1
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Song X, Lv HB, Shi MM, Shao ZB, Wang YZ. Calcium gluconate-based flame retardant towards simultaneously high-efficiency fire safety and mechanical enhancement for epoxy resin. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130409. [PMID: 38417750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Flame retardants containing biomass receive growing interest in environmental friendliness and sustainability but usually face the low flame-retardant efficiency and deterioration on mechanical property of matrix. Herein, a calcium gluconate-based flame retardant (CG@APP) was chemically prepared using calcium gluconate (CG) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) via ion exchange reaction, and enabled the excellent fire safety and mechanical enhancement for epoxy resin (EP). The resulted EP composites containing 6 wt% CG@APP (EP/CG@APP6) exhibited V-0 ratings in UL-94 test. Furthermore, with respect to EP/APP6, the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and peak of smoke production rate (pSPR) of EP/CG@APP6 decreased by 70.5 % and 50.0 %, respectively. The well synergistic flame-retardant mechanism of CG@APP between gaseous and solid phases was revealed to generate denser and more continuous charring residuals, which could do well work on insulation for heat transfer and fuel diffusion. In addition, the shell rich in hydroxyl group and Ca2+ on the surface of CG@APP well enhanced the interface compatibility through the hydrogen bond and coordinated bond, thus the tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of EP/CG@APP6 increased by 18.2 %, 4.5 % and 9.1 % compared with pure EP, respectively. This work provided a simple and sustainable way to construct excellent fire-safety composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Song
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hong-Bin Lv
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Miao-Miao Shi
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhu-Bao Shao
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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2
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Kosmela P, Sałasińska K, Kowalkowska-Zedler D, Barczewski M, Piasecki A, Saeb MR, Hejna A. Fire-Retardant Flexible Foamed Polyurethane (PU)-Based Composites: Armed and Charmed Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Particles. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:656. [PMID: 38475340 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Inadequate fire resistance of polymers raises questions about their advanced applications. Flexible polyurethane (PU) foams have myriad applications but inherently suffer from very high flammability. Because of the dependency of the ultimate properties (mechanical and damping performance) of PU foams on their cellular structure, reinforcement of PU with additives brings about further concerns. Though they are highly flammable and known for their environmental consequences, rubber wastes are desired from a circularity standpoint, which can also improve the mechanical properties of PU foams. In this work, melamine cyanurate (MC), melamine polyphosphate (MPP), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) are used as well-known flame retardants (FRs) to develop highly fire-retardant ground tire rubber (GTR) particles for flexible PU foams. Analysis of the burning behavior of the resulting PU/GTR composites revealed that the armed GTR particles endowed PU with reduced flammability expressed by over 30% increase in limiting oxygen index, 50% drop in peak heat release rate, as well as reduced smoke generation. The Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) was used to classify and label PU/GTR composites such that the amount of GTR was found to be more important than that of FR type. The wide range of FRI (0.94-7.56), taking Poor to Good performance labels, was indicative of the sensitivity of flame retardancy to the hybridization of FR with GTR components, a feature of practicality. The results are promising for fire protection requirements in buildings; however, the flammability reduction was achieved at the expense of mechanical and thermal insulation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kamila Sałasińska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daria Kowalkowska-Zedler
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Piasecki
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
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3
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Miao L, Yan Z, Wang X, Zhong Y, Yang J, Xu D. A novel hierarchical structured calcium magnesium ammonium polyphosphate for high-performance slow-release fertilizer. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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4
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Barczewski M, Hejna A, Sałasińska K, Aniśko J, Piasecki A, Skórczewska K, Andrzejewski J. Thermomechanical and Fire Properties of Polyethylene-Composite-Filled Ammonium Polyphosphate and Inorganic Fillers: An Evaluation of Their Modification Efficiency. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122501. [PMID: 35746078 PMCID: PMC9230569 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new polymer compositions characterized by a reduced environmental impact while lowering the price for applications in large-scale production requires the search for solutions based on the reduction in the polymer content in composites' structure, as well as the use of fillers from sustainable sources. The study aimed to comprehensively evaluate introducing low-cost inorganic fillers, such as copper slag (CS), basalt powder (BP), and expanded vermiculite (VM), into the flame-retarded ammonium polyphosphate polyethylene composition (PE/APP). The addition of fillers (5-20 wt%) increased the stiffness and hardness of PE/APP, both at room and at elevated temperatures, which may increase the applicability range of the flame retardant polyethylene. The deterioration of composites' tensile strength and impact strength