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Stefania R, Palagi L, Di Gregorio E, Ferrauto G, Dinatale V, Aime S, Gianolio E. Seeking for Innovation with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Paramagnetic Contrast Agents: Relaxation Enhancement via Weak and Dynamic Electrostatic Interactions with Positively Charged Groups on Endogenous Macromolecules. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:134-144. [PMID: 38152996 PMCID: PMC10785807 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Gd-L1 is a macrocyclic Gd-HPDO3A derivative functionalized with a short spacer to a trisulfonated pyrene. When compared to Gd-HPDO3A, the increased relaxivity appears to be determined by both the higher molecular weight and the occurrence of an intramolecularly catalyzed prototropic exchange of the coordinated OH moiety. In water, Gd-L1 displayed a relaxivity of 7.1 mM-1 s-1 (at 298 K and 0.5 T), slightly increasing with the concentration likely due to the onset of intermolecular aggregation. A remarkably high and concentration-dependent relaxivity was measured in human serum (up to 26.5 mM-1 s-1 at the lowest tested concentration of 0.005 mM). The acquisition of 1H-nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) and 17O-R2 vs T profiles allowed to get an in-depth characterization of the system. In vitro experiments in the presence of human serum albumin, γ-globulins, and polylysine, as well as using media mimicking the extracellular matrix, provided strong support to the view that the trisulfonated pyrene fosters binding interactions with the exposed positive groups on the surface of proteins, responsible for a remarkable in vivo hyperintensity in T1w MR images. The in vivo MR images of the liver, kidneys, and spleen showed a marked contrast enhancement in the first 10 min after the i.v. injection of Gd-L1, which was 2-6-fold higher than that for Gd-HPDO3A, while maintaining a very similar excretion behavior. These findings may pave the way to an improved design of MRI GBCAs, for the first time, based on the setup of weak and dynamic interactions with abundant positive groups on serum and ECM proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Stefania
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
- Department
of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont, Alessandria 15120, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Palagi
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Enza Di Gregorio
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ferrauto
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Valentina Dinatale
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | | | - Eliana Gianolio
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
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2
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Zhang J, Dai L, He L, Bhattarai A, Chan CM, Tai WCS, Vardhanabhuti V, Law GL. Design and synthesis of chiral DOTA-based MRI contrast agents with remarkable relaxivities. Commun Chem 2023; 6:251. [PMID: 37973896 PMCID: PMC10654417 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01050-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the adverse effects of de-metallation in past concerning FDA-approved gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs), researchers have been focusing on developing safer and more efficient alternatives that could avoid toxicity caused by free gadolinium ions. Herein, two chiral GBCAs, Gd-LS with sulfonate groups and Gd-T with hydroxyl groups, are reported as potential candidates for magnetic reasonance imaging (MRI). The r1 relaxivities of TSAP, SAP isomers of Gd-LS and SAP isomer of Gd-T at 1.4 T, 37 °C in water are 7.4 mM-1s-1, 14.5 mM-1s-1 and 5.2 mM-1s-1, respectively. Results show that the hydrophilic functional groups introduced to the chiral macrocyclic scaffold of Gd-T and Gd-LS both give constructive influences on the second-sphere relaxivity and enhance the overall r1 value. Both cases indicate that the design of GBCAs should also focus on the optimal window in Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan (SBM) theory and the effects caused by the second-sphere and outer-sphere relaxivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lixiong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Li He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Abhisek Bhattarai
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun-Ming Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - William Chi-Shing Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Varut Vardhanabhuti
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ga-Lai Law
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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3
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Carniato F, Ricci M, Tei L, Garello F, Furlan C, Terreno E, Ravera E, Parigi G, Luchinat C, Botta M. Novel Nanogels Loaded with Mn(II) Chelates as Effective and Biologically Stable MRI Probes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302868. [PMID: 37345577 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Here it is described nanogels (NG) based on a chitosan matrix, which are covalently stabilized by a bisamide derivative of Mn-t-CDTA (t-CDTA = trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid). the Mn(II) complex acts both as a contrast medium and as a cross-linking agent. These nanogels are proposed as an alternative to the less stable paramagnetic nanogels obtained by electrostatic interactions between the polymeric matrix and paramagnetic Gd(III) chelates. The present novel nanogels show: i) relaxivity values seven times higher than that of typical monohydrated Mn(II) chelates at the clinical fields, thanks to the combination of a restricted mobility of the complex with a fast exchange of the metal-bound water molecule; ii) high stability of the formulation over time at pH 5 and under physiological conditions, thus excluding metal leaking or particles aggregation; iii) good extravasation and accumulation, with a maximum contrast achieved at 24 h post-injection in mice bearing subcutaneous breast cancer tumor; iv) high T1 contrast (1 T) in the tumor 24 h post-injection. These improved properties pave the way for the use of these paramagnetic nanogels as promising magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes for in vitro and in vivo preclinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Carniato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria, 15121, Italy
| | - Marco Ricci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria, 15121, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria, 15121, Italy
| | - Francesca Garello
- Molecular Imaging Centre, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Chiara Furlan
- Molecular Imaging Centre, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Enzo Terreno
- Molecular Imaging Centre, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Giotto Biotech S.r.l., Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Mauro Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria, 15121, Italy
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4
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Licciardi G, Rizzo D, Salobehaj M, Massai L, Geri A, Messori L, Ravera E, Fragai M, Parigi G. Large Protein Assemblies for High-Relaxivity Contrast Agents: The Case of Gadolinium-Labeled Asparaginase. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:2411-2419. [PMID: 36458591 PMCID: PMC9782335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Biologics are emerging as the most important class of drugs and are used to treat a large variety of pathologies. Most of biologics are proteins administered in large amounts, either by intramuscular injection or by intravenous infusion. Asparaginase is a large tetrameric protein assembly, currently used against acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here, a gadolinium(III)-DOTA derivative has been conjugated to asparaginase, and its relaxation properties have been investigated to assess its efficiency as a possible theranostic agent. The field-dependent 1H longitudinal relaxation measurements of water solutions of gadolinium(III)-labeled asparaginase indicate a very large increase in the relaxivity of this paramagnetic protein complex with respect to small gadolinium chelates, opening up the possibility of its use as an MRI contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Licciardi
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Domenico Rizzo
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Maria Salobehaj
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Lara Massai
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Andrea Geri
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,
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5
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Aslan TN. Relaxivity properties of magnetoferritin: The iron loading effect. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 133:474-480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Åkesson M, Lehti L, Leander P, Sterner G, Wassélius J. Long-term safety of Gadofosveset in clinical practice. Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 86:70-73. [PMID: 34848324 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to systematically search for long-term complications, including Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF), in patients who were previously administered the gadolinium-based contrast agent Gadofosveset at our institute. MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients who were administered Gadofosveset at our institute between 2006 and 2009 were identified in our Radiological Information System (RIS). Clinical data such as cause of death during follow-up, and dermatological or nephrological diseases were systematically searched for in electronic patient records (EPR). RESULTS During 2006-2009, Gadofosveset was administered a total of 67 times to 62 patients. One patient was unavailable for follow-up. The remaining 61 patients were followed up for up to 14 (median 12) years based on RIS and EPR data. There were 13 deaths among the 61 patients, all assessed as unrelated to Gadofosveset administration. No dermatological or renal disease suggestive of NSF, or potentially related to Gadofosveset administration, was found. At the time of examination, six patients were diagnosed with various stages of renal insufficiency, three of whom were on hemodialysis. Another three patients were diagnosed with renal insufficiency during the follow-up period, but none of these diagnoses were suspected to be related to the administration of Gadofosveset. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of this retrospective safety analysis of up to 14 years following 1-2 exposures, we conclude that Gadofosveset in clinical practice is safe in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Åkesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Leena Lehti
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Sweden; Vascular Center, Skåne University Hospital Lund/Malmö, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Leander
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Sweden; Department of Radiology, Skåne University Hospital Lund/Malmö, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Sterner
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Sweden; Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Skåne University Hospital Lund/Malmö, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Wassélius
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Sweden; Vascular Center, Skåne University Hospital Lund/Malmö, Lund, Sweden.
