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Orzeł Ł, Drzewiecka-Matuszek A, Rutkowska-Zbik D, Krasowska A, Fiedor L, van Eldik R, Stochel G. Copper(II)-Assisted Degradation of Pheophytin a by Reactive Oxygen Species. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1831. [PMID: 38339109 PMCID: PMC10855625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The central ion Mg2+ is responsible for the differences between chlorophyll a and its free base in their reactivity toward metal ions and thus their resistance to oxidation. We present here the results of spectroscopic (electronic absorption and emission, circular dichroism, and electron paramagnetic resonance), spectroelectrochemical, and computational (based on density functional theory) investigations into the mechanism of pheophytin, a degradation that occurs in the presence of Cu ions and O2. The processes leading to the formation of the linear form of tetrapyrrole are very complex and involve the weakening of the methine bridge due to an electron withdrawal by Cu(II) and the activation of O2, which provides protection to the free ends of the opening macrocycle. These mechanistic insights are related to the naturally occurring damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of plants growing on metal-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Orzeł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Cracow, Poland; (A.K.); (R.v.E.); (G.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Drzewiecka-Matuszek
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Cracow, Poland; (A.D.-M.); (D.R.-Z.)
| | - Dorota Rutkowska-Zbik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Cracow, Poland; (A.D.-M.); (D.R.-Z.)
| | - Aneta Krasowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Cracow, Poland; (A.K.); (R.v.E.); (G.S.)
| | - Leszek Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Rudi van Eldik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Cracow, Poland; (A.K.); (R.v.E.); (G.S.)
- Department of Inorganic and Coordination Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Department of Chemistry add Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Grażyna Stochel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Cracow, Poland; (A.K.); (R.v.E.); (G.S.)
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Grajek H, Rydzyński D, Piotrowicz-Cieślak A, Herman A, Maciejczyk M, Wieczorek Z. Cadmium ion-chlorophyll interaction - Examination of spectral properties and structure of the cadmium-chlorophyll complex and their relevance to photosynthesis inhibition. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127434. [PMID: 32717505 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll was shown to spontaneously form a complex with cadmium, which is incorporated at the central position of the chlorophyll molecule porphyrin ring, where it replaces magnesium. The rate of complex formation depended on the ratio of Cd2+ ions to chlorophyll concentration in the solution. In solutions with chlorophyll concentration of C = 1 × 10-5 M and Cd2+ concentrations of C = 1 × 10-5 M, C = 1 × 10-3 M and C = 9 × 10-3 M, Cd-Chl complex formation was completed after 200 h, 50 h and 33 h, respectively. The formation of Cd-Chl complex followed the second order over all substrates reaction order, first order over Cd2+ concentration and first over Chl concentration. The pseudo second order reaction rate constant k, when Cd2+ concentration was equal Chl concentration have been obtained as k = 1.510 ± 0.023 × 10-4 M-1min-1. Quantum chemistry computations showed that Cd-chlorophyll complex existed in two conformations in the methanol solution with cadmium ion placed either below or above the coordination plane. Two times smaller overlap integral of the Chl fluorescence spectrum with the Cd-Chl absorption spectrum IChl,Cd-Chl= 2.4223 × 10-13 cm3/M in comparison with the overlap integral of the Chl fluorescence spectrum with the Chl absorption spectrum IChl,Chl= 4.6210 × 10-13 cm3/M (twice lower probability of energy transfer Chl∗ → Cd-Chl than Chl∗ → Chl) and lower Förster critical distance for resonance energy transfer: RoChl→Cd-Chl= 46.773 Å, RoChl→Chl= 52.086 Å, indicated that in plants intoxicated with cadmium, taken up from the contaminated soil, the energy transfer between Chl and Cd-Chl in antennas will be disturbed, which may be one of the reasons for the inhibition of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Grajek
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Rydzyński
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piotrowicz-Cieślak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Aleksander Herman
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maciej Maciejczyk
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Wieczorek
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
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Tuning the Photophysical Features of Self-Assembling Photoactive Polypeptides for Light-Harvesting. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12213554. [PMID: 31671513 PMCID: PMC6862114 DOI: 10.3390/ma12213554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The LH1 complex is the major light-harvesting antenna of purple photosynthetic bacteria. Its role is to capture photons, and then store them and transfer the excitation energy to the photosynthetic reaction center. The structure of LH1 is modular and it cooperatively self-assembles from the subunits composed of short transmembrane polypeptides that reversibly bind the photoactive cofactors: bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid. LH1 assembly, the intra-complex interactions and the light-harvesting features of LH1 can be controlled in micellar media by varying the surfactant concentration and by adding carotenoid and/or a co-solvent. By exploiting this approach, we can manipulate the size of the assembly, the intensity of light absorption, and the energy and lifetime of its first excited singlet state. For instance, via the introduction of Ni-substituted bacteriochlorophyll into LH1, the lifetime of this electronic state of the antenna can be shortened by almost three orders of magnitude. On the other hand, via the exchange of carotenoid, light absorption in the visible range can be tuned. These results show how in a relatively simple self-assembling pigment-polypeptide system a sophisticated functional tuning can be achieved and thus they provide guidelines for the construction of bio-inspired photoactive nanodevices.
