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Chatenet M, Pollet BG, Dekel DR, Dionigi F, Deseure J, Millet P, Braatz RD, Bazant MZ, Eikerling M, Staffell I, Balcombe P, Shao-Horn Y, Schäfer H. Water electrolysis: from textbook knowledge to the latest scientific strategies and industrial developments. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4583-4762. [PMID: 35575644 PMCID: PMC9332215 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01079k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Replacing fossil fuels with energy sources and carriers that are sustainable, environmentally benign, and affordable is amongst the most pressing challenges for future socio-economic development. To that goal, hydrogen is presumed to be the most promising energy carrier. Electrocatalytic water splitting, if driven by green electricity, would provide hydrogen with minimal CO2 footprint. The viability of water electrolysis still hinges on the availability of durable earth-abundant electrocatalyst materials and the overall process efficiency. This review spans from the fundamentals of electrocatalytically initiated water splitting to the very latest scientific findings from university and institutional research, also covering specifications and special features of the current industrial processes and those processes currently being tested in large-scale applications. Recently developed strategies are described for the optimisation and discovery of active and durable materials for electrodes that ever-increasingly harness first-principles calculations and machine learning. In addition, a technoeconomic analysis of water electrolysis is included that allows an assessment of the extent to which a large-scale implementation of water splitting can help to combat climate change. This review article is intended to cross-pollinate and strengthen efforts from fundamental understanding to technical implementation and to improve the 'junctions' between the field's physical chemists, materials scientists and engineers, as well as stimulate much-needed exchange among these groups on challenges encountered in the different domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Chatenet
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering and Management University Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno G Pollet
- Hydrogen Energy and Sonochemistry Research group, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Green Hydrogen Lab, Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Dario R Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Fabio Dionigi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Deseure
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering and Management University Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Millet
- Paris-Saclay University, ICMMO (UMR 8182), 91400 Orsay, France
- Elogen, 8 avenue du Parana, 91940 Les Ulis, France
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Michael Eikerling
- Chair of Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Intzestraße 5, 52072 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-13: Modelling and Simulation of Materials in Energy Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Iain Staffell
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Balcombe
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Renewable Energy, School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yang Shao-Horn
- Research Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Helmut Schäfer
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, The Electrochemical Energy and Catalysis Group, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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Gutiérrez A, Perpiñán MF, Sánchez AE, Torralba MC, González V. Water inclusion mediated structural diversity and the role of H-bonds in molecular assemblies of manganese(III) bicompartmental Schiff-base complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Alaimo AA, Takahashi D, Cunha-Silva L, Christou G, Stamatatos TC. Emissive {Mn4IIICa} Clusters with Square Pyramidal Topologies: Syntheses and Structural, Spectroscopic, and Physicochemical Characterization. Inorg Chem 2014; 54:2137-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502492x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alysha A. Alaimo
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines L2S 3A1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Luís Cunha-Silva
- REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - George Christou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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Mikuriya M, Nagao N, Kurahashi S, Tabuchi A, Tomohara S, Tsuboi M, Yoshioka D, Sakiyama H, Fuyuhiro A. Mixed-Valent Tetranuclear MnIImnIII3 Complex with 1,3-Diamino-2-Hydroxypropane-N,N’,N”,N”’-Tetraacetic Acid. CHEMISTRY JOURNAL OF MOLDOVA 2014. [DOI: 10.19261/cjm.2014.09(1).12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Benniston AC, Melnic S, Turta C, Arauzo AB, Bartolomé J, Bartolomé E, Harrington RW, Probert MR. Preparation and properties of a calcium(ii)-based molecular chain decorated with manganese(ii) butterfly-like complexes. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:13349-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01518e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The room temperature reaction of [Mn2O2(bipy)4](ClO4)3 (bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine) with Ca(CHCl2COO)2 in methanol produced a yellow crystalline material.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Benniston
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S. Melnic
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academy of Sciences of Moldova
- Chisinau, Moldova
| | - C. Turta
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academy of Sciences of Moldova
- Chisinau, Moldova
| | - A. B. Arauzo
- Servicio de Medidas Físicas
- Universidad de Zaragoza
- 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J. Bartolomé
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada
- CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza
- 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - E. Bartolomé
- Escola Universitària Salesiana de Sarrià (EUSS)
- 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. W. Harrington
- Crystallography Laboratory
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - M. R. Probert
- Crystallography Laboratory
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Wöckel S, Gałęzowska J, Dechert S, Meyer‐Klaucke W, Nordlander E, Meyer F. Zinc Complexes of a Bioinspired Binucleating Ligand Platform – Equilibria in Solution and Structures in the Solid State. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Wöckel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg August University Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Fax: +49‐551‐39‐3063, http://www.meyer.chemie.uni‐goettingen.de
| | - Joanna Gałęzowska
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg August University Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Fax: +49‐551‐39‐3063, http://www.meyer.chemie.uni‐goettingen.de
- New address: Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wrocław Medical University, Szewska 38, 50‐139 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg August University Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Fax: +49‐551‐39‐3063, http://www.meyer.chemie.uni‐goettingen.de
| | - Wolfram Meyer‐Klaucke
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Ebbe Nordlander
- Inorganic Chemistry Research Group, Chemical Physics, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg August University Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Fax: +49‐551‐39‐3063, http://www.meyer.chemie.uni‐goettingen.de
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Koumousi ES, Mukherjee S, Beavers CM, Teat SJ, Christou G, Stamatatos TC. Towards models of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II: a Mn4Ca cluster of relevance to low oxidation states of the OEC. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11128-30. [PMID: 21904743 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13770k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic access has been achieved into high oxidation state Mn/Ca chemistry with the 4 : 1 Mn : Ca stoichiometry of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of plants and cyanobacteria; the anion of (Et(3)NH)(2)[Mn(III)(4)Ca(O(2)CPh)(4)(shi)(4)] has a square pyramidal metal topology and an S = 0 ground state.
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Yuan N, Sheng T, Tian C, Hu S, Fu R, Zhu Q, Tan C, Wu X. Syntheses, structures and properties of three-dimensional lanthanide frameworks constructed with a trigonal anti-prismatic lanthanide cluster. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ce00848f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kantacha A, Buchholz R, Smith SJ, Schenk G, Gahan LR. Phosphate ester cleavage promoted by a tetrameric iron(III) complex. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 16:25-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Li N, Wang M, Ma CB, Hu MQ, Zhou RW, Chen H, Chen CN. Synthesis and characterization of a new 2D trimetallic Mn/Ca/Na complex. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2010.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mezei G, Zaleski CM, Pecoraro VL. Structural and Functional Evolution of Metallacrowns. Chem Rev 2007; 107:4933-5003. [PMID: 17999555 DOI: 10.1021/cr078200h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gellert Mezei