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7
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Deblonde GJP, Mattocks JA, Wang H, Gale EM, Kersting AB, Zavarin M, Cotruvo JA. Characterization of Americium and Curium Complexes with the Protein Lanmodulin: A Potential Macromolecular Mechanism for Actinide Mobility in the Environment. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15769-15783. [PMID: 34542285 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic radionuclides, including long-lived heavy actinides such as americium and curium, represent the primary long-term challenge for management of nuclear waste. The potential release of these wastes into the environment necessitates understanding their interactions with biogeochemical compounds present in nature. Here, we characterize the interactions between the heavy actinides, Am3+ and Cm3+, and the natural lanthanide-binding protein, lanmodulin (LanM). LanM is produced abundantly by methylotrophic bacteria, including Methylorubrum extorquens, that are widespread in the environment. We determine the first stability constant for an Am3+-protein complex (Am3LanM) and confirm the results with Cm3LanM, indicating a ∼5-fold higher affinity than that for lanthanides with most similar ionic radius, Nd3+ and Sm3+, and making LanM the strongest known heavy actinide-binding protein. The protein's high selectivity over 243Am's daughter nuclide 239Np enables lab-scale actinide-actinide separations as well as provides insight into potential protein-driven mobilization for these actinides in the environment. The luminescence properties of the Cm3+-LanM complex, and NMR studies of Gd3+-LanM, reveal that lanmodulin-bound f-elements possess two coordinated solvent molecules across a range of metal ionic radii. Finally, we show under a wide range of environmentally relevant conditions that lanmodulin effectively outcompetes desferrioxamine B, a hydroxamate siderophore previously proposed to be important in trivalent actinide mobility. These results suggest that natural lanthanide-binding proteins such as lanmodulin may play important roles in speciation and mobility of actinides in the environment; it also suggests that protein-based biotechnologies may provide a new frontier in actinide remediation, detection, and separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier J-P Deblonde
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States.,Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Joseph A Mattocks
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Huan Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Eric M Gale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Annie B Kersting
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States.,Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Mavrik Zavarin
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States.,Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Joseph A Cotruvo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Goswami LN, Chakravarty S, Cai QY, Shapiro EM, Hawthorne MF, Ma L. Amphiphilic DTPA Multimer Assembled on Icosahedral Closo-Borane Motif as High-Performance MRI Blood Pool Contrast Agent. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:6658-6663. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lalit N. Goswami
- International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine and Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, United States
| | - Shatadru Chakravarty
- International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine and Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Quan-Yu Cai
- International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine and Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States
| | - Erik M. Shapiro
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - M. Frederick Hawthorne
- International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine and Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, United States
| | - Lixin Ma
- International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine and Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States
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Asik D, Abozeid SM, Turowski SG, Spernyak JA, Morrow JR. Dinuclear Fe(III) Hydroxypropyl-Appended Macrocyclic Complexes as MRI Probes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8651-8664. [PMID: 34110140 PMCID: PMC9942924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Four high-spin Fe(III) macrocyclic complexes, including three dinuclear and one mononuclear complex, were prepared toward the development of more effective iron-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. All four complexes contain a 1,4,7-triazacyclononane macrocyclic backbone with two hydroxypropyl pendant groups, an ancillary aryl or biphenyl group, and a coordination site for a water ligand. The pH potentiometric titrations support one or two deprotonations of the complexes, most likely deprotonation of hydroxypropyl groups at near-neutral pH. Variable-temperature 17O NMR studies suggest that the inner-sphere water ligand is slow to exchange with bulk water on the NMR time scale. Water proton T1 relaxation times measured for solutions of the Fe(III) complexes at pH 7.2 showed that the dinuclear complexes have a 2- to 3-fold increase in r1 relaxivity in comparison to the mononuclear complex per molecule at field strengths ranging from 1.4 T to 9.4 T. The most effective agent, a dinuclear complex with macrocycles linked through para-substitution of an aryl group (Fe2(PARA)), has an r1 of 6.7 mM-1 s-1 at 37 °C and 4.7 T or 3.3 mM-1 s-1 per iron center in the presence of serum albumin and shows enhanced blood pool and kidney contrast in mice MRI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didar Asik
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York 14260, United States
| | - Samira M. Abozeid
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York 14260, United States
| | - Steven G. Turowski
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York 14263 United States
| | - Joseph A. Spernyak
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York 14263 United States
| | - Janet R. Morrow
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York 14260, United States
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10
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Parigi G, Ravera E, Fragai M, Luchinat C. Unveiling protein dynamics in solution with field-cycling NMR relaxometry. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 124-125:85-98. [PMID: 34479712 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Field-cycling NMR relaxometry is a well-established technique that can give information on molecular structure and dynamics of biological systems. It provides the nuclear relaxation rates as a function of the applied magnetic field, starting from fields as low as ~ 10-4 T up to about 1-3 T. The profiles so collected, called nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) profiles, can be extended to include the relaxation rates at the largest fields achievable with high resolution NMR spectrometers. By exploiting this wide range of frequencies, the NMRD profiles can provide information on motions occurring on time scales from 10-6 to 10-9 s. 1H NMRD measurements have proved very useful also for the characterization of paramagnetic proteins, because they can help characterise a number of parameters including the number, distance and residence time of water molecules coordinated to the paramagnetic center, the reorientation correlation times and the electron spin relaxation time, and the electronic structure at the metal site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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11
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Berki TR, Martinelli J, Tei L, Willcock H, Butler SJ. Polymerizable Gd(iii) building blocks for the synthesis of high relaxivity macromolecular MRI contrast agents. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3999-4013. [PMID: 34163670 PMCID: PMC8179470 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04750c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A new synthetic strategy for the preparation of macromolecular MRI contrast agents (CAs) is reported. Four gadolinium(iii) complexes bearing either one or two polymerizable methacrylamide groups were synthesized, serving as monomers or crosslinkers for the preparation of water-soluble, polymeric CAs using Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Using this approach, macromolecular CAs were synthesized with different architectures, including linear, hyperbranched polymers and gels. The relaxivities of the polymeric CAs were determined by NMR relaxometry, revealing an up to 5-fold increase in relaxivity (60 MHz, 310 K) for the linear polymers compared with the clinically used CA, Gd-DOTA. Moreover, hyperbranched polymers obtained from Gd(iii) crosslinkers, displayed even higher relaxivities up to 22.8 mM−1 s−1, approximately 8 times higher than that of Gd-DOTA (60 MHz, 310 K). A detailed NMRD study revealed that the enhanced relaxivities of the hyperbranched polymers were obtained by limiting the local motion of the crosslinked Gd(iii) chelate. The versatility of RAFT polymerization of Gd(iii) monomers and crosslinkers opens the doors to more advanced polymeric CAs capable of multimodal, bioresponsive or targeting properties. A new synthetic strategy for the preparation of efficient macromolecular MRI contrast agents is reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Berki
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Leicestershire LE11 3TU UK .,Department of Materials, Loughborough University Leicestershire LE11 3TU UK
| | - Jonathan Martinelli
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale I15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale I15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Helen Willcock
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University Leicestershire LE11 3TU UK
| | - Stephen J Butler
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Leicestershire LE11 3TU UK
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12
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Origin of the MRI Contrast in Natural and Hydrogel Formulation of Pineapple Juice. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2021; 2021:6666018. [PMID: 33488688 PMCID: PMC7803405 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6666018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) often requires contrast agents to improve the visualization in some tissues and organs, including the gastrointestinal tract. In this latter case, instead of intravascular administration, oral agents can be used. Natural oral contrast agents, such as fruit juice, have the advantages of better taste, tolerability, and lower price with respect to the artificial agents. We have characterized the relaxometry profiles of pineapple juice in order to understand the origin of the increase in relaxation rates (and thus of the MRI contrast) in reference to its content of manganese ions. Furthermore, we have characterized the relaxometry profiles of pineapple juice in the presence of alginate in different amounts; the interaction of the manganese ions with alginate slows down their reorientation time to some extent, with a subsequent increase in the relaxation rates. The relaxometry profiles were also compared with those of manganese(II) solutions in 50 mmol/dm3 sodium acetate solution (same pH of pineapple juice), which revealed sizable differences, mostly in the number of water molecules coordinated to the metal ion, their lifetimes, and in the constant of the Fermi-contact interaction. Finally, the fit of the transverse relaxivity shows that the increased viscosity in the hydrogel formulations can improve significantly the negative contrast of pineapple juice at the magnetic fields relevant for clinical MRI.
