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Yin Z, Chu F, Yu B, Wang B, Hu Y. Hierarchical Ti3C2Tx@BPA@PCL for flexible polyurethane foam capable of anti-compression, self-extinguishing and flame-retardant. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 626:208-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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2
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Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM, Asyraf MRM, Dayana DAZN, Amelia JJN, Rani MSA, Norrrahim MNF, Nurazzi NM, Aisyah HA, Sharma S, Ishak MR, Rafidah M, Razman MR. Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1701. [PMID: 34070960 PMCID: PMC8196982 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer composites filled with metal derivatives have been widely used in recent years, particularly as flame retardants, due to their superior characteristics, including high thermal behavior, low environmental degradation, and good fire resistance. The hybridization of metal and polymer composites produces various favorable properties, making them ideal materials for various advanced applications. The fire resistance performance of polymer composites can be enhanced by increasing the combustion capability of composite materials through the inclusion of metallic fireproof materials to protect the composites. The final properties of the metal-filled thermoplastic composites depend on several factors, including pore shape and distribution and morphology of metal particles. For example, fire safety equipment uses polyester thermoplastic and antimony sources with halogenated additives. The use of metals as additives in composites has captured the attention of researchers worldwide due to safety concern in consideration of people's life and public properties. This review establishes the state-of-art flame resistance properties of metals/polymer composites for numerous industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (D.A.Z.N.D.); (J.J.N.A.)
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.R.M.A.); (M.R.I.)
| | - D. A. Z. N. Dayana
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (D.A.Z.N.D.); (J.J.N.A.)
| | - J. J. N. Amelia
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (D.A.Z.N.D.); (J.J.N.A.)
| | - M. S. A. Rani
- Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Centre for Tropicalisation, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Center for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - N. M. Nurazzi
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Main Campus, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144603, India; or
| | - M. R. Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.R.M.A.); (M.R.I.)
| | - M. Rafidah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M. R. Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
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3
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Li X, Yu Z, Zhang L. Synthesis of a green reactive flame‐retardant polyether polyol and its application. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Laboratory for the Complex Utilization of Petro‐resources and Biomass, School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Zaiqian Yu
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Laboratory for the Complex Utilization of Petro‐resources and Biomass, School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Long Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Laboratory for the Complex Utilization of Petro‐resources and Biomass, School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
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Xu L, Liu X, Yang R. Flame Retardant Paraffin-Based Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Material via Expandable Graphite-Based Flame-Retardant Coating. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102408. [PMID: 32455823 PMCID: PMC7288143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Shape-stabilized phase change material (SSPCM) is a promising thermal energy storage material in energy-saving buildings. However, its flammability leads to a fire risk. The conventional bulk addition method has a limited flame-retardant effect. Herein, a series of surface coatings with various flame retardants were introduced to improve flame retardance of SSPCM. The results showed that all of the coatings had flame-retardant effects on SSPCM; In particular, the EG coating performed the best: the horizontal burning time was the longest, the limiting oxygen index was above 30%, the V0 classification was obtained, the peak heat release rate was sharply decreased from 1137.0 to 392.5 kW/m2 and the burning process was prolonged with the least total smoke production. The flame-retardant mechanism was discussed. As paraffin easily evaporated from the SSPCM at a moderate temperature, it caused flames. After being surface coated, the EG-based coatings first hindered the volatilization of paraffin at a moderate temperature, then expanded and formed thick porous carbon layers at a high temperature to block the transfer of combustibles, oxygen and heat between the bulk and the environment. Therefore, the surface coating strategy achieved a desirable flame-retardant level with fewer flame retardants.