- Department of Chemistry, Willard H. Dow Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108-1005, and Department of Chemistry, Franklin Science Center, Shippensburg University, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania 17257-2200
| | - Curtis M. Zaleski
- Department of Chemistry, Willard H. Dow Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108-1005, and Department of Chemistry, Franklin Science Center, Shippensburg University, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania 17257-2200
| | - Vincent L. Pecoraro
- Department of Chemistry, Willard H. Dow Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108-1005, and Department of Chemistry, Franklin Science Center, Shippensburg University, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania 17257-2200
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12
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Boudalis AK, Aston RE, Smith SJ, Mirams RE, Riley MJ, Schenk G, Blackman AG, Hanton LR, Gahan LR. Synthesis and characterization of the tetranuclear iron(III) complex of a new asymmetric multidentate ligand. A structural model for purple acid phosphatases. Dalton Trans 2007:5132-9. [PMID: 17985020 DOI: 10.1039/b709293h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ligand, 2-((2-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-((pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)methyl)benzyl)(2-hydroxybenzyl)amino)acetic acid (H(3)HPBA), which contains a donor atom set that mimics that of the active site of purple acid phosphatase is described. Reaction of H(3)HPBA with iron(III) or iron(II) salts results in formation of the tetranuclear complex, [Fe(4)(HPBA)(2)(OAc)(2)(mu-O)(mu-OH)(OH(2))(2)]ClO(4) x 5H(2)O. X-Ray structural analysis reveals the cation consists of four iron(III) ions, two HPBA(3-) ligands, two bridging acetate ligands, a bridging oxide ion and a bridging hydroxide ion. Each binucleating HPBA(3-) ligand coordinates two structurally distinct hexacoordinate iron(III) ions. The two metal ions coordinated to a HPBA(3-) ligand are linked to the two iron(III) metal ions of a second, similar binuclear unit by intramolecular oxide and hydroxide bridging moieties to form a tetramer. The complex has been further characterised by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, UV-vis and MCD spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, magnetic susceptibility measurements and variable-temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios K Boudalis
- Institute of Materials Science, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
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13
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Homo- and hetero-metallic manganese citrate complexes: Syntheses, crystal structures and magnetic properties. Polyhedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2005.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal SK, Bhaduri S, Armstrong WH. Manganese clusters with relevance to photosystem II. Chem Rev 2005; 104:3981-4026. [PMID: 15352784 DOI: 10.1021/cr0206014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Eugene F Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860, USA
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Mishra A, Wernsdorfer W, Abboud KA, Christou G. The first high oxidation state manganese–calcium cluster: relevance to the water oxidizing complex of photosynthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:54-6. [PMID: 15614370 DOI: 10.1039/b413680b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic entry has been achieved into high oxidation state Mn-Ca cluster chemistry with the preparation of [Mn(13)Ca(2)O(10)(OH)(2)(OMe)(2)(O(2)CPh)(18)(H(2)O)(4)]; the structure contains [Mn(4)CaO(4)] sub-units similar to that found in the photosynthetic water oxidizing complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhudaya Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA
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Zhong W, Parkinson JA, Parsons S, Oswald IDH, Coxall RA, Sadler PJ. Structure and dynamics of dinuclear zirconium(IV) complexes. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:3561-72. [PMID: 15180408 DOI: 10.1021/ic049932k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have determined by X-ray crystallography the structures of three dinuclear zirconium(IV) complexes containing the heptadentate ligand dhpta (where H(5)dhpta = 1,3-diamino-2-propanol-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, 1) and different countercations: K(2)[Zr(2)(dhpta)(2)].5H(2)O (2.5H(2)O), Na(2)[Zr(2)(dhpta)(2)].7H(2)O.C(2)H(5)OH (3.7H(2)O.C(2)H(5)OH), and Cs(2)[Zr(2)(dhpta)(2)].H(5)O(2).Cl.4H(2)O (4.H(5)O(2).Cl.4H(2)O). In the K(I) complex 2, crystallized from water, the two Zr(IV) ions are 3.5973(4) A apart and bridged via two alkoxo groups (average Zr-O 2.165 A). Each Zr(IV) is eight-coordinate and also bound to two N atoms (average Zr-N 2.448 A), and four carboxylate O atoms (average Zr-O 2.148 A). The two dhpta ligands in the dinuclear unit have different conformations. One face of the complex contains an array of 14 oxygen atoms and interacts strongly with the two K(I) ions, one of which is 6-coordinate, the other 8-coordinate, which are 3.922(4) A apart and bridged by a carboxylate O and by two water molecules. The structures of the dinuclear anion [Zr(2)(dhpta)(2)](2-) in the Na(I) complex 3 and in the Cs(I) complex 4 are essentially identical to that found in complex 2, although the alkali metal ions coordinate differently to the oxygen-rich face. All Zr(IV) ions have a distorted triangulated dodecahedral geometry. Although the crystal structure of complex 2 does not indicate the presence of acidic protons, in 4 an [H(5)O(2)](+) unit is strongly H-bonded to an oxygen atom of a coordinated carboxylate group. 1D and 2D (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic and potentiometric studies reveal two deprotonations with pK(a) values of 9.0 and 10.0. At low pH, two carboxylate groups appear to undergo protonation accompanied by chelate ring-opening, and the complex exhibits dynamic fluxional behavior in which the two magnetically nonequivalent dhpta ligands exchange at a rate of 11 s(-1) at pH 3.30, 298 K, as determined from 2D EXSY NMR studies. Ligand interchange is not observed at high pH (>11). The same crystals of complex 2 were obtained from solutions at pH 3 or 12. The dynamic configurational change is therefore mediated by the aqueous solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P R China
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Wullens H, Tinant B, Declercq JP, Devillers M. A new dodecanuclear bismuth polyaminocarboxylate complex with 2-hydroxy-1,3-diaminopropanetetraacetic acid. Inorganica Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(02)01261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Boudalis AK, Lalioti N, Spyroulias GA, Raptopoulou CP, Terzis A, Bousseksou A, Tangoulis V, Tuchagues JP, Perlepes SP. Novel rectangular [Fe4(mu4-OHO)(mu-OH)(2)](7+) versus "butterfly" [Fe4(mu3-O2](8+) core topology in the Fe(III)/RCO2(-)/phen reaction systems (R = Me, Ph; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline): preparation and properties of [Fe4(OHO)(OH)(2)(O2CMe)(4)(phen)(4)](ClO4)(3), [Fe4O2(O2CPh)(7)(phen)(2)](ClO4), and [Fe4O2(O2CPh)(8)(phen)(2)]. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:6474-87. [PMID: 12444793 DOI: 10.1021/ic025795k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The preparations, X-ray structures, and detailed physical characterizations are presented for three new tetranuclear Fe(III)/RCO(2)(-)/phen complexes, where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline: [Fe(4)(OHO)(OH)(2)(O(2)CMe)(4)(phen)(4)](ClO(4))(3).4.4MeCN.H(2)O (1.4.4MeCN.H(2)O); [Fe(4)O(2)(O(2)CPh)(7)(phen)(2)](ClO(4)).2MeCN (2.2MeCN); [Fe(4)O(2)(O(2)CPh)(8)(phen)(2)].2H(2)O (3.2H(2)O). Complex 1.4.4MeCN.H(2)O crystallizes in space group P2(1)/n, with a = 18.162(9) A, b = 39.016(19) A, c = 13.054(7) A, beta = 104.29(2) degrees, Z = 4, and V = 8963.7 A(3). Complex 2.2MeCN crystallizes in space group P2(1)/n, with a = 18.532(2) A, b = 35.908(3) A, c = 11.591(1) A, beta = 96.42(1) degrees, Z = 4, and V = 7665(1) A(3). Complex 3.2H(2)O crystallizes in space group I2/a, with a = 18.79(1) A, b = 22.80(1) A, c = 20.74(1) A, beta = 113.21(2) degrees, Z = 4, and V = 8166(1) A(3). The cation of 1 contains the novel [Fe(4)(mu(4)-OHO)(mu-OH)(2)](7+) core. The core structure of 2 and 3 consists of a tetranuclear bis(mu(3)-O) cluster disposed in a "butterfly" arrangement. Magnetic susceptibility data were collected on 1-3 in the 2-300 K range. For the rectangular complex 1, fitting the data to the appropriate theoretical chi(M) vs T expression gave J(1) = -75.4 cm(-1), J(2) = -21.4 cm(-1), and g = 2.0(1), where J(1) and J(2) refer to the Fe(III)O(O(2)CMe)(2)Fe(III) and Fe(III)(OH)Fe(III) pairwise exchange interactions, respectively. The S = 0 ground state of 1 was confirmed by 2 K magnetization data. The data for 2 and 3 reveal a diamagnetic ground state with antiferromagnetic exchange interactions among the four high-spin Fe(III) ions. The exchange coupling constant J(bb) ("body-body" interaction) is indeterminate due to prevailing spin frustration, but the "wing-body" antiferromagnetic interaction (J(wb)) was evaluated to be -77.6 and -65.7 cm(-1) for 2 and 3, respectively, using the appropriate spin Hamiltonian approach. Mössbauer spectra of 1-3 are consistent with high-spin Fe(III) ions. The data indicated asymmetry of the Fe(4) core of 1 at 80 K, which is not detected at room temperature due to thermal motion of the core. The spectra of 2 and 3 analyze as two quadrupole-split doublets which were assigned to the body and wing-tip pairs of metal ions. (1)H NMR spectra are reported for 1-3 with assignment of the main resonances.