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13
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Tear LR, Carrera C, Dhakan CB, Cavallari E, Travagin F, Calcagno C, Aime S, Gianolio E. An albumin-binding Gd-HPDO3A contrast agent for improved intravascular retention. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00128k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new Gd-HPDO3A derivative with improved MR contrast enhancing efficiency, demonstrated in a murine tumor model and in mouse models for stable and vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, due to increased intravascular retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise R. Tear
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Torino Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Carla Carrera
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Chetan B. Dhakan
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Turin, Italy
- University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cavallari
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Torino Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Travagin
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco (DSF), Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | - Claudia Calcagno
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvio Aime
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Torino Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Eliana Gianolio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Torino Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Turin, Italy
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14
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Pedersen M, Irrera P, Dastrù W, Zöllner FG, Bennett KM, Beeman SC, Bretthorst GL, Garbow JR, Longo DL. Dynamic Contrast Enhancement (DCE) MRI-Derived Renal Perfusion and Filtration: Basic Concepts. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2216:205-227. [PMID: 33476002 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI monitors the transit of contrast agents, typically gadolinium chelates, through the intrarenal regions, the renal cortex, the medulla, and the collecting system. In this way, DCE-MRI reveals the renal uptake and excretion of the contrast agent. An optimal DCE-MRI acquisition protocol involves finding a good compromise between whole-kidney coverage (i.e., 3D imaging), spatial and temporal resolution, and contrast resolution. By analyzing the enhancement of the renal tissues as a function of time, one can determine indirect measures of clinically important single-kidney parameters as the renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and intrarenal blood volumes. Gadolinium-containing contrast agents may be nephrotoxic in patients suffering from severe renal dysfunction, but otherwise DCE-MRI is clearly useful for diagnosis of renal functions and for assessing treatment response and posttransplant rejection.Here we introduce the concept of renal DCE-MRI, describe the existing methods, and provide an overview of preclinical DCE-MRI applications to illustrate the utility of this technique to measure renal perfusion and glomerular filtration rate in animal models.This publication is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction is complemented by two separate publications describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine - Comparative Medicine Lab, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pietro Irrera
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Walter Dastrù
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Frank G Zöllner
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kevin M Bennett
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott C Beeman
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Joel R Garbow
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dario Livio Longo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Torino, Italy.
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15
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Carniato F, Tei L, Botta M, Ravera E, Fragai M, Parigi G, Luchinat C. 1H NMR Relaxometric Study of Chitosan-Based Nanogels Containing Mono- and Bis-Hydrated Gd(III) Chelates: Clues for MRI Probes of Improved Sensitivity. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:9065-9072. [PMID: 35019583 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel nanoparticles composed of chitosan and hyaluronate and incorporating Gd-based MRI contrast agents with different hydration number (e.g., [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)]- and [Gd(AAZTA)(H2O)2]-) were prepared and fully characterized. In particular, 1H NMR relaxometric data, acquired as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field strength, were for the first time thoroughly analyzed using a theoretical model that includes the effects of a static zero-field splitting and an anisotropic molecular tumbling. The paramagnetic nanoparticles show excellent stability in aqueous solution for over 150 h and do not release the load of Gd(III) chelates. These nanoparticles exhibit enhanced efficacy (relaxivity) as relaxation agents, over 6 times that of the free complexes, thanks to the combination of a restricted molecular dynamics in the presence of a fast exchange of metal-bound water molecule(s) and between the water inside the nanogel and the bulk water. The knowledge of the molecular parameters that control the effectiveness of these MRI nanoprobes and those that limit their further increase will be crucial for the development of optimized systems with high sensitivity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Carniato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Mauro Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
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16
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Fanost A, Jaber M, de Viguerie L, Korb JP, Levitz PE, Michot LJ, Mériguet G, Rollet AL. Green earth pigments dispersions: Water dynamics at the interfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 581:644-655. [PMID: 32814188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The objective is to elucidate the multiscale dynamics of water within natural mixtures of minerals, green earth pigments that are mainly composed of phyllosilicates containing large amount of iron. In particular, the interaction of water with the different kinds of surfaces has to be probed. One issue is to examine the influence of surface type, basal or edge, on the dispersion quality. EXPERIMENT The study was carried out using 1H variable field NMR relaxometry on various green earth pigment dispersions and concentrations. To analyse the data, a new analytical model was developed for natural phyllosilicates containing large amount of paramagnetic centres. FINDING The proposed theoretical framework is able to fit the experimental data for various samples using few parameters. It allows to determining water diffusion and residence times in complex phyllosilicate dispersions. Furthermore, it makes it possible to differentiate the contribution of the basal and edge surfaces and their respective surface area in interaction with water. Moreover, NMR relaxation profile reveals to be highly sensitive to the structural aspect of the phyllosilicates and to the accessibility of water to iron, hence allowing to discriminate clearly between two very similar phyllosilicates (glauconite and celadonite) that are difficult to distinguish by standard structural methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Fanost
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, laboratoire PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale, LAMS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Maguy Jaber
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale, LAMS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurence de Viguerie
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale, LAMS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Korb
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, laboratoire PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre E Levitz
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, laboratoire PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurent J Michot
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, laboratoire PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Mériguet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, laboratoire PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Rollet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, laboratoire PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France.
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17
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Modulating the Properties of Fe(III) Macrocyclic MRI Contrast Agents by Appending Sulfonate or Hydroxyl Groups. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102291. [PMID: 32414058 PMCID: PMC7288058 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexes of Fe(III) that contain a triazacyclononane (TACN) macrocycle, two pendant hydroxyl groups, and a third ancillary pendant show promise as MRI contrast agents. The ancillary group plays an important role in tuning the solution relaxivity of the Fe(III) complex and leads to large changes in MRI contrast enhancement in mice. Two new Fe(III) complexes, one with a third coordinating hydroxypropyl pendant, Fe(L2), and one with an anionic non-coordinating sulfonate group, Fe(L1)(OH2), are compared. Both complexes have a deprotonated hydroxyl group at neutral pH and electrode potentials representative of a stabilized trivalent iron center. The r1 relaxivity of the Fe(L1)(OH2) complex is double that of the saturated complex, Fe(L2), at 4.7 T, 37 °C in buffered solutions. However, variable-temperature 17O-NMR experiments show that the inner-sphere water of Fe(L1)(OH2) does not exchange rapidly with bulk water under these conditions. The pendant sulfonate group in Fe(L1)(OH2) confers high solubility to the complex in comparison to Fe(L2) or previously studied analogues with benzyl groups. Dynamic MRI studies of the two complexes showed major differences in their pharmacokinetics clearance rates compared to an analogue containing a benzyl ancillary group. Rapid blood clearance and poor binding to serum albumin identify Fe(L1)(OH2) for development as an extracellular fluid contrast agent.
