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Hong CN, Yan M, Borodin O, Pollard TP, Wu L, Reiter M, Vazquez DG, Trapp K, Yoo JM, Shpigel N, Feldblyum JI, Lukatskaya MR. Robust battery interphases from dilute fluorinated cations. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2024; 17:4137-4146. [PMID: 38899028 PMCID: PMC11185048 DOI: 10.1039/d4ee00296b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Controlling solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in batteries is crucial for their efficient cycling. Herein, we demonstrate an approach to enable robust battery performance that does not rely on high fractions of fluorinated species in electrolytes, thus substantially decreasing the environmental footprint and cost of high-energy batteries. In this approach, we use very low fractions of readily reducible fluorinated cations in electrolyte (∼0.1 wt%) and employ electrostatic attraction to generate a substantial population of these cations at the anode surface. As a result, we can form a robust fluorine-rich SEI that allows for dendrite-free deposition of dense Li and stable cycling of Li-metal full cells with high-voltage cathodes. Our approach represents a general strategy for delivering desired chemical species to battery anodes through electrostatic attraction while using minute amounts of additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulgi Nathan Hong
- Electrochemical Energy Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich Zürich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Mengwen Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Oleg Borodin
- Battery Science Branch, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory Adelphi MD 20783 USA
| | - Travis P Pollard
- Battery Science Branch, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory Adelphi MD 20783 USA
| | - Langyuan Wu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University Ariel 40700 Israel
| | - Manuel Reiter
- Electrochemical Energy Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich Zürich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Dario Gomez Vazquez
- Electrochemical Energy Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich Zürich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Katharina Trapp
- Electrochemical Energy Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich Zürich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Ji Mun Yoo
- Electrochemical Energy Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich Zürich 8092 Switzerland
| | - Netanel Shpigel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University Ariel 40700 Israel
| | - Jeremy I Feldblyum
- Department of Chemistry, The University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Maria R Lukatskaya
- Electrochemical Energy Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich Zürich 8092 Switzerland
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2
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Roncero-Barrero C, Ribas-Ariño J, Moreira IDPR, Deumal M. Magnetic coupling and spin ordering in bisdithiazolyl, thiaselenazolyl, and bisdiselenazolyl molecular materials. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13032-13045. [PMID: 35968924 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of purely organic materials is a promising approach for the miniaturization of devices due to their interesting optical, electronic and magnetic properties. Bisdithiazolyl-based bisDTA compounds have emerged as promising candidates for radical-based single component conductors exhibiting simultaneously magnetic properties. Our computational work focuses on the intriguing magnetism of 4 isostructural pyridine-bridged bisDTA-multifunctional materials triggered by their magnetic and conducting properties being strongly dependent on the different S/Se ratios in the neutral radical skeleton: specifically, bisdithiazolyl (S,S) displays no magnetic order at low temperatures, thiaselenazolyl (Se,S) exhibits spin-canted antiferromagnetism (AFM), and both (S,Se) and bisdiselenazolyl (Se,Se) behave as bulk ferromagnets (FM). Our results reveal that (1) the magnetic response depends on the existence of an intricate network of both AFM and FM spin exchange JAB couplings between neighbouring radicals; and (2) the structural arrangement of π-stacked pairs of radicals sits on a point in the configurational space that is very close to a crossover region where JAB switches from AFM to FM. Indeed, for bulk FM, the experimental response is only accounted for when considering an ab initio optimised crystal structure able to portray adequately the electronic structure of bisDTAs in the region close to the temperature at which magnetic ordering emerges. Magneto-structural correlation maps show the large sensitivity of JAB to very small structural changes with temperature along the π-stacks that lead to drastic changes in the magnetic properties. Clearly, the understanding of magnetism in the title bisDTA compounds is decisive to rationally tailor the properties of multifunctional materials by subtle structural modifications of their crystal packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roncero-Barrero
- Secció Química Física, Dept. Ciència de Materials i Química Física, and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J Ribas-Ariño
- Secció Química Física, Dept. Ciència de Materials i Química Física, and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - I de P R Moreira
