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Miller-Clark LA, Christ PE, Barbarini BT, Ren T. Bisaryl and Bisalkynyl Diruthenium (III,III) Compounds Based on an Electron-Deficient Building Block. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14871-14879. [PMID: 36082487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is a new series of diruthenium(III,III) bisalkynyl and bisaryl diruthenium(III,III) compounds supported with 2-amino-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridinate (amtfmp). Using Ru2(amtfmp)4Cl2 from a modified preparation, cis 2:2 Ru2(amtfmp)4(C≡CPh)2 (1), cis 2:2 Ru2(amtfmp)4(Ph)2 (2), and 3:1 Ru2(amtfmp)4(Ph)2 (3) were synthesized via a lithium-halogen exchange reaction using LiC2Ph and LiPh, respectively. Compounds 1-3 are all Ru2(III,III) species with a ground-state configuration of π4δ2(π*)4 (S = 0) and were characterized via mass spectrometry, electron absorption and 1H/19F NMR spectroscopies, and voltammetry. The molecular structures of 1-3 were established using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and preliminary density functional theory analysis was performed to elaborate the electronic structures of 1 and 2. Comparisons of the electrochemical properties of 1-3 against the Ru2(amtfmp)4Cl2 starting material reveal cathodic shifts of the Ru27+/6+ oxidation and the Ru26+/5+ and Ru25+/4+ reduction potentials. In comparison to related Ru2(III,III) bisalkynyl and bisaryl compounds, the electrode potentials for 1-3 are anodically shifted up to ca. 0.95 V, highlighting the strong electron-withdrawing nature of the amtfmp ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsy A Miller-Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Peter E Christ
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brian T Barbarini
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tong Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Roy MD, Trenerry MJ, Thakuri B, MacMillan SN, Liptak MD, Lancaster KM, Berry JF. Electronic Structure of Ru 26+ Complexes with Electron-Rich Anilinopyridinate Ligands. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:3443-3457. [PMID: 35175754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diruthenium paddlewheel complexes supported by electron-rich anilinopyridinate (Xap) ligands were synthesized in the course of the first in-depth structural and spectroscopic interrogation of monocationic [Ru2(Xap)4Cl]+ species in the Ru26+ oxidation state. Despite paramagnetism of the compounds, 1H NMR spectroscopy proved highly informative for determining the isomerism of the Ru25+ and Ru26+ compounds. While most compounds are found to have the polar (4,0) geometry, with all four Xap ligands in the same orientation, some synthetic procedures resulted in a mixture of (4,0) and (3,1) isomers, most notably in the case of the parent compound Ru2(ap)4Cl. The isomerism of this compound has been overlooked in previous reports. Electrochemical studies demonstrate that oxidation potentials can be tuned by the installation of electron donating groups to the ligands, increasing accessibility of the Ru26+ oxidation state. The resulting Ru26+ monocations were found to have the expected (π*)2 ground state, and an in-depth study of the electronic transitions by Vis/NIR absorption and MCD spectroscopies with the aid of TD-DFT allowed for the assignment of the electronic spectra. The empty δ* orbital is the major acceptor orbital for the most prominent electronic transitions. Both Ru25+ and Ru26+ compounds were studied by Ru K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy; however, the rising edge energy is insensitive to redox changes in the compounds due to the broad line shape observed for 4d transition metal K-edges. DFT calculations indicate the presence of ligand orbitals at the frontier level, suggesting that further oxidation beyond Ru26+ will be ligand-centered rather than metal-centered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Michael J Trenerry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Biswash Thakuri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Matthew D Liptak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - John F Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Van Caemelbecke E, Phan T, Osterloh WR, Kadish KM. Electrochemistry of metal-metal bonded diruthenium complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Forrest WP, Choudhuri MMR, Kilyanek SM, Natoli SN, Prentice BM, Fanwick PE, Crutchley RJ, Ren T. Synthesis and Electronic Structure of Ru2(Xap)4(Y-gem-DEE) Type Compounds: Effect of Cross-Conjugation. Inorg Chem 2015. [PMID: 26204103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reported in this Article are the preparation and characterization of a series of new Ru2(II,III) compounds bearing one cross-conjugated σ-geminal-diethynylethene ligand (gem-DEE), namely, Ru2(Xap)4(Y-gem-DEE) (Xap = N,N'-anilinopyridinate (ap) or 2-(3,5-dimethoxy)anilinopyridinate (DiMeOap), and Y = Si(i)Pr3 (1) or H (2)) and [Ru2(ap)4]2(μ-gem-DEE) (3). Compounds 1-3 were characterized by spectroscopic and voltammetric techniques as well as the single crystal X-ray diffraction study of 2a. The X-ray structural data