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18
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Hu A, Keresztes I, MacMillan SN, Yang Y, Ding E, Zipfel WR, DiStasio RA, Babich JW, Wilson JJ. Oxyaapa: A Picolinate-Based Ligand with Five Oxygen Donors that Strongly Chelates Lanthanides. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5116-5132. [PMID: 32216281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coordination compounds of the lanthanide ions (Ln3+) have important applications in medicine due to their photophysical, magnetic, and nuclear properties. To effectively use the Ln3+ ions for these applications, chelators that stably bind them in vivo are required to prevent toxic side effects that arise from localization of these ions in off-target tissue. In this study, two new picolinate-containing chelators, a heptadentate ligand OxyMepa and a nonadentate ligand Oxyaapa, were prepared, and their coordination chemistries with Ln3+ ions were thoroughly investigated to evaluate their suitability for use in medicine. Protonation constants of these chelators and stability constants for their Ln3+ complexes were evaluated. Both ligands exhibit a thermodynamic preference for small Ln3+ ions. The log KLuL = 12.21 and 21.49 for OxyMepa and Oxyaapa, respectively, indicating that the nonadentate Oxyaapa forms complexes of significantly higher stability than the heptadentate OxyMepa. X-ray crystal structures of the Lu3+ complexes were obtained, revealing that Oxyaapa saturates the coordination sphere of Lu3+, whereas OxyMepa leaves an additional open coordination site for a bound water ligand. Solution structural studies carried out with NMR spectroscopy revealed the presence of two possible conformations for these ligands upon Ln3+ binding. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were applied to probe the geometries and energies of these conformations. Energy differences obtained by DFT are small but consistent with experimental data. The photophysical properties of the Eu3+ and Tb3+ complexes were characterized, revealing modest photoluminescent quantum yields of <2%. Luminescence lifetime measurements were carried out in H2O and D2O, showing that the Eu3+ and Tb3+ complexes of OxyMepa have two inner-sphere water ligands, whereas the Eu3+ and Tb3+ complexes of Oxyaapa have zero. Lastly, variable-temperature 17O NMR spectroscopy was performed for the Gd-OxyMepa complex to determine its water exchange rate constant of kex298 = (2.8 ± 0.1) × 106 s-1. Collectively, this comprehensive characterization of these Ln3+ chelators provides valuable insight for their potential use in medicine and garners additional understanding of ligand design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aohan Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ivan Keresztes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Erdong Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Warren R Zipfel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Robert A DiStasio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - John W Babich
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Justin J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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19
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Quantification of manganous ions in wine by NMR relaxometry. Talanta 2020; 209:120561. [PMID: 31892047 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proton relaxation in model and real wines is investigated for the first time by fast field cycling NMR relaxometry. The relaxation mechanism unambiguously originates form proton interaction with paramagnetic ions naturally present in wines. Profiles of a white Chardonnay wine from Burgundy, a red Medoc, and model wines are well reproduced by Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan equations. Relaxation is primarily governed by interactions with Mn2+. A straightforward model-independent quantification of the manganese ion concentration (down to few tens of μg/L) is proposed.
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20
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Chadha N, Singh D, Milton MD, Mishra G, Daniel J, Mishra AK, Tiwari AK. Computational prediction of interaction and pharmacokinetics profile study for polyamino-polycarboxylic ligands on binding with human serum albumin. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05594k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) is one of the most abundant plasma proteins available in blood and responsible for transport of fatty acids, drugs and metabolites at its binding sites which are very important for the assessment of pharmacokinetics profile of the polyamino-polycarboxylic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Chadha
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Delhi 110054
- India
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Dushyant Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Christ Church P. G. College
- C S J M University
- Kanpur
- India
| | | | - Gauri Mishra
- Department of Zoology
- Swami Shraddhanand College
- University of Delhi
- Delhi 110036
- India
| | - Joseph Daniel
- Department of Chemistry
- Christ Church P. G. College
- C S J M University
- Kanpur
- India
| | - Anil K. Mishra
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Delhi 110054
- India
| | - Anjani K. Tiwari
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Delhi 110054
- India
- Department of Chemistry
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21
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Abstract
Metal-based drugs and imaging agents are extensively used in the clinic for the treatment and diagnosis of cancers and a wide range of other diseases. The current clinical arsenal of compounds operate via a limited number of mechanisms, whereas new putative compounds explore alternative mechanisms of action, which could potentially bring new chemotherapeutic approaches into the clinic. In this review, metal-based drugs and imaging agents are characterized according to their primary mode of action and the key properties and features of each class of compounds are defined, wherever possible. A better understanding of the roles played by metal compounds at a mechanistic level will help to deliver new metal-based therapies to the clinic, by providing an alternative, targeted and rational approach, to supplement non-targeted screening of novel chemical entities for biological activity.
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22
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Grenier L, Beyler M, Platas‐Iglesias C, Closson T, Gómez DE, Seferos DS, Liu P, Ornatsky OI, Baranov V, Tripier R. Highly Stable and Inert Complexation of Indium(III) by Reinforced Cyclam Dipicolinate and a Bifunctional Derivative for Bead Encoding in Mass Cytometry. Chemistry 2019; 25:15387-15400. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Grenier
- UMR CNRS-UBO 6521 CEMCAUniv. Brest 6 avenue V. Le Gorgeu 29200 Brest France
| | - Maryline Beyler
- UMR CNRS-UBO 6521 CEMCAUniv. Brest 6 avenue V. Le Gorgeu 29200 Brest France
| | - Carlos Platas‐Iglesias
- Departamento de QuímicaFacultade de Ciencias &Centro de Investigaciones Científicas AvanzadasUniversidade da Coruña 15071 A Coruña Spain
| | - Taunia Closson
- Fluidigm Canada Inc. 1380 Rodick Street, Markham Ontario L3R 4G5 Canada
| | - David Esteban Gómez
- Departamento de QuímicaFacultade de Ciencias &Centro de Investigaciones Científicas AvanzadasUniversidade da Coruña 15071 A Coruña Spain
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto Canada
| | - Peng Liu
- Fluidigm Canada Inc. 1380 Rodick Street, Markham Ontario L3R 4G5 Canada
| | - Olga I. Ornatsky
- Fluidigm Canada Inc. 1380 Rodick Street, Markham Ontario L3R 4G5 Canada
| | - Vladimir Baranov
- Fluidigm Canada Inc. 1380 Rodick Street, Markham Ontario L3R 4G5 Canada
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- UMR CNRS-UBO 6521 CEMCAUniv. Brest 6 avenue V. Le Gorgeu 29200 Brest France
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23
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Parigi G, Ravera E, Luchinat C. Magnetic susceptibility and paramagnetism-based NMR. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 114-115:211-236. [PMID: 31779881 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic interactions between the nuclear magnetic moment and the magnetic moment of unpaired electron(s) depend on the structure and dynamics of the molecules where the paramagnetic center is located and of their partners. The long-range nature of the magnetic interactions is thus a reporter of invaluable information for structural biology studies, when other techniques often do not provide enough data for the atomic-level characterization of the system. This precious information explains the flourishing of paramagnetism-assisted NMR studies in recent years. Many paramagnetic effects are related to the magnetic susceptibility of the paramagnetic metal. Although these effects have been known for more than half a century, different theoretical models and new approaches have been proposed in the last decade. In this review, we have summarized the consequences for NMR spectroscopy of magnetic interactions between nuclear and electron magnetic moments, and thus of the presence of a magnetic susceptibility due to metals, and we do so using a unified notation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Interuniversity Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metallo Proteins (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Interuniversity Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metallo Proteins (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Interuniversity Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metallo Proteins (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Fragai M, Ravera E, Tedoldi F, Luchinat C, Parigi G. Relaxivity of Gd-Based MRI Contrast Agents in Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid as a Model for Tissues. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2204-2209. [PMID: 31298452 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of MRI contrast agents depends on the relaxation rate enhancement that they can induce at imaging fields. It is well known that, at these fields, large relaxation rates are obtained by binding of gadolinium(III) ions to large molecules. By the same token, the interaction of the gadolinium(III) complexes with macromolecules that are found in biological tissues can be responsible for an increase of the relaxation rate with respect to the value observed in liquids. We investigate here the relaxation enhancement of gadoteridol (Gd-HP-DO3A) in crosslinked hyaluronic acid, taken as model tissue, using fast field-cycling relaxometry. The analysis of the relaxation profiles as a function of the magnetic fields indicates that a sizable increase in the relaxation rates is due to a modest interaction of the contrast agent with the hydrogel and to the slower mobility of the water molecules outside the first-coordination sphere of the gadolinium(III) ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Fabio Tedoldi
- Bracco Imaging Spa, Bracco Research Centre, Via Ribes 5, 10010, Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Kruk D, Masiewicz E, Umut E, Petrovic A, Kargl R, Scharfetter H. Estimation of the magnitude of quadrupole relaxation enhancement in the context of magnetic resonance imaging contrast. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:184306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5082177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Kruk
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 54, 10-710 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Masiewicz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 54, 10-710 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Evrim Umut
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 54, 10-710 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Andreas Petrovic
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rupert Kargl
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Laboratory for Characterization and Processing of Polymers (LCPP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Hermann Scharfetter
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 16 / III, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Urbanovský P, Kotek J, Carniato F, Botta M, Hermann P. Lanthanide Complexes of DO3A-(Dibenzylamino)methylphosphinate: Effect of Protonation of the Dibenzylamino Group on the Water-Exchange Rate and the Binding of Human Serum Albumin. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:5196-5210. [PMID: 30942072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protonation of a distant, noncoordinated group of metal-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents potentially changes their relaxivity. The effect of a positive charge of the drug on the human serum albumin (HSA)-drug interaction remains poorly understood as well. Accordingly, a (dibenzylamino)methylphosphinate derivative of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) was efficiently synthesized using pyridine as the solvent for a Mannich-type reaction of tBu3DO3A, formaldehyde, and Bn2NCH2PO2H2 ethyl ester. The ligand protonation and metal ion (Gd3+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) stability constants were similar to those of the parent DOTA, whereas the basicity of the side-chain amino group of the complexes (log KA = 5.8) was 1 order of magnitude lower than that of the free ligand (log KA = 6.8). The presence of one bound water molecule in both deprotonated and protonated forms of the gadolinium(III) complex was deduced from the solid-state X-ray diffraction data [gadolinium(III) and dysprosium(III)], from the square antiprism/twisted square antiprism (SA/TSA) isomer ratio along the lanthanide series, from the fluorescence data of the europium(III) complex, and from the 17O NMR measurements of the dysprosium(III) and gadolinium(III) complexes. In the gadolinium(III) complex with the deprotonated amino group, water exchange is extremely fast (τM = 6 ns at 25 °C), most likely thanks to the high abundance of the TSA isomer and to the presence of a proximate protonable group, which assists the water-exchange process. The interaction between lanthanide(III) complexes and HSA is pH-dependent, and the deprotonated form is bound much more efficaciously (∼13% and ∼70% bound complex at pH = 4 and 7, respectively). The relaxivities of the complex and its HSA adduct are also pH-dependent, and the latter is approximately 2-3 times increased at pH = 4-7. The relaxivity for the supramolecular HSA-complex adduct ( r1b) is as high as 52 mM-1 s-1 at neutral pH (at 20 MHz and 25 °C). The findings of this study stand as a proof-of-concept, showing the ability to manipulate an albumin-drug interaction, and thus the blood pool residence time of the drug, by introducing a positive charge in a side-chain amino group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Urbanovský