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Khavasi HR, Rahimi N. Lone pair⋯π interaction versus σ-hole appearance in metal-bonded halogens. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01795f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Three complexes of N-(2,5-diluorophenyl)-2-pyrazine carboxamide and ZnX2 have been synthesized. The crystal structures reveal that in all three coordination compounds, metal-bound halides have interacted with π systems through a negative electrostatic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Khavasi
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Shahid Beheshti University
- Tehran 1983963113
- Iran
| | - Narjes Rahimi
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Shahid Beheshti University
- Tehran 1983963113
- Iran
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Orzeł Ł, Rutkowska-Zbik D, Świrski M, Stochel G. Have photosynthetic pigments been formulated for chemical stability? A cursory insight into the reactivity of magnesium porphyrinoids. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1484915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Orzeł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Rutkowska-Zbik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Świrski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grażyna Stochel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Kotkowiak M, Dudkowiak A, Fiedor L. Intrinsic Photoprotective Mechanisms in Chlorophylls. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kotkowiak
- Faculty of Technical Physics; Poznan University of Technology; Piotrowo 3 60-965 Poznan Poland
| | - Alina Dudkowiak
- Faculty of Technical Physics; Poznan University of Technology; Piotrowo 3 60-965 Poznan Poland
| | - Leszek Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Krakow Poland
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Kotkowiak M, Dudkowiak A, Fiedor L. Intrinsic Photoprotective Mechanisms in Chlorophylls. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10457-10461. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kotkowiak
- Faculty of Technical Physics; Poznan University of Technology; Piotrowo 3 60-965 Poznan Poland
| | - Alina Dudkowiak
- Faculty of Technical Physics; Poznan University of Technology; Piotrowo 3 60-965 Poznan Poland
| | - Leszek Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Krakow Poland
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Orzeł Ł, Waś J, Kania A, Susz A, Rutkowska-Zbik D, Staroń J, Witko M, Stochel G, Fiedor L. Factors controlling the reactivity of divalent metal ions towards pheophytin a. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017. [PMID: 28639057 PMCID: PMC5517585 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluate the factors which determine the reactivity of divalent metal ions in the spontaneous formation of metallochlorophylls, using experimental and computational approaches. Kinetic studies were carried out using pheophytin a in reactions with various divalent metal ions combined with non- or weakly-coordinative counter ions in a series of organic solvents. To obtain detailed insights into the solvent effect, the metalations with the whole set of cations were investigated in three solvents and with Zn2+ in seven solvents. The reactions were monitored using electronic absorption spectroscopy and the stopped-flow technique. DFT calculations were employed to shed light on the role of solvent in activating the metal ions towards porphyrinoids. This experimental and computational analysis gives detailed information regarding how the solvent and the counter ion assist/hinder the metalation reaction as activators/inhibitors. The metalation course is dictated to a large extent by the reaction medium, via either the activation or deactivation of the incoming metal ion. The solvent may affect the metalation in several ways, mainly via H-bonding with pyrrolenine nitrogens and the activation/deactivation of the incoming cation. It also seems to affect the activation enthalpy by causing slight conformational changes in the macrocyclic ligand. These new mechanistic insights contribute to a better understanding of the “metal–counterion–solvent” interplay in the metalation of porphyrinoids. In addition, they are highly relevant to the mechanisms of metalation reactions catalyzed by chelatases and explain the differences between the insertion of Mg2+ and other divalent cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ł Orzeł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland.
| | - J Waś
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - A Kania
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084, Kraków, Poland
| | - A Susz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - D Rutkowska-Zbik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - J Staroń
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Witko
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - G Stochel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - L Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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Fiedor L, Fiedor J, Pilch M. Effects of Molecular Symmetry on the Electronic Transitions in Carotenoids. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1821-9. [PMID: 27138647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is the verification of symmetry effects on the electronic absorption spectra of carotenoids. The symmetry breaking in cis-β-carotenes and in carotenoids with nonlinear π-electron system is of virtually no effect on the dark transitions in these pigments, in spite of the loss of the inversion center and evident changes in their electronic structure. In the cis isomers, the S2 state couples with the higher excited states and the extent of this coupling depends on the position of the cis bend. A confrontation of symmetry properties of carotenoids with their electronic absorption and IR and Raman spectra shows that they belong to the C1 or C2 but not the C2h symmetry group, as commonly assumed. In these realistic symmetries all the electronic transitions are symmetry-allowed and the absence of some transitions, such as the dark S0 → S1 transition, must have another physical origin. Most likely it is a severe deformation of the carotenoid molecule in the S1 state, unachievable directly from the ground state, which means that the Franck-Condon factors for a vertical S0 → S1 transition are negligible because the final state is massively displaced along the vibrational coordinates. The implications of our findings have an impact on the understanding of the photophysics and functioning of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH-University of Science and Technology , Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Pilch
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University , Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
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Lessons from chlorophylls: modifications of porphyrinoids towards optimized solar energy conversion. Molecules 2014; 19:15938-54. [PMID: 25286377 PMCID: PMC6271569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191015938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Practical applications of photosynthesis-inspired processes depend on a thorough understanding of the structures and physiochemical features of pigment molecules such as chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls. Consequently, the major structural features of these pigments have been systematically examined as to how they influence the S1 state energy, lifetimes, quantum yields, and pigment photostability. In particular, the effects of the macrocyclic π-electron system, central metal ion (CMI), peripheral substituents, and pigment aggregation, on these critical parameters are discussed. The results obtained confirm that the π-electron system of the chromophore has the greatest influence on the light energy conversion capacity of porphyrinoids. Its modifications lead to changes in molecular symmetry, which determine the energy levels of frontier orbitals and hence affect the S1 state properties. In the case of bacteriochlorophylls aggregation can also strongly decrease the S1 energy. The CMI may be considered as another influential structural feature which only moderately influences the ground-state properties of bacteriochlorophylls but strongly affects the singlet excited-state. An introduction of CMIs heavier than Mg2+ significantly improves pigments' photostabilities, however, at the expense of S1 state lifetime. Modifications of the peripheral substituents may also influence the S1 energy, and pigments’ redox potentials, which in turn influence their photostability.
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