- Secció Química Física, Dept. Ciència de Materials i Química Física, and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Deumal
- Secció Química Física, Dept. Ciència de Materials i Química Física, and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Roncero-Barrero C, Ribas-Ariño J, Deumal M, Moreira IDPR. Electronic structure and magnetic coupling in selenium substituted pyridine-bridged bisdithiazolyl multifunctional molecular materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12196-12207. [PMID: 35551353 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00415a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisdithiazolyl radicals have furnished in recent years multiple examples of molecular materials with promising conductive and magnetic properties. The electronic band structure and magnetic ordering in four different isostructural pyridine-bridged bisdithiazolyl and Selenium substituted compounds have been studied by means of hybrid DFT based methods as implemented in the CRYSTAL code. The full rationalization of the properties of these multifunctional magnetic molecular materials requires a careful description of their complex open-shell electronic structure. The results describe the systems as narrow band (0.2-0.3 eV dispersion) open-shell semiconductors with a gap of 1.15-1.40 eV between the valence and conducting bands. The bands defining the insulating gap are dominated by orbital contributions arising from the heteroatoms sitting in the outer rings. A low energy closed-shell metallic solution is found at 0.25-0.35 eV above the magnetic solutions thus suggesting a complex mechanism for electric conduction with band and hopping contributions. The observed trend of the conductivity is in line with the variation of the insulating gap but more rigorous modelling is required to take into account the details of the band structure of the systems. For all the systems the spin density is well localised on the molecular units and is independent of the magnetic solution. Thus the system can be described as an ensemble of well-defined S = 1/2 magnetic centres using a two-body Heisenberg-Dirac-van Vleck spin Hamiltonian. The lowest energy electronic solutions are in line with the observed magnetic behaviour at low temperature. The set of competing magnetic exchange interactions that emerges from using a suitable mapping to consistently describe the low energy magnetic solutions explains the variety of magnetic responses (absence of long-range magnetic order, antiferromagnetism or ferromagnetism) of the four studied compounds at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Roncero-Barrero
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ribas-Ariño
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Deumal
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ibério de P R Moreira
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Volkova YM, Makarov AY, Pritchina EA, Gritsan NP, Zibarev AV. Herz radicals: chemistry and materials science. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Tse JS. A chemical perspective on high pressure crystal structures and properties. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:149-169. [PMID: 34692029 PMCID: PMC8289026 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The general availability of third generation synchrotron sources has ushered in a new era of high pressure research. The crystal structure of materials under compression can now be determined by X-ray diffraction using powder samples and, more recently, from multi-nano single crystal diffraction. Concurrently, these experimental advancements are accompanied by a rapid increase in computational capacity and capability, enabling the application of sophisticated quantum calculations to explore a variety of material properties. One of the early surprises is the finding that simple metallic elements do not conform to the general expectation of adopting 3D close-pack structures at high pressure. Instead, many novel open structures have been identified with no known analogues at ambient pressure. The occurrence of these structural types appears to be random with no rules governing their formation. The adoption of an open structure at high pressure suggested the presence of directional bonds. Therefore, a localized atomic hybrid orbital description of the chemical bonding may be appropriate. Here, the theoretical foundation and experimental evidence supporting this approach to the elucidation of the high pressure crystal structures of group I and II elements and polyhydrides are reviewed. It is desirable and advantageous to extend and apply established chemical principles to the study of the chemistry and chemical bonding of materials at high pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Tse
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
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6
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Rakitin OA, Zibarev AV. Synthesis and Applications of 5‐Membered Chalcogen‐Nitrogen π‐Heterocycles with Three Heteroatoms. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A. Rakitin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Moscow Russia
- Nanotechnology Education and Research CenterSouth Ural State University 454080 Chelyabinsk Russia
| | - Andrey V. Zibarev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic ChemistrySiberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of ChemistryNational Research University – Tomsk State University 634050 Tomsk Russia
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7