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Universita Karlova (Charles University) , Hlavova 2030 , 12843 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kotek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Universita Karlova (Charles University) , Hlavova 2030 , 12843 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Fabio Carniato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica , Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" , Viale T. Michel 11 , 15121 Alessandria , Italy
| | - Mauro Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica , Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" , Viale T. Michel 11 , 15121 Alessandria , Italy
| | - Petr Hermann
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry , Universita Karlova (Charles University) , Hlavova 2030 , 12843 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
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Clough TJ, Jiang L, Wong KL, Long NJ. Ligand design strategies to increase stability of gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1420. [PMID: 30926784 PMCID: PMC6441101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gadolinium(III) complexes have been widely utilised as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for decades. In recent years however, concerns have developed about their toxicity, believed to derive from demetallation of the complexes in vivo, and the relatively large quantities of compound required for a successful scan. Recent efforts have sought to enhance the relaxivity of trivalent gadolinium complexes without sacrificing their stability. This review aims to examine the strategic design of ligands synthesised for this purpose, provide an overview of recent successes in gadolinium-based contrast agent development and assess the requirements for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Clough
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Lijun Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Leung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Nicholas J Long
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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Distribution of Gadolinium in Rat Heart Studied by Fast Field Cycling Relaxometry and Imaging SIMS. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061339. [PMID: 30884846 PMCID: PMC6471734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on microcirculatory alterations in human heart disease is essential to understand the genesis of myocardial contractile dysfunction and its evolution towards heart failure. The use of contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging is an important tool in medical diagnostics related to this dysfunction. Contrast agents significantly improve the imaging by enhancing the nuclear magnetic relaxation rates of water protons in the tissues where they are distributed. Gadolinium complexes are widely employed in clinical practice due to their high magnetic moment and relatively long electronic relaxation time. In this study, the behavior of gadolinium ion as a contrast agent was investigated by two complementary methods, relaxometry and secondary ion mass spectrometry. The study examined the distribution of blood flow within the microvascular network in ex vivo Langendorff isolated rat heart models, perfused with Omniscan® contrast agent. The combined use of secondary ion mass spectrometry and relaxometry allowed for both a qualitative mapping of agent distribution as well as the quantification of gadolinium ion concentration and persistence. This combination of a chemical mapping and temporal analysis of the molar concentration of gadolinium ion in heart tissue allows for new insights on the biomolecular mechanisms underlying the microcirculatory alterations in heart disease.
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Wahsner J, Gale EM, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Caravan P. Chemistry of MRI Contrast Agents: Current Challenges and New Frontiers. Chem Rev 2019; 119:957-1057. [PMID: 30350585 PMCID: PMC6516866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 813] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tens of millions of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams are performed annually around the world. The contrast agents, which improve diagnostic accuracy, are almost exclusively small, hydrophilic gadolinium(III) based chelates. In recent years concerns have arisen surrounding the long-term safety of these compounds, and this has spurred research into alternatives. There has also been a push to develop new molecularly targeted contrast agents or agents that can sense pathological changes in the local environment. This comprehensive review describes the state of the art of clinically approved contrast agents, their mechanism of action, and factors influencing their safety. From there we describe different mechanisms of generating MR image contrast such as relaxation, chemical exchange saturation transfer, and direct detection and the types of molecules that are effective for these purposes. Next we describe efforts to make safer contrast agents either by increasing relaxivity, increasing resistance to metal ion release, or by moving to gadolinium(III)-free alternatives. Finally we survey approaches to make contrast agents more specific for pathology either by direct biochemical targeting or by the design of responsive or activatable contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wahsner
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eric M. Gale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Aurora Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Caravan P, Esteban-Gómez D, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Platas-Iglesias C. Water exchange in lanthanide complexes for MRI applications. Lessons learned over the last 25 years. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11161-11180. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01948k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coordination chemistry offers convenient strategies to modulate the exchange of coordinated water molecules in lanthanide-based contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Caravan
- The Institute for Innovation in Imaging and the A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
- Charlestown
- USA
| | - David Esteban-Gómez
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química
- Universidade da Coruña
- 15008 A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Aurora Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química
- Universidade da Coruña
- 15008 A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química
- Universidade da Coruña
- 15008 A Coruña
- Spain
- The Institute for Innovation in Imaging and the A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging
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31
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Ravera E, Takis PG, Fragai M, Parigi G, Luchinat C. NMR Spectroscopy and Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Interuniversity Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metallo Proteins (CIRMMP); Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Panteleimon G. Takis
- Giotto Biotech S.R.L.; Via Madonna del Piano 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Interuniversity Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metallo Proteins (CIRMMP); Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Interuniversity Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metallo Proteins (CIRMMP); Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Interuniversity Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metallo Proteins (CIRMMP); Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
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32
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Lilley LM, Du K, Krzyaniak MD, Parigi G, Luchinat C, Harris TD, Meade TJ. Effect of Magnetic Coupling on Water Proton Relaxivity in a Series of Transition Metal Gd III Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5810-5819. [PMID: 29714477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental challenge in the design of bioresponsive (or bioactivated) GdIII-based magnetic resonance (MR) imaging probes is the considerable background signal present in the "preactivated" state that arises from outer-sphere relaxation processes. When sufficient concentrations of a bioresponsive agent are present (i.e., a detectable signal in the image), the inner- and outer-sphere contributions to r1 may be misinterpreted to conclude that the agent has been activated, when it has not. Of the several parameters that determine the observed MR signal of an agent, only the electron relaxation time ( T1e) impacts both the inner- and outer-sphere relaxation. Therefore, strategies to minimize this background signal must be developed to create a near zero-background (or truly "off" state) of the agent. Here, we demonstrate that intramolecular magnetic exchange coupling when GdIII is coupled to a paramagnetic transition metal provides a means to overcome the contribution of second- and outer-sphere contributions to the observed relaxivity. We have prepared a series of complexes with the general formula LMLn(μ-O2CCH3)(O2CCH3)2 (M = Co, Cu, Zn). Solid-state magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal significant magnetic coupling between GdIII and the transition metal ion. Nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) analysis confirms that the observed differences in relaxivity are associated with the modulation of T1e at GdIII. These results clearly demonstrate that magnetic exchange coupling between GdIII and a transition metal ion can provide a significant decrease in T1e (and therefore the relaxivity of GdIII). This design strategy is being exploited to prepare new generations of preclinical bioresponsive MR imaging probes with near zero-background.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giacomo Parigi
- Department of Chemistry and Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) , University of Florence , Via L. Sacconi 6 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Department of Chemistry and Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) , University of Florence , Via L. Sacconi 6 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
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Dai L, Jones CM, Chan WTK, Pham TA, Ling X, Gale EM, Rotile NJ, Tai WCS, Anderson CJ, Caravan P, Law GL. Chiral DOTA chelators as an improved platform for biomedical imaging and therapy applications. Nat Commun 2018; 9:857. [PMID: 29487362 PMCID: PMC5829242 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite established clinical utilisation, there is an increasing need for safer, more inert gadolinium-based contrast agents, and for chelators that react rapidly with radiometals. Here we report the syntheses of a series of chiral DOTA chelators and their corresponding metal complexes and reveal properties that transcend the parent DOTA compound. We incorporated symmetrical chiral substituents around the tetraaza ring, imparting enhanced rigidity to the DOTA cavity, enabling control over the range of stereoisomers of the lanthanide complexes. The Gd chiral DOTA complexes are shown to be orders of magnitude more inert to Gd release than [GdDOTA]−. These compounds also exhibit very-fast water exchange rates in an optimal range for high field imaging. Radiolabeling studies with (Cu-64/Lu-177) also demonstrate faster labelling properties. These chiral DOTA chelators are alternative general platforms for the development of stable, high relaxivity contrast agents, and for radiometal complexes used for imaging and/or therapy. MRI contrast agents containing the rare earth metal gadolinium are very effective, yet unstable and thus potentially hazardous. Here, the authors developed complexes between gadolinium and the scaffolding compound DOTA with increased stability, which also lend themselves to radiometal labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiong Dai
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chloe M Jones
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129, United States
| | - Wesley Ting Kwok Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tiffany A Pham
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States
| | - Xiaoxi Ling
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15261, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Eric M Gale
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129, United States
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129, United States
| | - William Chi-Shing Tai
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Carolyn J Anderson
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States. .,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15261, Pennsylvania, United States. .,Departments of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States.