induced by the presence of inorganic fillers compared to the unmodified polymer is described in detail. The addition of BP, CS, and VM with the simultaneous participation of APP with a total share of 40 wt% caused only a 3.1, 4.6, and 3 MPa decrease in the tensile strength compared to the reference value of 23 MPa found for PE. In turn, the cone calorimeter measurements allowed for the observation of a synergistic effect between APP and VM, reducing the peak heat rate release (pHRR) by 60% compared to unmodified PE. Incorporating fillers with a similar thermal stability but differing particle size distribution and shape led to additional information on their effectiveness in changing the properties of polyethylene. Critical examinations of changes in the mechanical and thermomechanical properties related to the structure analysis enabled the definition of the potential application perspectives analyzed in terms of burning behavior in a cone calorimetry test. Adding inorganic fillers derived from waste significantly reduces the flammability of composites with a matrix of thermoplastic polymers while increasing their sustainability and lowering their price without considerably reducing their mechanical properties, which allows for assigning developed materials as a replacement for flame-retarded polyethylene in large-scale non-loaded parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (J.A.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.H.); (K.S.); Tel.: +48-61-647-58-58 (M.B.)
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.H.); (K.S.); Tel.: +48-61-647-58-58 (M.B.)
| | - Kamila Sałasińska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowsa 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.H.); (K.S.); Tel.: +48-61-647-58-58 (M.B.)
| | - Joanna Aniśko
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (J.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Adam Piasecki
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Jacek Andrzejewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (J.A.); (J.A.)
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5
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Sun Q, Wang J, Meng X, Zhang J, Yan H. A novel high-efficient P/N/Si-containing APP-based flame retardant with a silane coupling agent in its molecular structure for epoxy resin. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Huang X, Huang J, Zhou G, Wei Y, Wu P, Dong A, Yang D. Gelation-Assisted Assembly of Large-Area, Highly Aligned, and Environmentally Stable MXene Films with an Excellent Trade-Off between Mechanical and Electrical Properties. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200829. [PMID: 35344265 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Layered MXene films have shown enormous potential for wide applications due to their high electrical conductivity and unique laminated microstructure. However, the intrinsic susceptibility to oxidation and the mechanical fragility of MXene films are the two major bottlenecks that prevent their widespread industrial applications. Here, a facile yet efficient assembly strategy is proposed to address these issues by increasing the alignment and compactness of MXene layers as well as strengthening the interlayer interactions. This method involves the gelation of MXene flakes with a multifunctional inorganic "mortar" polymer (ammonium polyphosphate, APP) followed by quasi-solid-state assembly enabled by a mechanical rolling process, by which the 3D gel network is transformed into 2D freestanding MXene films with unprecedented flake alignment and compactness. Besides, due to the multiple molecular-level interactions (hydrogen bonding, coordination bonding, and electrostatic force) between APP and MXene flakes, the resultant MXene-APP film (MAF) displays high mechanical strength (286.4 ± 20.3 MPa) and excellent electrical conductivity (8012.4 ± 325.6 S cm-1 ), along with remarkable environmental stability. As an application demonstration, MAF exhibits outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness with long-term durability, highlighting the great potential of this gelation-assisted assembly strategy in fabricating large-area, high-performance MXene films for diverse real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guishu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yanwei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Peiyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Angang Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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7
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Wang X, Gao Y, Chu G. Optimization and Characterization of Polyphosphate Fertilizers by Two Different Manufacturing Processes. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:18811-18822. [PMID: 34337221 PMCID: PMC8320069 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To explore how different reaction parameters affect the major features of short-chain ammonium polyphosphate (APP) fertilizers, a batch of manufacturing experiments were conducted under two different manufacturing processes [phosphoric acid (PA)-urea and monoammonium phosphate (MAP)-urea]. The APP features including polymerization degree, polymerization rate, solubility, and N and P recovery rates were significantly varied and influenced by the molar ratio of raw materials (P:N), reaction temperature, time, and pressure under different manufacturing conditions. In the MAP-urea process, the optimized APP products were gained under the combination condition of molar ratio = 1.6:1, T = 130 °C, and t = 45 min, while this happened in molar ratio = 1:1.7, T = 180 °C, and t = 60 min in the PA-urea process. Comprehensively, the features of APP fertilizers produced by the MAP-urea process were better than those produced by the PA-urea process. Our results provide valuable references for manufacturing high-quality short-chain APP fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Wang
- Department
of Resources and Environmental Science, College of Agriculture/The
Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture of the Xinjiang Production