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Makarov AY, Bagryanskaya IY, Volkova YM, Shakirov MM, Zibarev AV. Salts of Sterically Hindered Chalcogen-Varied Herz Cations Including Those with [Te3
Cl14
]2-
and [Te4
Cl18
]2-
Anions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201701470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yu. Makarov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Irina Yu. Bagryanskaya
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences; Novosibirsk State University; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Yulia M. Volkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Makhmut M. Shakirov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Andrey V. Zibarev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Physics; Novosibirsk State University; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
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8
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Mahmudov KT, Kopylovich MN, Guedes da Silva MFC, Pombeiro AJL. Chalcogen bonding in synthesis, catalysis and design of materials. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:10121-10138. [PMID: 28686248 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01685a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chalcogen bonding is a type of noncovalent interaction in which a covalently bonded chalcogen atom (O, S, Se or Te) acts as an electrophilic species towards a nucleophilic (negative) region(s) in another or in the same molecule. In general, this interaction is strengthened by the presence of an electron-withdrawing group on the electron-acceptor chalcogen atom and upon moving down in the periodic table of elements, from O to Te. Following a short discussion of the phenomenon of chalcogen bonding, this Perspective presents some demonstrative experimental observations in which this bonding is crucial for synthetic transformations, crystal engineering, catalysis and design of materials as synthons/tectons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran T Mahmudov
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal. and Department of Chemistry, Baku State University, Z. Xalilov Str. 23, Az 1148 Baku, Azerbaijan and Organic Chemistry Department, RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Maximilian N Kopylovich
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M Fátima C Guedes da Silva
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Armando J L Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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9
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Melen RL, Less RJ, Pask CM, Rawson JM. Structural Studies of Perfluoroaryldiselenadiazolyl Radicals: Insights into Dithiadiazolyl Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:11747-11759. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Melen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Robert J. Less
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Christopher M. Pask
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jeremy M. Rawson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
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10
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Constantinides CP, Koutentis PA. Stable N- and N/S-Rich Heterocyclic Radicals. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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12
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Lekin K, Phan H, Winter SM, Wong JWL, Leitch AA, Laniel D, Yong W, Secco RA, Tse JS, Desgreniers S, Dube PA, Shatruk M, Oakley RT. Heat, Pressure and Light-Induced Interconversion of Bisdithiazolyl Radicals and Dimers. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8050-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ja502753t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lekin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hoa Phan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Stephen M. Winter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Joanne W. L. Wong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Alicea A. Leitch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dominique Laniel
- Department
of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Wenjun Yong
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Richard A. Secco
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - John S. Tse
- Department
of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Serge Desgreniers
- Department
of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Paul A. Dube
- Brockhouse
Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Michael Shatruk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Richard T. Oakley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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13
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Konstantinova LS, Rakitin OA. Sulfur monochloride in organic synthesis. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n03abeh004354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Awaga K, Nomura K, Kishida H, Fujita W, Yoshikawa H, Matsushita MM, Hu L, Shuku Y, Suizu R. Electron-Transfer Processes in Highly-Correlated Electron Systems of Thiazyl Radicals. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Awaga
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University
- CREST, Nagoya University
| | - Kenji Nomura
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University