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Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Characterization of Manganese(IV) Complexes with Tridentate Ligands Comprising Mixed Hard-Soft Donors. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2002. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2002.23.4.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lee J, Chasteen ND, Zhao G, Papaefthymiou GC, Gorun SM. Deuterium structural effects in inorganic and bioinorganic aggregates. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:3042-9. [PMID: 11902896 DOI: 10.1021/ja011447q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deuterium kinetic isotope effects are widely used in chemical and biological research. Deuterium thermodynamic effects on the aqueous synthesis of inorganic materials, however, seem not to have been recognized. Here we report that the simple replacement of H(2)O with D(2)O in the synthesis of a solid-state manganese complex results in a new structurally and magnetically distinct phase. When iron oxides are synthesized, the relative amount of the mineral phases obtained in H(2)O vs D(2)O is different. The morphology and magnetic properties of the iron core of the iron storage protein ferritin are likewise different when mineralization is carried out in heavy water. The formation of extra inorganic solids, change in the ratio of two phases or alteration of a single phase morphology in D(2)O suggest that new inorganic and bioinorganic metal complexes might be obtained by using the thermodynamic isotope effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yagi
- Faculty of Education and Human Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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Ruettinger WF, Dismukes GC. Conversion of core oxos to water molecules by 4e-/4H+ reductive dehydration of the Mn4O2(6+) core in the manganese-oxo cubane complex Mn4O4(Ph2PO2)6: a partial model for photosynthetic water binding and activation. Inorg Chem 2000; 39:1021-7. [PMID: 12526383 DOI: 10.1021/ic9911421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the Mn4O4(6+) "cubane" core complex, Mn4O4L6 (1) (L = diphenylphosphinate, Ph2PO2-), with a hydrogen atom donor, phenothiazine (pzH), forms the dehydrated cluster Mn4O2L6 (2), which has lost two mu-oxo bridges by reduction to water (H2O). The formation of 2 was established by electrospray mass spectrometry, whereas FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the release of water molecules into solution during the reduction of 1. UV-vis and EPR spectroscopies established the stoichiometry and chemical form of the pzH product by showing the production of 4 equiv of the neutral pz radical. By contrast, the irreversible decomposition of 1 to individual Mn(II) ions occurs if the reduction is performed using electrons provided by various proton-lacking reductants, such as cobaltocene or electrochemical reduction. Thus, cubane 1 undergoes coupled four-electron/four-proton reduction with the release of two water molecules, a reaction formally analogous to the reverse sequence of the steps that occur during photosynthetic water oxidation leading to O2 evolution. 1H NMR of solutions of 2 reveal that all six of the phosphinate ligands exhibit paramagnetic broadening, due to coordination to Mn ions, and are magnetically equivalent. A symmetrical core structure is thus indicated. We hypothesize that this structure is produced by the dynamic averaging of phosphinato ligand coordination or exchange of mu-oxos between vacant mu-oxo sites. The paramagnetic 1H NMR of water molecules in solution shows that they are able to freely exchange with water molecules that are bound to the Mn ion(s) in 2, and this exchange can be inhibited by the addition of coordinating anions, such as chloride. Thus, 2 possesses open or labile coordination sites for water and anions, in contrast to solutions of 1, which reveal no evidence for water coordination. Complex 2 exhibits greater paramagnetism than that of 1, as seen by 1H NMR, and it possesses a broad (440 G wide) EPR absorption, centered at g = 2, that follows a Curie-Weiss temperature dependence (10-40 K) and is visible only at low temperatures, compared to EPR-silent 1. Its comparison to a spin-integration standard reveals that 2 contains 2 equiv of Mn(II), which is in agreement with the formal oxidation state of 2Mn(II)2Mn(III) that was derived from the titration. The EPR and NMR data for 2 are consistent with a loss of two of the intermanganese spin-exchange coupling pathways, versus 1, which results in two "wingtip" Mn(II) S = 5/2 spins that are essentially magnetically uncoupled from the diamagnetic Mn2O2 base. Bond-enthalpy data, which show that O2 evolution via the reaction 1-->2 + O2, is strongly favored thermodynamically but is not observed in the ground state due to an activation barrier, are included. This activation barrier is hypothesized to arise, in part, from the constraining effect of the facially bridging phosphinate ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Ruettinger
- Chemistry Department, Hoyt Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Tanase* T, Inoue C, Ota E, Yano* S, Takahashi M, Takeda M. Tetranuclear iron(III) complexes with a planar (μ-oxo)(μ-hydroxo)bis(μ-alkoxo)bis(μ-carboxylato)tetrairon core derived from hydrolysis of carboxylic acid amides by diiron(III) center. Inorganica Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(99)00254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang C, Pan J, Li L, Kuang T. New structure model of oxygen-evolving center and mechanism for oxygen evolution in photosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02885923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dash AC, Das A. Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of sulphur(IV) with N,N?-ethylene-bis(sali-cylidiniminato)manganese-(III) in aqueous solution. INT J CHEM KINET 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4601(1999)31:9<627::aid-kin4>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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