| | - Peter Caravan
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129, United States.
| | - Ga-Lai Law
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Granato L, Vander Elst L, Henoumont C, Muller RN, Laurent S. Optimizing Water Exchange Rates and Rotational Mobility for High-Relaxivity of a Novel Gd-DO3A Derivative Complex Conjugated to Inulin as Macromolecular Contrast Agents for MRI. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15. [PMID: 29460387 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to the understanding of the relationships between the residence lifetime τM of the coordinated water molecules to macrocyclic Gd-complexes and the rotational mobility τR of these structures, and according to the theory for paramagnetic relaxation, it is now possible to design macromolecular contrast agents with enhanced relaxivities by optimizing these two parameters through ligand structural modification. We succeeded in accelerating the water exchange rate by inducing steric compression around the water binding site, and by removing the amide function from the DOTA-AA ligand [1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid mono(p-aminoanilide)] (L) previously designed. This new ligand 10[2(1-oxo-1-p-propylthioureidophenylpropyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane-1,4,7-tetraacetic acid (L1 ) was then covalently conjugated to API [O-(aminopropyl)inulin] to get the complex API-(GdL1 )x with intent to slow down the rotational correlation time (τR ) of the macromolecular complex. The evaluation of the longitudinal relaxivity at different magnetic fields and the study of the 17 O-NMR at variable temperature of the low-molecular-weight compound (GdL1 ) showed a slight decrease of the τM value (τM310 = 331 ns vs. τM310 = 450 ns for the GdL complex). Consequently to the increase of the size of the API-(GdL1 )x complex, the rotational correlation time becomes about 360 times longer compared to the monomeric GdL1 complex (τR = 33,700 ps), which results in an enhanced proton relaxivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Granato
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau, 19, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Luce Vander Elst
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau, 19, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Celine Henoumont
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau, 19, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Robert N Muller
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau, 19, B-7000, Mons, Belgium.,Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Rue A. Bolland, 8, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sophie Laurent
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau, 19, B-7000, Mons, Belgium.,Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Rue A. Bolland, 8, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium
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35
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Culver KSB, Shin YJ, Rotz MW, Meade TJ, Hersam MC, Odom TW. Shape-Dependent Relaxivity of Nanoparticle-Based T1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2016; 120:22103-22109. [PMID: 28008338 PMCID: PMC5172589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b08362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanostars functionalized with Gd(III) have shown significant promise as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because of their anisotropic, branched shape. However, the size and shape polydispersity of as-synthesized gold nanostars have precluded efforts to develop a rigorous relationship between the gold nanostar structure (e.g., number of branches) and relaxivity of surface-bound Gd(III). This paper describes the use of a centrifugal separation method that can produce structurally refined populations of gold nanostars and is compatible with Gd(III) functionalization. Combined transmission electron microscopy and relaxivity analyses revealed that the increased number of nanostar branches was correlated with enhanced relaxivity. By identifying the underlying relaxivity mechanisms for Gd(III)-functionalized gold nanostars, we can inform the design of high-performance MRI contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla S. B. Culver
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yu Jin Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew W. Rotz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meade
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Corresponding Authors. . Phone: 847-491-2481. . Phone: 847-491-2696. Phone: 847-491-7674
| | - Mark C. Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Corresponding Authors. . Phone: 847-491-2481. . Phone: 847-491-2696. Phone: 847-491-7674
| | - Teri W. Odom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Corresponding Authors. . Phone: 847-491-2481. . Phone: 847-491-2696. Phone: 847-491-7674
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Liu Z, Chen X. Simple bioconjugate chemistry serves great clinical advances: albumin as a versatile platform for diagnosis and precision therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:1432-56. [PMID: 26771036 PMCID: PMC5227548 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00158g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Albumin is the most abundant circulating protein in plasma and has recently emerged as a versatile protein carrier for drug targeting and for improving the pharmacokinetic profile of peptide or protein based drugs. Three drug delivery technologies related to albumin have been developed, which include the coupling of low-molecular weight drugs to exogenous or endogenous albumin, conjugating bioactive proteins by albumin fusion technology (AFT), and encapsulation of drugs into albumin nanoparticles. This review article starts with a brief introduction of human serum albumin (HSA), and then summarizes the mainstream chemical strategies of developing HSA binding molecules for coupling with drug molecules. Moreover, we also concisely condense the recent progress of the most important clinical applications of HSA-binding platforms, and specify the current challenges that need to be met for a bright future of HSA-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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37
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Chan M, Almutairi A. Nanogels as imaging agents for modalities spanning the electromagnetic spectrum. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2016; 3:21-40. [PMID: 27398218 PMCID: PMC4906372 DOI: 10.1039/c5mh00161g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, advances in imaging equipment and protocols have expanded the role of imaging in in vivo diagnosis and disease management, especially in cancer. Traditional imaging agents have rapid clearance and low specificity for disease detection. To improve accuracy in disease identification, localization and assessment, novel nanomaterials are frequently explored as imaging agents to achieve high detection specificity and sensitivity. A promising material for this purpose are hydrogel nanoparticles, whose high hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and tunable size in the nanometer range make them ideal for imaging. These nanogels (10 to 200 nm) can circumvent uptake by the reticuloendothelial system, allowing longer circulation times than small molecules. In addition, their size/surface properties can be further tailored to optimize their pharmacokinetics for imaging of a particular disease. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of nanogels as imaging agents in various modalities with sources of signal spanning the electromagnetic spectrum, including MRI, NIR, UV-vis, and PET. Many materials and formulation methods will be reviewed to highlight the versatility of nanogels as imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minnie Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093-0600 , USA
| | - Adah Almutairi
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , KACST-UCSD Center of Excellence in Nanomedicine , Laboratory of Bioresponsive Materials , University of California , 9500 Gilman Dr., 0600 , PSB 2270 , La Jolla , San Diego , CA 92093-0600 , USA . ; Tel: +1 (858) 246 0871
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38
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Gale EM, Atanasova IP, Blasi F, Ay I, Caravan P. A Manganese Alternative to Gadolinium for MRI Contrast. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15548-57. [PMID: 26588204 PMCID: PMC4764508 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are routinely used to diagnose soft tissue and vascular abnormalities. However, safety concerns limit the use of iodinated and gadolinium (Gd)-based CT and MRI contrast media in renally compromised patients. With an estimated 14% of the US population suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD), contrast media compatible with renal impairment is sorely needed. We present the new manganese(II) complex [Mn(PyC3A)(H2O)](-) as a Gd alternative. [Mn(PyC3A)(H2O)](-) is among the most stable Mn(II) complexes at pH 7.4 (log KML = 11.40). In the presence of 25 mol equiv of Zn at pH 6.0, 37 °C, [Mn(PyC3A)(H2O)](-) is 20-fold more resistant to dissociation than [Gd(DTPA)(H2O)](2-). Relaxivity of [Mn(PyC3A)(H2O)](-) in blood plasma is comparable to commercial Gd contrast agents. Biodistribution analysis confirms that [Mn(PyC3A)(H2O)](-) clears via a mixed renal/hepatobiliary pathway with >99% elimination by 24 h. [Mn(PyC3A)(H2O)](-) was modified to form a bifunctional chelator and 4 chelates were conjugated to a fibrin-specific peptide to give Mn-FBP. Mn-FBP binds the soluble fibrin fragment DD(E) with Kd = 110 nM. Per Mn relaxivity of Mn-FBP is 4-fold greater than [Mn(PyC3A)(H2O)](-) and increases 60% in the presence of fibrin, consistent with binding. Mn-FBP provided equivalent thrombus enhancement to the state of the art Gd analogue, EP-2104R, in a rat model of arterial thrombosis. Mn metabolite analysis reveals no evidence of dechelation and the probe was >99% eliminated after 24 h. [Mn(PyC3A)(H2O)](-) is a lead development candidate for an imaging probe that is compatible with renally compromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Gale