and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, P. R. China
- College
of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Yanju Gao
- Xinjiang
Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration,
Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guixin Chu
- College
of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
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8
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Synergistic effect between piperazine pyrophosphate and melamine polyphosphate in flame retarded glass fiber reinforced polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Chen L, Meng Y, Wang Y, Wang P, Li J, Lv Q, Zhang Z, Zhao Q, Xiao D. Exploring the evolution process of high-performance amethyst geode-shaped hollow spherical LiFePO 4. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is selected to synthesize hollow spherical LFP. The cohesion of APP results in surface tension and drives the spheroidizing process. And carbon source is a significant factor to hold the framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology (INELT), Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610207, China
| | - Yan Meng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology (INELT), Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610207, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jianming Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qinniu Lv
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Zhaokun Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology (INELT), Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610207, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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10
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Synergistic effect between a novel silane-containing hyperbranched polyphosphamide and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of polypropylene composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Yoon CK, Ko SJ, Jeon JH, Lee WI. Effect of ammonium polyphosphate and acrylic acid on
NaCl
treated electrospun
PLA
microfiber mat. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ki Yoon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Se Jun Ko
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Ji Ho Jeon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Woo Il Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
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12
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Ma M, Wang X, Liu K, Chen S, Shi Y, He H, Wang X. Simultaneously enhanced fracture toughness and flame‐retardant property of poly(
l
‐lactic acid) via reactive blending with ammonium polyphosphate and
in situ
formed polyurethane. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou PR China
| | - Xinpeng Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou PR China
| | - Kai Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou PR China
| | - Si Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou PR China
| | - Yanqin Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou PR China
| | - Huiwen He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou PR China
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13
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A novel organic‐inorganic flame retardant of ammonium polyphosphate chemically coated by Schiff base‐containing branched polysiloxane for polyamide 6. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Li L, Shao X, Zhao Z, Liu X, Jiang L, Huang K, Zhao S. Synergistic Fire Hazard Effect of a Multifunctional Flame Retardant in Building Insulation Expandable Polystyrene through a Simple Surface-Coating Method. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:799-807. [PMID: 31956831 PMCID: PMC6964526 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work reports a strategy based on γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550) and graphene oxide (GO)-functionalized 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) to fabricate P-N-Si integrated flame retardant [KDOPO-modified GO (DGO)] through mild Mannich and Silanization reactions to overcome the challenge of single gas-phase fire retardancy of DOPO. DGO-based phenolic epoxy resin (DGO/PER) is manufactured and coated on the surface of expandable polystyrene (EPS) foam plates to achieve fire safety, which is used as the thermally insulating external wall in buildings and constructions. The DGO/PER paintcoat imparts high fire safety to the EPS foam plate, exhibiting a high limiting oxygen index value of 29%, and a UL-94 V-0 classification is achieved with only 300 μm of layer thickness compared with the DOPO/PER paintcoat. Meanwhile, all combustion parameters such as peak heat release rate, heat release rate, total heat release, smoke release rate, total smoke rate, and ignition time present excellent promotions for EPS@DGO compared with EPS@DOPO. These dramatically reduced fire hazards are mainly attributed to the synergistic effects of DGO. Meanwhile, the DGO/PER flame-retardant paintcoat cannot deteriorate the thermal insulation performance of the EPS foam plate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zheng Zhao
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry
of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao
University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry
of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao
University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Licong Jiang
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry
of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao
University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry
of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao
University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry
of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao
University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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15
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Zhang L, Yi D, Hao J. Poly (diallyldimethylammonium) and polyphosphate polyelectrolyte complexes as an all‐in‐one flame retardant for polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 10081 China