| | - Hideo Kishida
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
| | - Wataru Fujita
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University
| | - Hirofumi Yoshikawa
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University
| | - Michio M. Matsushita
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University
| | - Laigui Hu
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University
| | - Yoshiaki Shuku
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University
| | - Rie Suizu
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University
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15
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Mó O, Lamsabhi AM, Yáñez M, Heverly-Coulson GS, Boyd RJ. Dramatic substituent effects on the mechanisms of nucleophilic attack on Se-S bridges. J Comput Chem 2013; 34:2537-47. [PMID: 24037744 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of XSeSX, XSeSY, and YSeSX (X, Y = CH3, NH2, OH, F) with F(-) and CN(-) nucleophiles have been investigated by means of B3PW91/6-311+G(2df,p) and G4 calculations. In systems where the two substituents are not identical (XSeSY), the more stable of the two possible isomers corresponds to those in which the most electronegative substituent is attached to Se. Nucleophilic attack takes place at Se, independent of the nature of the nucleophile, with the only exception being XSeSF (X = CH3 , NH2 , OH), in which case the attack occurs at S. In agreement with recent results for disulfide and diselenide linkages, the mechanisms leading to Se-S bond cleavage are not always the more favorable ones because for highly electronegative substituents the most favorable process is fission of the chalcogen-substituent bond. These dissimilarities in the observed reactivity pattern as a function of the electronegativity of the substituents are due to the fact that the σ-type Se-S antibonding orbital, which for low-electronegative substituents is the lowest unnoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), becomes strongly destabilized when the electronegativity of the substituent increases, and is replaced by an antibonding π-type Se-X (or S-X) orbital. In contrast, however, with what has been found for disulfide and diselenide derivatives, the observed reactivity does not change with the nature of the nucleophile. The activation strain model provides interesting insight into these processes, showing that in most cases the activation barriers are the consequence of subtle differences in the strain or in the interaction energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otilia Mó
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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16
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Makarov AY, Blockhuys F, Bagryanskaya IY, Gatilov YV, Shakirov MM, Zibarev AV. Experimental and computational study on the structure and properties of Herz cations and radicals: 1,2,3-benzodithiazolium, 1,2,3-benzodithiazolyl, and their Se congeners. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:3699-710. [PMID: 23510205 DOI: 10.1021/ic302203t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Salts of 1,2,3-benzodithiazolium (1), 2,1,3-benzothiaselenazolium (3), and 1,2,3-benzodiselenazolium (4) (Herz cations), namely, [1][BF4], [1][SbCl6], [3][BF4], [3][GaCl4], [3][SbCl6], and [4][GaCl4], were prepared from the corresponding chlorides and NaBF4, GaCl3, or SbCl5. It was found that [1][SbCl6] and [3][SbCl6] spontaneously transform in MeCN solution to [1]3[SbCl6]2[Cl] and [3]3[SbCl6]2[Cl], respectively. [1][BF4], [1]3[SbCl6]2[Cl], [3][BF4], [3]3[SbCl6]2[Cl], and [4][GaCl4] were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). In solution, these [BF4](-) and [GaCl4](-) salts as well as [1][GaCl4], [2][GaCl4], [3][GaCl4], [3][Cl], and [4][Cl] were characterized by multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The corresponding Herz radicals 1(•)-4(•) were obtained in toluene and DCM solutions by the reduction of the appropriate salts with Ph3Sb and characterized by EPR. Cations 1-4 and radicals 1(•)-4(•) were investigated computationally at the density functional theory (DFT) and second-order Møller-Plesset (MP2) levels of theory. The B1B95/cc-pVTZ method was found to satisfactorily reproduce the experimental geometries of 1-4; an increase in the basis set size to cc-pVQZ results in only minor changes. For both 1-4 and 1(•)-4(•), the Hirshfeld charges and bond orders, as well as the Hirshfeld spin densities for the radicals, were calculated using the B1B95/cc-pVQZ method. It was found for both the cations and the radicals that replacing S atoms with Se atoms leads to considerable changes in the atomic charges, bond lengths, and bond orders only at the involved and the neighboring sites. According to the calculations, 60% of the positive charge in the cations and 80% of the spin density in the radicals is localized on the heterocycles, with the spin density distributions being very similar for all radicals 1(•)-4(•). For the cations 1-4, the NICS values (B3LYP/cc-pVTZ for B1B95/cc-pVTZ geometries) lie in the narrow range from -5.5 ppm to -6.6 ppm for the carbocycles, and from -14.4 ppm to -15.5 ppm for heterocycles, clearly indicating the aromaticity of the cations. Calculations on radical dimers [1(•)]2-[4(•)]2 revealed, with only one exception, positive dimerization energies, i.e., the dimers are inherently unstable in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yu Makarov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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18
