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Preetam A, Dwivedi U, N Naik S, Pant KK, Kumar V. A feasible approach for the treatment of waste computer casing plastic using subcritical to supercritical acetone: Statistical modelling and optimization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118549. [PMID: 37421717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) usage has increased tremendously with the rapid evolution of technologies. The accumulated e-waste has now emerged as one of the crucial concerns regarding environmental pollution and human health. Recycling e-waste is commonly focused on metal recovery; nevertheless, a significant fraction of plastics (20-30%) are in e-waste. There is an indispensable need to focus on e-waste plastic recycling in an effective way, which has been mostly overlooked to date. An environmentally safe and efficient study is conducted using subcritical to supercritical acetone (SCA) to degrade the real waste computer casing plastics (WCCP) in the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) to achieve the maximum oil yield of the product. The experiment parameters were varied in the temperature span of 150-300 °C, residence time between 30 and 120 min, solid/liquid ratio between 0.02 and 0.05 (g/ml), and NaOH amount from 0 to 0.5 g. Adding NaOH into the acetone helps to achieve efficient degradation and debromination efficiency. The study emphasized the attributes of oils and solid products recovered from the SCA-treated WCCP. The characterization of feed and formed products is performed with different characterization techniques such as TGA, CHNS, ICP-MS, FTIR, GC-MS, Bomb calorimeter, XRF, and FESEM. The highest oil yield achieved is 87.89% from the SCA process at 300 °C, in 120min, 0.05 S/L ratio, and 0.5 g of NaOH. GC-MS results disclose that the liquid product (oil) comprises single- and duplicate-ringed aromatic and oxygen-containing compounds. Isophorone is the significant component of the liquid product obtained. Furthermore, SCA's possible polymer degradation mechanistic route, bromine distribution, economic feasibility, and environmental aspect were also explored. This present work represents an environmentally friendly and promising approach for recycling the plastic fraction of e-waste and recovering valuable chemicals from WCCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Preetam
- Supercritical Fluid Extraction Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India; Catalytic Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Indian, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Uma Dwivedi
- Supercritical Fluid Extraction Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India; Catalytic Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Indian, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - S N Naik
- Supercritical Fluid Extraction Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - K K Pant
- Catalytic Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Indian, IIT Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Supercritical Fluid Extraction Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
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Study of polyester degradation by sub/supercritical ethanol and enhancement of carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2023.105837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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3
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Narayan RC, Madras G. Esterification of Sebacic Acid in Near-Critical and Supercritical Methanol. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ram C. Narayan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Giridhar Madras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Narayan RC, Madras G. Kinetics of non-catalytic synthesis of bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate at high pressures. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic biolubricant ester was synthesized non-catalytically at shorter reaction times and is a greener/sustainable process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram C. Narayan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
| | - Giridhar Madras
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
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Fávaro S, Freitas A, Ganzerli T, Pereira A, Cardozo A, Baron O, Muniz E, Girotto E, Radovanovic E. PET and aluminum recycling from multilayer food packaging using supercritical ethanol. J Supercrit Fluids 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wang Y, Zhang FS. Degradation of brominated flame retardant in computer housing plastic by supercritical fluids. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 205-206:156-163. [PMID: 22236948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The degradation process of brominated flame retardant (BFR) and BFR-containing waste computer housing plastic in various supercritical fluids (water, methanol, isopropanol and acetone) was investigated. The results showed that the debromination and degradation efficiencies, final products were greatly affected by the solvent type. Among the four tested solvents, isopropanol was the most suitable solvent for the recovery of oil from BFR-containing plastic for its (1) excellent debromination effectiveness (debromination efficiency 95.7%), (2) high oil production (60.0%) and (3) mild temperature and pressure requirements. However, in this case, the removed bromine mostly existed in the oil. Introduction of KOH into the sc-isopropanol could capture almost all the inorganic bromine from the oil thus bromine-free oil could be obtained. Furthermore, KOH could enhance the depolymerization of the plastic. The obtained oil mainly consisted of single- and duplicate-ringed aromatic compounds in a carbon range of C9-C17, which had alkyl substituents or aliphatic bridges, such as butyl-benzene, (3-methylbutyl)-benzene, 1,1'-(1,3-propanediyl)bis benzene. Phenol, alkyl phenols and esters were the major oxygen-containing compounds in the oil. This study provides an efficient approach for debromination and simultaneous recovering valuable chemicals from BFR-containing plastic in e-waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China
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Supercritical water oxidation of transformer oil contaminated with PCBs—A road to commercial plant from bench-scale facility. J Supercrit Fluids 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Shin HY, Bae SY. Thermal decomposition of polystyrene in supercritical methanol. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Marimuthu A, Madras G. Effect of Alkyl-Group Substituents on the Degradation of Poly(alkyl methacrylates) in Supercritical Fluids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ie061068b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Marimuthu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12, India
| | - Giridhar Madras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12, India
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De Castro REN, Vidotti GJ, Rubira AF, Muniz EC. Depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) wastes using ethanol and ethanol/water in supercritical conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vijayalakshmi SP, Madras G. Photocatalytic degradation of poly(ethylene oxide) and polyacrylamide. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sivalingam G, Madras G. Effect of Metal Oxides/Chlorides on the Thermal Degradation of Poly(vinyl chloride), Poly(bisphenol A carbonate), and Their Blends. Ind Eng Chem Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ie049590q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Sivalingam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Giridhar Madras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Oxidative degradation of poly (vinyl acetate) and poly (ε-caprolactone) and their mixtures in solution. Chem Eng Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2004.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sivalingam G, De P, Karthik R, Madras G. Thermal degradation kinetics of vinyl polyperoxide copolymers. Polym Degrad Stab 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sivalingam G, Madras G. Thermal Degradation of Poly(vinyl acetate) and Poly(ε-caprolactone) and Their Mixtures in Solution. Ind Eng Chem Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ie034115y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Sivalingam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
| | - Giridhar Madras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12
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Sivalingam G, Nagaveni K, Madras G, Hegde MS. Kinetics of Catalytic Degradation of Polycarbonate in Benzene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ie020582o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Sivalingam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Solid State Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - K. Nagaveni
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Solid State Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Giridhar Madras
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Solid State Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - M. S. Hegde
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Solid State Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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