| | - Deqi Yi
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 10081 China
| | - Jianwei Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 10081 China
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16
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Synthesis of acrylated cardanol diphenyl phosphate for UV curable flame-retardant coating application. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Simultaneous Determination of Various Phosphates in Water-Soluble Ammonium Polyphosphate. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Wood flour particleboards (WFP), like other wood-based items, require the addition of fire retardants (FRs) to reduce their high flammability. In this work, a waste lignosulfonate (CaLS) from paper mill is used as a low-cost FR to reduce WFP flammability. CaLS is purified by dialysis and the dialysed lignosulfonate (LD) is used, alone or combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), as a FR additive in the preparation of urea-formaldehyde WFP. The fire behaviour of the modified WFPs is studied by cone calorimetry. The use of 15 wt.% LD reduces the peak of heat release rate (HRR) and total smoke production by 25%, also increasing char formation. HRR peak is further reduced up to 40%, if APP is introduced in the formulation. This work discloses a viable and cost-effective strategy for improving the fire retardancy performance of WFP by partial replacement of a commercial FR with a fully renewable additive, isolated through a green and cost-effective process.
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19
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Enhanced mechanical and flame‐resistant properties of polypropylene nanocomposites with reduced graphene oxide‐functionalized ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Arz MI, Annibale VT, Kelly NL, Hanna JV, Manners I. Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Phosphonates: Access to Inorganic Polymers with a P V-O Main Chain. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2894-2899. [PMID: 30726071 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new class of inorganic polymeric materials featuring a main chain consisting of PV-O bonds and aryl side groups, which was obtained with >70 repeat units by ring-opening polymerization of cyclic phosphonates. This monomer-polymer system was found to be dynamic in solution enabling selective depolymerization under dilute conditions, which can be tuned by varying the substituents. The polymers show high thermal stability to weight loss and can be easily fabricated into self-standing thin films. Structural characterizations of the cyclic 6- and 12-membered ring precursors are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius I Arz
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
| | - Vincent T Annibale
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
| | - Nicole L Kelly
- Department of Physics , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom.,MAS CDT, Senate House, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - John V Hanna
- Department of Physics , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8W 3V6 , Canada
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21
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Pan D, Wu Y, Wu B, Kui C, Ji L, Zhu J. A Novel Approach for Water-Insoluble Ammonium Polyphosphate Crystal Form II and V. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Detao Pan
- Materials Genome Institute; Shanghai University; Shangda Road 99 Shanghai 200444 P.R. China
| | - Yanyang Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Bin Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Chen Kui
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Lijun Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Jiawen Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
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22
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Improving the resistance to hydrothermal ageing of flame-retarded PLA by incorporating miscible PMMA. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Zhu C, He M, Liu Y, Cui J, Tai Q, Song L, Hu Y. Synthesis and application of a mono-component intumescent flame retardant for polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Qiu S, Ma C, Wang X, Zhou X, Feng X, Yuen RKK, Hu Y. Melamine-containing polyphosphazene wrapped ammonium polyphosphate: A novel multifunctional organic-inorganic hybrid flame retardant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 344:839-848. [PMID: 29190581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To achieve superior fire safety epoxy resins (EP), a novel multifunctional organic-inorganic hybrid, melamine-containing polyphosphazene wrapped ammonium polyphosphate (PZMA@APP) with rich amino groups was prepared and used as an efficient flame retardant. Thanks to the cross-linked polyphosphazene part, PZMA@APP exhibited high flame retardant efficiency and smoke suppression to the EP composites. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that PZMA@APP significantly enhanced the thermal stability of EP composites. The obtained sample passed UL-94 V-0 rating with 10.0wt% addition of PZMA@APP. Notably, inclusion of incorporating PZMA@APP leads to significantly decrease on fire hazards of EP, for instance, bring about a 75.6% maximum decrease in peak heat release rate and 65.9% maximum reduction in total heat release, accompanied with lower smoke production rate and higher graphitized char layer. With regards to mechanical property, the glass transition temperature of EP/PZMA@APP10.0 was as high as 184.5°C. In particular, the addition of PZMA@APP did not worsen the mechanical properties, compared to pure APP. It was confirmed that the participation of melamine-containing polyphosphazene could significantly enhance the quality of char layer and thereby resulting the higher flame retardant efficiency of PZMA@APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuilai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China,96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China,96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China,96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
| | - Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China,96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Xiaming Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China,96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Richard K K Yuen
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China,96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
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25
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Study on in-situ polymerization of PANI/APP and its application in HDPE. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-017-2034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Yan H, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Jin Q, Zhang X. Structural modification of ammonium polyphosphate by DOPO to achieve high water resistance and hydrophobicity. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Prabhakar M, Rehman Shah AU, Song JI. Improved flame-retardant and tensile properties of thermoplastic starch/flax fabric green composites. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 168:201-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Deng C, Yin H, Li RM, Huang SC, Schartel B, Wang YZ. Modes of action of a mono-component intumescent flame retardant MAPP in polyethylene-octene elastomer. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Chen MJ, Wang X, Li XL, Liu XY, Zhong L, Wang HZ, Liu ZG. The synergistic effect of cuprous oxide on an intumescent flame-retardant epoxy resin system. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05482c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neat epoxy resin (EP) is a highly flammable material, and the pyrolysis volatiles of it contain some harmful gases such as carbon monoxide, aromatic compounds, hydrocarbons, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Chen
- School of Science (Sichuan)
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Science (Sichuan)
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
| | - Xin-Lei Li
- School of Science (Sichuan)
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
| | - Xing-Ya Liu
- School of Science (Sichuan)
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
| | - Liu Zhong
- School of Science (Sichuan)
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
| | - Hui-Zhen Wang
- School of Science (Sichuan)
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
| | - Zhi-Guo Liu
- School of Science (Sichuan)
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
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30
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Pan D, Zhu J, Wu Y, Chen K, Wu B, Ji L. Study on the crystal transformation of ammonium polyphosphate crystalline form V. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2016.1192621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Detao Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawen Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Kui Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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31
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An efficient halogen-free flame retardant for polyethylene: piperazinemodified ammonium polyphosphates with different structures. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-016-1855-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Dong LP, Huang SC, Li YM, Deng C, Wang YZ. A Novel Linear-Chain Polyamide Charring Agent for the Fire Safety of Noncharring Polyolefin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Ping Dong
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical
and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Sheng-Chao Huang
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical
and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ying-Ming Li
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical
and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Cong Deng
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical
and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical
and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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33
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Dong LP, Deng C, Li RM, Cao ZJ, Lin L, Chen L, Wang YZ. Poly(piperazinyl phosphamide): a novel highly-efficient charring agent for an EVA/APP intumescent flame retardant system. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00164e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(piperazinyl phosphamide) is a kind of novel charring agent, showing highly-efficient charring capacity and good interaction with another flame-retardant component APP in flame retarding EVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Ping Dong
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Analytical and Testing Center
| | - Cong Deng
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Analytical and Testing Center
| | - Rui-Min Li
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Analytical and Testing Center
| | - Zhi-Jie Cao
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Analytical and Testing Center
| | - Ling Lin
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Analytical and Testing Center
| | - Li Chen
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Analytical and Testing Center
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan)
- Analytical and Testing Center
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34
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Yang JC, Cao ZJ, Wang YZ, Schiraldi DA. Ammonium polyphosphate-based nanocoating for melamine foam towards high flame retardancy and anti-shrinkage in fire. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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35