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Zhou Q, Gong K, Zhou K, Zhao S, Shi C. Synergistic effect between phosphorus tailings and aluminum hypophosphite in flame‐retardant thermoplastic polyurethane composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhou
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences (Wuhan) Wuhan China
| | - Kaili Gong
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences (Wuhan) Wuhan China
| | - Keqing Zhou
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences (Wuhan) Wuhan China
- Engineering Research Center of Rock‐Soil Drilling & Excavation and ProtectionChina University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Ministry of Education Wuhan China
| | - Sijia Zhao
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences (Wuhan) Wuhan China
| | - Congling Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metro Fire and Passenger Transportation SafetyChina Academy of Safety Science and Technology Beijing China
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Peng H, Wang X, Li T, Lou C, Wang Y, Lin J. Mechanical properties, thermal stability, sound absorption, and flame retardancy of rigid PU foam composites containing a fire‐retarding agent: Effect of magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao‐Kai Peng
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite MaterialsTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Textile Fibers and MaterialsMinjiang University Fuzhou China
| | - XiaoXiao Wang
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite MaterialsTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
| | - Ting‐Ting Li
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite MaterialsTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
| | - Ching‐Wen Lou
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Ocean CollegeMinjiang University Fuzhou China
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical EngineeringAsia University Taichung Taiwan
- College of Textile and ClothingQingdao University Shangdong China
| | - YanTing Wang
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite MaterialsTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
| | - Jia‐Horng Lin
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Textile Fibers and MaterialsMinjiang University Fuzhou China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Ocean CollegeMinjiang University Fuzhou China
- College of Textile and ClothingQingdao University Shangdong China
- Laboratory of Fiber Application and Manufacturing, Department of Fiber and Composite MaterialsFeng Chia University Taichung City Taiwan
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Xu L, Liu X, An Z, Yang R. EG-based coatings for flame retardance of shape stabilized phase change materials. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Huang Y, Yang Y, Ma J, Yang J. Preparation of ferric phosphonate/phosphinate and their special action on flame retardancy of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Huang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composite and Functional Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composite and Functional Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 China
| | - Jiajun Ma
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composite and Functional Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 China
| | - Junxiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composite and Functional Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 China
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Liu L, Huang Y, Yang Y, Ma J, Yang J, Yin Q. Preparation of metal-phosphorus hybridized nanomaterials and the action of metal centers on the flame retardancy of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composite and Functional Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang Sichuan 621010 China
| | - Yawen Huang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composite and Functional Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang Sichuan 621010 China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composite and Functional Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang Sichuan 621010 China
| | - Jiajun Ma
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composite and Functional Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang Sichuan 621010 China
| | - Junxiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composite and Functional Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang Sichuan 621010 China
| | - Qiang Yin
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang Sichuan 621900 China
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11
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Research on U-tube Heat Exchanger with Shape-stabilized Phase Change Backfill Material. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu Y, He J, Yang R. Effects of Dimethyl Methylphosphonate, Aluminum Hydroxide, Ammonium Polyphosphate, and Expandable Graphite on the Flame Retardancy and Thermal Properties of Polyisocyanurate–Polyurethane Foams. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Liu
- National Laboratory of Flame
Retardant Materials, School of Materials, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District,
Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jiyu He
- National Laboratory of Flame
Retardant Materials, School of Materials, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District,
Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Laboratory of Flame
Retardant Materials, School of Materials, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District,
Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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13
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Chen W, Liu G. Flame-retardancy properties of tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate based charring agents on polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Gousheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
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Flame-Retardant and Thermal Degradation Mechanism of Caged Phosphate Charring Agent with Melamine Pyrophosphate for Polypropylene. INT J POLYM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/360274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient caged phosphate charring agent named PEPA was synthesized and combined with melamine pyrophosphate (MPP) to flame-retard polypropylene (PP). The effects of MPP/PEPA on the flame retardancy and thermal degradation of PP were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), cone calorimetric test (CCT), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that PEPA showed an outstanding synergistic effect with MPP in flame retardant PP. When the content of PEPA was 13.3 wt% and MPP was 6.7 wt%, the LOI value of the flame retardant PP was 33.0% and the UL-94 test was classed as a V-0 rating. Meanwhile, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), average heat release rate (AV-HRR), and average mass loss rate (AV-MLR) of the mixture were significantly reduced. The flame-retardant and thermal degradation mechanism of MPP/PEPA was investigated by TGA, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), TG-FTIR, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDXS). It revealed that MPP/PEPA could generate the triazine oligomer and phosphorus-containing compound radicals which changed the thermal degradation behavior of PP. Meanwhile, a compact and thermostable intumescent char was formed and covered on the matrix surface to prevent PP from degrading and burning.
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Jin J, Dong QX, Shu ZJ, Wang WJ, He K. Flame Retardant Properties of Polyurethane/Expandable Praphite Composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Wang W, He K, Dong Q, Zhu N, Fan Y, Wang F, Xia Y, Li H, Wang J, Yuan Z, Wang E, Lai Z, Kong T, Wang X, Ma H, Yang M. Synergistic effect of aluminum hydroxide and expandable graphite on the flame retardancy of polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Technology; China University of Geosciences; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Kui He
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Quanxiao Dong
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Fan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science; CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Yibing Xia
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Erpo Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Lai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Kong
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Architectural Functional Macromolecular Materials; Beijing Building Construction Research Institute; Co., Ltd. Beijing 100039 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwen Ma
- School of Materials Science and Technology; China University of Geosciences; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science; CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
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Influence of Aluminum Hydroxide and Expandable Graphite on the Flammability of Polyisocyanurate-Polyurethane Foams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to verify the influence of expandable graphite (EG) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) fillers on the flammability of polyisocyanurate-polyurethane (PIR). Limited oxygen index increased to 72.5 with an incorporation of 16 phr (parts per hundred of matrix) EG and 50 phr ATH into the matrix (total weight percent was 39.76%). Cone calorimetry was employed to study the flammability properties of these PIR/ATH/EG composites. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was conducted to study the char characteristics of the composites after the cone calorimetry tests. It was found ATH could effectively induce villi like particles, which made the intumescent char denser, on the surface of EG. The compact char layer could effectively impede the transport of bubbles and heat. ATH and EG accelerated the initial degradation and fluffy char was quickly generated on the surface. Thus, degradation products of the composite were slowed down and the diffusion of volatile combustible fragments to flame zone was delayed.
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