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Iliyana P. Atanasova
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Francesco Blasi
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Ilknur Ay
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Peter Caravan
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
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39
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Longo DL, Arena F, Consolino L, Minazzi P, Geninatti-Crich S, Giovenzana GB, Aime S. Gd-AAZTA-MADEC, an improved blood pool agent for DCE-MRI studies on mice on 1 T scanners. Biomaterials 2015; 75:47-57. [PMID: 26480471 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel MRI blood-pool contrast agent (Gd-AAZTA-MADEC) has been compared with established blood pool agents for tumor contrast enhanced images and angiography. Synthesis, relaxometric properties, albumin binding affinity and pharmacokinetic profiles are reported. For in vivo studies, angiographic images and tumor contrast enhanced images were acquired on mice with benchtop 1T-MRI scanners and compared with MS-325, B22956/1 and B25716/1. The design of this contrast agent involved the elongation of the spacer between the targeting deoxycholic acid moiety and the Gd-AAZTA imaging reporting unit that drastically changed either the binding affinity to albumin (KA(HSA) = 8.3 × 10(5) M(-1)) and the hydration state of the Gd ion (q = 2) in comparison to the recently reported B25716/1. The very markedly high binding affinity towards mouse and human serum albumins resulted in peculiar pharmacokinetics and relaxometric properties. The NMRD profiles clearly indicated that maximum efficiency is attainable at magnetic field strength of 1 T. In vivo studies showed high enhancement of the vasculature and a prolonged accumulation inside tumor. The herein reported pre-clinical imaging studies show that a great benefit arises from the combination of a benchtop MRI scanner operating at 1 T and the albumin-binding Gd-AAZTA-MADEC complex, for pursuing enhanced angiography and improved characterization of tumor vascular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Livio Longo
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini (CNR) c/o Molecular Biotechnology Center, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy; Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesca Arena
- Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Lorena Consolino
- Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy; CAGE Chemicals Srl, Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Paolo Minazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100, Novara, Italy; CAGE Chemicals Srl, Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Simonetta Geninatti-Crich
- Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Giovenzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100, Novara, Italy; CAGE Chemicals Srl, Via Bovio 6, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Silvio Aime
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini (CNR) c/o Molecular Biotechnology Center, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy; Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
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40
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Carron S, Li QY, Vander Elst L, Muller RN, Parac-Vogt TN, Capobianco JA. Assembly of near infra-red emitting upconverting nanoparticles and multiple Gd(III)-chelates as a potential bimodal contrast agent for MRI and optical imaging. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:11331-9. [PMID: 26011519 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00919g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Linking multiple paramagnetic gadolinium(III)-chelates based on the 2-[4,7,10-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododec-1-yl]acetate (DOTA) ligand to the surface of NaGdF4:Yb(3+),Tm(3+) upconverting nanoparticles with an average particle size of 20 nm resulted in an assembly that has favorable properties for bimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Optical Imaging (OI). An improved synthetic pathway was used to couple the paramagnetic precursor to the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were rendered water dispersible via citrate capping, leaving one acid group free for amide coupling with the mono-amino precursor of the DOTA ligand. Luminescence spectroscopy measurements have shown that the excitation of the nanoconstruct at 980 nm resulted in intense upconverted emission of thulium(III) at 800 nm. The assembly of several paramagnetic centers on the nanoparticle scaffold reduces the overall tumbling rate, resulting in enhanced longitudinal relaxation times and improved relaxivity. The proton NMRD profiles show a characteristic hump at higher frequencies, which is caused by the slow rotation of the nanoconstruct, resulting in r1 values of 25 mM(-1) s(-1) per gadolinium(III)-ion at 60 MHz and 310 K. This is a significant improvement compared to the Gd-DO3A-ethylamine precursor (4) for which a value of r1 of 3.23 mM(-1) s(-1) was observed under the same conditions. Theoretical fitting by two different approaches showed an increase of τR from 57.3 ps for the Gd-DO3A-ethylamine precursor (4) to 392.0 ps for the nanoconstruct, which is responsible for the overall substantial increase in relaxivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Carron
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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41
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Gupta A, Willis SA, Waddington LJ, Stait‐Gardner T, de Campo L, Hwang DW, Kirby N, Price WS, Moghaddam MJ. Gd‐DTPA‐Dopamine‐Bisphytanyl Amphiphile: Synthesis, Characterisation and Relaxation Parameters of the Nanoassemblies and Their Potential as MRI Contrast Agents. Chemistry 2015; 21:13950-60. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Gupta
- Manufacturing Flagship CSIRO, P.O. Box 52, North Ryde, NSW, 1670 (Australia)
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751 (Australia)
| | - Scott A. Willis
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751 (Australia)
| | - Lynne J. Waddington
- Manufacturing Flagship CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052 (Australia)
| | - Tim Stait‐Gardner
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751 (Australia)
| | - Liliana de Campo
- Manufacturing Flagship CSIRO, P.O. Box 52, North Ryde, NSW, 1670 (Australia)
- Bragg Institute ANSTO, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234 (Australia)
| | - Dennis W. Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Min‐Hsiung Township Chiayi, 621 (Taiwan)
| | - Nigel Kirby
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168 (Australia)
| | - William S. Price
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751 (Australia)
| | - Minoo J. Moghaddam
- Manufacturing Flagship CSIRO, P.O. Box 52, North Ryde, NSW, 1670 (Australia)
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42
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Rotz MW, Culver KSB, Parigi G, MacRenaris KW, Luchinat C, Odom TW, Meade TJ. High relaxivity Gd(III)-DNA gold nanostars: investigation of shape effects on proton relaxation. ACS NANO 2015; 9:3385-96. [PMID: 25723190 PMCID: PMC4489565 DOI: 10.1021/nn5070953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Gadolinium(III) nanoconjugate contrast agents (CAs) have distinct advantages over their small-molecule counterparts in magnetic resonance imaging. In addition to increased Gd(III) payload, a significant improvement in proton relaxation efficiency, or relaxivity (r1), is often observed. In this work, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a nanoconjugate CA created by covalent attachment of Gd(III) to thiolated DNA (Gd(III)-DNA), followed by surface conjugation onto gold nanostars (DNA-Gd@stars). These conjugates exhibit remarkable r1 with values up to 98 mM(-1) s(-1). Additionally, DNA-Gd@stars show efficient Gd(III) delivery and biocompatibility in vitro and generate significant contrast enhancement when imaged at 7 T. Using nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion analysis, we attribute the high performance of the DNA-Gd@stars to an increased contribution of second-sphere relaxivity compared to that of spherical CA equivalents (DNA-Gd@spheres). Importantly, the surface of the gold nanostar contains Gd(III)-DNA in regions of positive, negative, and neutral curvature. We hypothesize that the proton relaxation enhancement observed results from the presence of a unique hydrophilic environment produced by Gd(III)-DNA in these regions, which allows second-sphere water molecules to remain adjacent to Gd(III) ions for up to 10 times longer than diffusion. These results establish that particle shape and second-sphere relaxivity are important considerations in the design of Gd(III) nanoconjugate CAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Rotz
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kayla S. B. Culver
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Keith W. MacRenaris
- Quantitative Bio-elemental Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Teri W. Odom
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meade
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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43
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Abstract
This perspective outlines strategies towards the development of MR imaging probes that our lab has explored over the last 15 years. Namely, we discuss methods to enhance the signal generating capacity of MR probes and how to achieve tissue specificity through protein targeting or probe activation within the tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eric M Gale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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44
