Wang X, Kruglyak L. Genetic basis of haloperidol resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is complex and dose dependent.
PLoS Genet 2014;
10:e1004894. [PMID:
25521586 PMCID:
PMC4270474 DOI:
10.1371/journal.pgen.1004894]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of most heritable traits is complex. Inhibitory compounds and their effects in model organisms have been used in many studies to gain insights into the genetic architecture underlying quantitative traits. However, the differential effect of compound concentration has not been studied in detail. In this study, we used a large segregant panel from a cross between two genetically divergent yeast strains, BY4724 (a laboratory strain) and RM11_1a (a vineyard strain), to study the genetic basis of variation in response to different doses of a drug. Linkage analysis revealed that the genetic architecture of resistance to the small-molecule therapeutic drug haloperidol is highly dose-dependent. Some of the loci identified had effects only at low doses of haloperidol, while other loci had effects primarily at higher concentrations of the drug. We show that a major QTL affecting resistance across all concentrations of haloperidol is caused by polymorphisms in SWH1, a homologue of human oxysterol binding protein. We identify a complex set of interactions among the alleles of the genes SWH1, MKT1, and IRA2 that are most pronounced at a haloperidol dose of 200 µM and are only observed when the remainder of the genome is of the RM background. Our results provide further insight into the genetic basis of drug resistance.
Variation in response to a drug can be determined by many factors. In the model organism baker's yeast, many studies of chemical resistance traits have uncovered a complex genetic basis of such resistance. However, an in-depth study of how drug dose alters the effects of underlying genetic factors is lacking. Here, we employed linkage analysis to map the specific genetic loci underlying response to haloperidol, a small molecule therapeutic drug, using a large panel of segregants from a cross between two genetically divergent yeast strains BY (a laboratory strain) and RM (a vineyard strain). We found that loci associated with haloperidol resistance are dose-dependent. We also showed that variants in the oxysterol-binding-protein-like domain of the gene SWH1 underlie the major locus detected at all doses of haloperidol. Genetic interactions among genes SWH1, MKT1, and IRA2 in the RM background contribute to the differential response at high concentrations of haloperidol.
Collapse