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Guan YH, Huang JQ, Yang JC, Shao ZB, Wang YZ. An Effective Way To Flame-Retard Biocomposite with Ethanolamine Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate and Its Flame Retardant Mechanisms. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Guan
- Center
for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jian-Qian Huang
- Center
for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jun-Chi Yang
- Center
for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhu-Bao Shao
- Center
for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center
for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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36
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Wang YT, Liao SF, Shang K, Chen MJ, Huang JQ, Wang YZ, Schiraldi DA. Efficient approach to improving the flame retardancy of poly(vinyl alcohol)/clay aerogels: incorporating piperazine-modified ammonium polyphosphate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:1780-1786. [PMID: 25588129 DOI: 10.1021/am507409d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium polyphosphates (APP) modified with piperazine (PA-APP) was used to improve the flame retardancy of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/montmorillonite (MMT) aerogels, which were prepared via an environmentally friendly freeze-drying method. The thermal stabilities of the samples were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TG); the flammability behaviors of samples were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94) and cone calorimeter (CC) tests. TG test results showed that the 5% weight loss temperature (T5%) of PVA/MMT/PA-APP was 10 °C higher than that of PVA/MMT/APP. In combustion testing, all of PVA/MMT/PA-APP aerogels achieved V-0 ratings and have a higher LOI values than the unmodified PVA/MMT aerogel. Moreover, the aerogel with 1% PA-APP5, which means that the content of piperazine is 5% in PA-APP, decreased the cone calorimetry THR value to 5.71 MJ/m(2), and increased the char residue to 52%. The compressive modulus of PVA/MMT/PA-APP was increased by 93.4% compared with PVA/MMT/APP because of the increase in interfacial adhesion between matrix and PA-APP fillers. The densities of the PVA/MMT/PA-APP samples were slightly lower than those of the unmodified aerogels because of reduced shrinkage in the presence of PA-APP. All the tests results indicated that the incorporation of PA-APP not only improved the thermal stability and flame retardancy of aerogels but also maintained their mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tao Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
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37
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Xu J, Xiao J, Zhang Z, Wang X, Chen X, Yang X, Zhang W, Yang L. Modified polyaniline and its effects on the microstructure and antistatic properties of PP/PANI-APP/CPP composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Jie Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Zhiye Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Xinlong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Xiushan Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
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38
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Shao ZB, Deng C, Tan Y, Chen MJ, Chen L, Wang YZ. Flame retardation of polypropylene via a novel intumescent flame retardant: Ethylenediamine-modified ammonium polyphosphate. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Shao ZB, Deng C, Tan Y, Chen MJ, Chen L, Wang YZ. An efficient mono-component polymeric intumescent flame retardant for polypropylene: preparation and application. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:7363-70. [PMID: 24742305 DOI: 10.1021/am500789q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We found in our previous study that ethylenediamine- or ethanolamine-modified ammonium polyphosphates could be used alone as an intumescent flame retardant for polypropylene (PP), but their flame-retardant efficiency was not very high. In this present work, a novel highly-efficient mono-component polymeric intumescent flame retardant, piperazine-modified ammonium polyphosphate (PA-APP) was prepared. The oxygen index value of PP containing 22 wt % of PA-APP reached 31.2%, which increased by 58.4% compared with that of PP with equal amount of APP, and the vertical burning test (UL-94) could pass V-0 rating. Cone calorimeter (CC) results indicated that PP/PA-APP composite exhibited superior performance compared with PP/APP composite. For PP containing 25 wt % of PA-APP, fire growth rate (FGR) and smoke production rate (SPR) peak were reduced by 86.4% and 78.2%, respectively, compared with PP blended with 25 wt % APP. The relevant flame-retardant mechanism of PA-APP was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy etc. The P-N-C structure with the alicyclic amine was formed during the thermal decomposition of piperazine salt (-NH2(+)-O-P-), and the rich P-N-C structure facilitated the formation of stable char layer at the later stage, consequently improving the flame-retardant efficiency of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Bao Shao
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
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40
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Flame retardancy properties of ammonium polyphosphate with crystalline form II by non-P2O5 process. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Zhou J, Yang L, Wang X, Fu Q, Sun Q, Zhang Z. Microencapsulation of APP-I and influence of microencapsulated APP-I on microstructure and flame retardancy of PP/APP-I/PER composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Cao K, Wu SL, Wang KL, Yao Z. Kinetic Study on Surface Modification of Ammonium Polyphosphate with Melamine. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie2007938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shui-liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kai-li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and ‡Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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