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Boros E, Caravan. P. Probing the structure-relaxivity relationship of bis-hydrated Gd(DOTAla) derivatives. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:2403-10. [PMID: 25693053 PMCID: PMC4758459 DOI: 10.1021/ic503035f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two structural isomers of the heptadentate chelator DO3Ala were synthesized, with carboxymethyl groups at either the 1,4- or 1,7-positions of the cyclen macrocycle. To interrogate the relaxivity under different rotatational dynamics regimes, the pendant primary amine was coupled to ibuprofen to enable binding to serum albumin. These chelators 6a and 6b form bis(aqua) ternary complexes with Gd(III) or Tb(III) as estimated from relaxivity measurements or luminescence lifetime measurements in water. The relaxivity of [Gd(6a)(H2O)2] and [Gd(6b)(H2O)2] was measured in the presence and absence of coordinating anions prevalent in vivo such as phosphate, lactate, and bicarbonate and compared with data attained for the q = 2 complex [Gd(DO3A)(H2O)2]. We found that relaxivity was reduced through formation of ternary complexes with lactate and bicarbonate, albeit to a lesser degree then the relaxivity of Gd(DO3A). In the presence of 100-fold excess phosphate, relaxivity was slightly increased and typical for q = 2 complexes of this size (8.3 mM(-1) s(-1) and 9.5 mM(-1) s(-1), respectively, at 37 °C, 60 MHz). Relaxivity for the complexes in the presence of HSA corresponded well to relaxivity obtained for complexes with reduced access for inner-sphere water (13.5 and 12.7 mM(-1) s(-1) at 37 °C, 60 MHz). Mean water residency time at 37 °C was determined using temperature-dependent (17)O-T2 measurements at 11.7 T and calculated to be (310)τM = 23 ± 1 ns for both structural isomers. Kinetic inertness under forcing conditions (pH 3, competing DTPA ligand) was found to be comparable to [Gd(DO3A)(H2O)]. Overall, we found that the replacement of one of the acetate arms of DO3A with an amino-propionate arm does not significantly alter the relaxometric and kinetic inertness properties of the corresponding Gd complexes; however, it does provide access to easily functionalizable q = 2 derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Peter Caravan.
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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45
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Graphical Abstract: Chem. Eur. J. 9/2015. Chemistry 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.404673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Lin X, Zhang Q, Chen J, Kong X, Long LS, Wang C, Lin W. Gadolinium nicotinate clusters as potential MRI contrast agents. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07853e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Three multinuclear gadolinium(iii) clusters were synthesized and characterized, and their potential as MRI contrast agents was evaluated at 7 T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- P. R. China
| | - Qiongqiong Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- P. R. China
| | - Jiahe Chen
- Department of Physics and Electronic Science
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- China
| | - Xiangjian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - La-Sheng Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- P. R. China
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47
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Lin Z, Shelby ML, Hayes D, Fransted KA, Chen LX, Allen MJ. Water-exchange rates of lanthanide ions in an ionic liquid. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:16156-9. [PMID: 25271702 PMCID: PMC11009877 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02492c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The first ligand-exchange rate measurements of lanthanide ions in an ionic liquid are reported here. The trend of water-exchange rates in the ionic liquid is the opposite of the trend in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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48
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Regueiro-Figueroa M, Rolla GA, Esteban-Gómez D, de Blas A, Rodríguez-Blas T, Botta M, Platas-Iglesias C. High Relaxivity Mn2+-Based MRI Contrast Agents. Chemistry 2014; 20:17300-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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49
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Zhu J, Gale EM, Atanasova I, Rietz TA, Caravan P. Hexameric Mn(II) dendrimer as MRI contrast agent. Chemistry 2014; 20:14507-13. [PMID: 25224391 PMCID: PMC4260332 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A Mn(II) chelating dendrimer was prepared as a contrast agent for MRI applications. The dendrimer comprises six tyrosine-derived [Mn(EDTA)(H2 O)](2-) moieties coupled to a cyclotriphosphazene core. Variable temperature (17) O NMR spectroscopy revealed a single water co-ligand per Mn(II) that undergoes fast water exchange (kex =(3.0±0.1)×10(8) s(-1) at 37 °C). The 37 °C per Mn(II) relaxivity ranged from 8.2 to 3.8 mM(-1) s(-1) from 0.47 to 11.7 T, and is sixfold higher on a per molecule basis. From this field dependence a rotational correlation time was estimated as 0.45(±0.02) ns. The imaging and pharmacokinetic properties of the dendrimer were compared to clinically used [Gd(DTPA)(H2 O)](2-) in mice at 4.7 T. On first pass, the higher per ion relaxivity of the dendrimer resulted in twofold greater blood signal than for [Gd(DTPA)(H2 O)](2-) . Blood clearance was fast and elimination occurred through both the renal and hepatobiliary routes. This Mn(II) containing dendrimer represents a potential alternative to Gd-based contrast agents, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease where the use of current Gd-based agents may be contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Deparment of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Masachusetts, USA, 02141
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, North Sichuan Medical College
| | - Eric M. Gale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Deparment of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Masachusetts, USA, 02141
| | - Iliyana Atanasova
- Massachusetts Institue of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 02141
| | - Tyson A. Rietz
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Deparment of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Masachusetts, USA, 02141
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Deparment of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Masachusetts, USA, 02141
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50
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Preslar AT, Parigi G, McClendon MT, Sefick SS, Moyer TJ, Haney CR, Waters EA, MacRenaris KW, Luchinat C, Stupp SI, Meade TJ. Gd(III)-labeled peptide nanofibers for reporting on biomaterial localization in vivo. ACS NANO 2014; 8:7325-32. [PMID: 24937195 PMCID: PMC4216205 DOI: 10.1021/nn502393u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive supramolecular nanostructures are of great importance in regenerative medicine and the development of novel targeted therapies. In order to use supramolecular chemistry to design such nanostructures, it is extremely important to track their fate in vivo through the use of molecular imaging strategies. Peptide amphiphiles (PAs) are known to generate a wide array of supramolecular nanostructures, and there is extensive literature on their use in areas such as tissue regeneration and therapies for disease. We report here on a series of PA molecules based on the well-established β-sheet amino acid sequence V3A3 conjugated to macrocyclic Gd(III) labels for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These conjugates were shown to form cylindrical supramolecular assemblies using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering. Using nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion analysis, we observed that thermal annealing of the nanostructures led to a decrease in water exchange lifetime (τm) of hundreds of nanoseconds only for molecules that self-assemble into nanofibers of high aspect ratio. We interpret this decrease to indicate more solvent exposure to the paramagnetic moiety on annealing, resulting in faster water exchange within angstroms of the macrocycle. We hypothesize that faster water exchange in the nanofiber-forming PAs arises from the dehydration and increase in packing density on annealing. Two of the self-assembling conjugates were selected for imaging PAs after intramuscular injections of the PA C16V3A3E3-NH2 in the tibialis anterior muscle of a murine model. Needle tracts were clearly discernible with MRI at 4 days postinjection. This work establishes Gd(III) macrocycle-conjugated peptide amphiphiles as effective tracking agents for peptide amphiphile materials in vivo over the timescale of days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Preslar
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology and Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Mark T. McClendon
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology and Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Samantha S. Sefick
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology and Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tyson J. Moyer
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology and Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad R. Haney
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology and Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily A. Waters
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology and Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Keith W. MacRenaris
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology and Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology and Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Address correspondence to ,
| | - Thomas J. Meade
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology and Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Address correspondence to ,
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