 Cluster in the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II

The Mn4CaO5 cluster in Photosystem II catalyzes the four-electron redox reaction of water oxidation in natural photosynthesis. This catalytic reaction cycles through four intermediate states (Si, i = 0 to 4), involving changes in the redox state of the four Mn atoms in the cluster. Recent studies suggest the presence and importance of isomorphous structures within the same redox/intermediate S-state. It is highly likely that geometric and electronic structural flexibility play a role in the catalytic mechanism. Among the catalytic intermediates that have been identified experimentally thus far, there is clear evidence of such isomorphism in the S2 state, with a high-spin (5/2) (HS) and a low spin (1/2) (LS) form, identified and characterized by their distinct electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR spectroscopy) signals. We studied these two S2 isomers with Mn extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and absorption and emission spectroscopy (XANES/XES) to characterize the structural and electronic structural properties. The geometric and electronic structure of the HS and LS S2 states are different as determined using Mn EXAFS and XANES/XES, respectively. The Mn K-edge XANES and XES for the HS form are different from the LS and indicate a slightly lower positive charge on the Mn atoms compared to the LS form. Based on the EXAFS results which are clearly different, we propose possible structural differences between the two spin states. Such structural and magnetic redox-isomers if present at room temperature, will likely play a role in the mechanism for water-exchange/oxidation in photosynthesis.

X-Band Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Comparison of Mononuclear Mn(IV)-oxo and Mn(IV)-hydroxo Complexes and Quantum Chemical Investigation of Mn(IV) Zero-Field Splitting

X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to probe the ground-state electronic structures of mononuclear Mn(IV) complexes [Mn(IV)(OH)2(Me2EBC)](2+) and [Mn(IV)(O)(OH)(Me2EBC)](+). These compounds are known to effect C-H bond oxidation reactions by a hydrogen-atom transfer mechanism. They provide an ideal system for comparing Mn(IV)-hydroxo versus Mn(IV)-oxo motifs, as they differ by only a proton. Simulations of 5 K EPR data, along with analysis of variable-temperature EPR signal intensities, allowed for the estimation of ground-state zero-field splitting (ZFS) and (55)Mn hyperfine parameters for both complexes. From this analysis, it was concluded that the Mn(IV)-oxo complex [Mn(IV)(O)(OH)(Me2EBC)](+) has an axial ZFS parameter D (D = +1.2(0.4) cm(-1)) and rhombicity (E/D = 0.22(1)) perturbed relative to the Mn(IV)-hydroxo analogue [Mn(IV)(OH)2(Me2EBC)](2+) (|D| = 0.75(0.25) cm(-1); E/D = 0.15(2)), although the complexes have similar (55)Mn values (a = 7.7 and 7.5 mT, respectively). The ZFS parameters for [Mn(IV)(OH)2(Me2EBC)](2+) were compared with values obtained previously through variable-temperature, variable-field magnetic circular dichroism (VTVH MCD) experiments. While the VTVH MCD analysis can provide a reasonable estimate of the magnitude of D, the E/D values were poorly defined. Using the ZFS parameters reported for these complexes and five other mononuclear Mn(IV) complexes, we employed coupled-perturbed density functional theory (CP-DFT) and complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) calculations with second-order n-electron valence-state perturbation theory (NEVPT2) correction, to compare the ability of these two quantum chemical methods for reproducing experimental ZFS parameters for Mn(IV) centers. The CP-DFT approach was found to provide reasonably acceptable values for D, whereas the CASSCF/NEVPT2 method fared worse, considerably overestimating the magnitude of D in several cases. Both methods were poor in reproducing experimental E/D values. Overall, this work adds to the limited investigations of Mn(IV) ground-state properties and provides an initial assessment for calculating Mn(IV) ZFS parameters with quantum chemical methods.

Formation, Characterization, and O-O Bond Activation of a Peroxomanganese(III) Complex Supported by a Cross-Clamped Cyclam Ligand

Although there have been reports describing the nucleophilic reactivity of peroxomanganese(III) intermediates, as well as their conversion to high-valent oxo-bridged dimers, it remains a challenge to activate peroxomanganese(III) species for conversion to high-valent, mononuclear manganese complexes. Herein, we report the generation, characterization, and activation of a peroxomanganese(III) adduct supported by the cross-clamped, macrocyclic Me2EBC ligand (4,11-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane). This ligand is known to support high-valent, mononuclear Mn(IV) species with well-defined spectroscopic properties, which provides an opportunity to identify mononuclear Mn(IV) products from O-O bond activation of the corresponding Mn(III)-peroxo adduct. The peroxomanganese(III) intermediate, [Mn(III)(O2)(Me2EBC)](+), was prepared at low-temperature by the addition of KO2 to [Mn(II)(Cl)2(Me2EBC)] in CH2Cl2, and this complex was characterized by electronic absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and Mn K-edge X-ray absorption (XAS) spectroscopies. The electronic structure of the [Mn(III)(O2)(Me2EBC)](+) intermediate was examined by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent (TD) DFT calculations. Detailed spectroscopic investigations of the decay products of [Mn(III)(O2)(Me2EBC)](+) revealed the presence of mononuclear Mn(III)-hydroxo species or a mixture of mononuclear Mn(IV) and Mn(III)-hydroxo species. The nature of the observed decay products depended on the amount of KO2 used to generate [Mn(III)(O2)(Me2EBC)](+). The Mn(III)-hydroxo product was characterized by Mn K-edge XAS, and shifts in the pre-edge transition energies and intensities relative to [Mn(III)(O2)(Me2EBC)](+) provide a marker for differences in covalency between peroxo and nonperoxo ligands. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first observation of a mononuclear Mn(IV) center upon decay of a nonporphyrinoid Mn(III)-peroxo center.