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Lekin K, Wong JWL, Winter SM, Mailman A, Dube PA, Oakley RT. Bisdithiazolyl Radical Spin Ladders. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:2188-98. [DOI: 10.1021/ic302658c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lekin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1,
Canada
| | - Joanne W. L. Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1,
Canada
| | - Stephen M. Winter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1,
Canada
| | - Aaron Mailman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1,
Canada
| | - Paul A. Dube
- Brockhouse Institute
for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Richard T. Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1,
Canada
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Lekin K, Winter SM, Downie LE, Bao X, Tse JS, Desgreniers S, Secco RA, Dube PA, Oakley RT. Hysteretic spin crossover between a bisdithiazolyl radical and its hypervalent σ-dimer. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:16212-24. [PMID: 20964332 DOI: 10.1021/ja106768z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The bisdithiazolyl radical 1a is dimorphic, existing in two distinct molecular and crystal modifications. The α-phase crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P4̅2(1)m and consists of π-stacked radicals, tightly clustered about 4̅ points and running parallel to c. The β-phase belongs to the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c and, at ambient temperature and pressure, is composed of π-stacked dimers in which the radicals are linked laterally by hypervalent four-center six-electron S···S-S···S σ-bonds. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility χ measurements confirm that α-1a behaves as a Curie-Weiss paramagnet; the low-temperature variations in χ can be modeled in terms of a 1D Heisenberg chain of weakly coupled AFM S = (1)/(2) centers. The dimeric phase β-1a is essentially diamagnetic up to 380 K. Above this temperature there is a sharp hysteretic (T↑= 380 K, T↓ = 375 K) increase in χ and χT. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis of β-1a at 393 K has established that the phase transition corresponds to a dimer-to-radical conversion in which the hypervalent S···S-S···S σ-bond is cleaved. Variable-temperature and -pressure conductivity measurements indicate that α-1a behaves as a Mott insulator, but the ambient-temperature conductivity σ(RT) increases from near 10(-7) S cm(-1) at 0.5 GPa to near 10(-4) S cm(-1) at 5 GPa. The value of σ(RT) for β-1a (near 10(-4) S cm(-1) at 0.5 GPa) initially decreases with pressure as the phase change takes place, but beyond 1.5 GPa this trend reverses, and σ(RT) increases in a manner which parallels the behavior of α-1a. These changes in conductivity of β-1a are interpreted in terms of a pressure-induced dimer-to-radical phase change. High-pressure, ambient-temperature powder diffraction analysis of β-1a confirms such a transition between 0.65 and 0.98 GPa and establishes that the structural change involves rupture of the dimer in a manner akin to that observed at high temperature and ambient pressure. The response of the S···S-S···S σ-bond in β-1a to heat and pressure is compared to that of related dimers possessing S···Se-Se···S σ-bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lekin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Tse JS, Leitch AA, Yu X, Bao X, Zhang S, Liu Q, Jin C, Secco RA, Desgreniers S, Ohishi Y, Oakley RT. Metallization of a Hypervalent Radical Dimer: Molecular and Band Perspectives. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:4876-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ja100216c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John S. Tse
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada, and Materials Science Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation
| | - Alicea A. Leitch
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada, and Materials Science Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation
| | - Xueyang Yu
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada, and Materials Science Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation
| | - Xuezhao Bao
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada, and Materials Science Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada, and Materials Science Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada, and Materials Science Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation
| | - Changqing Jin
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada, and Materials Science Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation
| | - Richard A. Secco
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada, and Materials Science Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation
| | - Serge Desgreniers
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada, and Materials Science Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation
| | - Yasuo Ohishi
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada, and Materials Science Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation
| | - Richard T. Oakley
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China, Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada, and Materials Science Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation
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