of 2a and the spectroscopic/voltammetric data of compounds 1 and 2 indicate that the gem-DEE ligands are similar to simple alkynyls in their effects on the molecular and electronic structures of the Ru2(Xap)4 moiety. Similar to the previously studied [Ru2(ap)4]2(μ-C2n) type compounds, dimer 3 exhibits pairwise 1e(-) oxidations and reductions, albeit the potential splits within the pair (ΔE1/2) are significantly smaller than those of [Ru2(ap)4]2(μ-C4). The electronic absorption spectra of the reduced and oxidized derivatives of 1a and 3 were determined using spectroelectrochemistry methods. No discernible intervalence charge transfer transition (IVCT) was detected in the near-IR spectrum for either 3(-) or 3(+), suggesting that the Ru2-Ru2 coupling in these mixed-valence states is weak. DFT calculations on a model compound of 3 yielded six singly occupied molecular orbitals (SOMOs), which have Ru2 contributions similar to those previously calculated for the [Ru2(ap)4]2(μ-C2n) type compounds. Among six SOMOs, SOMO-2 is the only one containing substantial dπ-π(gem-DEE) character across the entire Ru2-μ-gem-DEE-Ru2 linkage, which explains the weakened Ru2-Ru2 coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Forrest
- †Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Stefan M Kilyanek
- §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayettesville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Sean N Natoli
- †Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Boone M Prentice
- †Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Phillip E Fanwick
- †Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Robert J Crutchley
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Tong Ren
- †Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Manowong M, Van Caemelbecke E, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Bear JL, Kadish KM, Torres T. Synthesis and characterization of bis-[PcRu(CO)][Ru2(ap)4(C≡CC5H4N)2]. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424613501228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A tetra-ruthenium complex containing two ruthenium(II) phthalocyanines and one metal–metal bonded diruthenium(III,III) unit was synthesized and investigated as to its electrochemical and spectroscopic properties in non-aqueous media. The title compound, represented as bis-[ PcRu ( CO )]-[ Ru 2( ap )4( C ≡ CC 5 H 4 N )2], where ap = 2-anilinopyridinate anion and Pc = the dianion of tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanine, was assembled by axial coordination of two PcRu ( CO ) macrocycles to pyridine groups of the complex which were themselves linked to the diruthenium(III,III) unit via alkyne groups. The tetra-ruthenium complex was characterized in solution and in the solid state by 1 H NMR, UV-visible and IR spectroscopies, mass spectrometry and cyclic voltammetry while thin-layer UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry was used to study the site of electron transfer. Eight redox processes occur in CH 2 Cl 2 or benzonitrile, four of which can be assigned to the macrocycles of PcRu ( CO ) and four to the central diruthenium unit of the molecule. The electrochemical and spectroscopic data suggest a weak electronic interaction between the diruthenium unit of [ Ru 2( ap )4( C ≡ CC 5 H 4 N )2] and the two externally linked Ru ( II ) phthalocyanines of the title compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machima Manowong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
| | - Eric Van Caemelbecke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Houston Baptist University, Houston, TX 77074-3298, USA
| | | | - John L. Bear
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Ngubane S, Kadish KM, Bear JL, Van Caemelbecke E, Thuriere A, Ramirez KP. Synthesis, structure, and electrochemical characterization of a mixed-ligand diruthenium(III,II) complex with an unusual arrangement of the bridging ligands. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:3571-80. [PMID: 23283183 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32715e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mixed-ligand metal-metal bonded diruthenium complex having the formula Ru(2)(2,4,6-(CH(3))(3)ap)(3)(O(2)CCH(3))Cl where ap is the anilinopyridinate anion was synthesized from the reaction of Ru(2)(O(2)CCH(3))(4)Cl and H(2,4,6-(CH(3))(3)ap), after which the isolated product was structurally, spectroscopically and electrochemically characterized. The crystal structure reveals an unusual arrangement of the bridging ligands around the dimetal unit where one ruthenium atom is coordinated to one anilino and two pyridyl nitrogen atoms while the other ruthenium atom is coordinated to one pyridyl and two anilino nitrogen atoms. To our knowledge, Ru(2)(2,4,6-(CH(3))(3)ap)(3)(O(2)CCH(3))Cl is the only example of a mixed-ligand diruthenium complex of the type [Ru(2)L(3)(O(2)CCH(3))](+), where L is an unsymmetrical anionic bridging ligand that has been structurally characterized with a "(2,1)" geometric conformation of the bridging ligands, all others being "(3,0)". The initial Ru(2)(5+) compound in CH(2)Cl(2) or CH(3)CN containing 0.1 M tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) undergoes up to four one-electron redox processes involving the dimetal unit. The Ru(2)(5+/4+) and Ru(2)(5+/6+) processes were characterized under N(2) using thin-layer UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry and this data is compared to UV-visible spectral changes obtained during similar electrode reactions for related diruthenium compounds having the formula Ru(2)L(4)Cl or Ru(2)L(3)(O(2)CCH(3))Cl where L is an anionic bridging ligand. Ru(2)(2,4,6-(CH(3))(3)ap)(3)(O(2)CCH(3))Cl was also examined by UV-visible and FTIR spectroelectrochemistry under a CO atmosphere and two singly reduced Ru(2)(4+) species, [Ru(2)(2,4,6-(CH(3))(3)ap)(3)(O(2)CCH(3))(CO)Cl](-) and Ru(2)(2,4,6-(CH(3))(3)ap)(3)(O(2)CCH(3))(CO) were in situ generated for further characterization. The CO-bound complexes could be further reduced and exhibited additional reductions to their Ru(2)(3+) and Ru(2)(2+) oxidation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyabonga Ngubane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5641, USA
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del Río MP, López JA, Ciriano MA, Tejel C. Connecting CC Bonds to Tetrairidium Chains. Chemistry 2013; 19:4707-11. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cao Z, Forrest WP, Gao Y, Fanwick PE, Ren T. trans-[Fe(cyclam)(C2R)2]+: A New Family of Iron(III) Bis-Alkynyl Compounds. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300515r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - William P. Forrest
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Phillip E. Fanwick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tong Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Cummings SP, Geanes AR, Fanwick PE, Kharlamova A, Ren T. Diruthenium σ-iminophenylacetylide complexes from on-complex Schiff base condensation. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Li X, Zha MQ, Gao SY, Low PJ, Wu YZ, Gan N, Cao R. Synthesis, photoluminescence, catalysis and multilayer film assembly of an ethynylpyridine platinum compound. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ce00382d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Organometallic Complexes of Aminopyridines. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385464-3.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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12
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Cummings SP, Cao Z, Liskey CW, Geanes AR, Fanwick PE, Hassell KM, Ren T. Diruthenium Phenylacetylide Complexes Bearing para-/meta-Amino Phenyl Substituents. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100263c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven P. Cummings
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Zhi Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Carl W. Liskey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Alex R. Geanes
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Phillip E. Fanwick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Kerry M. Hassell
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Tong Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Añez E, Herrero S, Jiménez-Aparicio R, Priego JL, Torres MR, Urbanos FA. Controlling the electronic density of the [Ru2(DPhF)3(O2CR)]+ core to obtain one-dimensional compounds. Polyhedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kadish KM, Garcia R, Phan T, Wellhoff J, Van Caemelbecke E, Bear JL. Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of a Series of Mixed-Ligand Diruthenium Compounds. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:11423-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ic8017369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl M. Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, Department of Chemistry, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas 77004, and Houston Baptist University, 7502 Fondren Road, Houston, Texas 77074-3298
| | - Rachel Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, Department of Chemistry, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas 77004, and Houston Baptist University, 7502 Fondren Road, Houston, Texas 77074-3298
| | - Tuan Phan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, Department of Chemistry, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas 77004, and Houston Baptist University, 7502 Fondren Road, Houston, Texas 77074-3298
| | - Julien Wellhoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, Department of Chemistry, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas 77004, and Houston Baptist University, 7502 Fondren Road, Houston, Texas 77074-3298
| | - Eric Van Caemelbecke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, Department of Chemistry, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas 77004, and Houston Baptist University, 7502 Fondren Road, Houston, Texas 77074-3298
| | - John L. Bear
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, Department of Chemistry, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas 77004, and Houston Baptist University, 7502 Fondren Road, Houston, Texas 77074-3298
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