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Behera K, Tsai CH, Chang YH, Chiu FC. Modifications of Phase Morphology, Physical Properties, and Burning Anti-Dripping Performance of Compatibilized Poly(butylene succinate)/High-Density Polyethylene Blend by Adding Nanofillers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4393. [PMID: 38006117 PMCID: PMC10675091 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A twin-screw extruder was used to fabricate poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) blends (7:3 weight ratio) and blend-based nanocomposites. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), and organoclays (15A and 30B) served as the nanofiller, while maleated HDPE (PEgMA) acted as an efficient compatibilizer for the blend. In the composites, individual nanofillers were mostly localized in HDPE domains, but some fillers were also observed at PBS-HDPE interfaces. The sea-island morphology of the compatibilized blend evolved into a pseudo-co-continuous morphology in the composites. Differential scanning calorimetry results confirmed that PEgMA with HDPE evidently accelerated the crystallization of PBS in the blend. The possible nucleation effect of added fillers on PBS crystallization was obscured by the formation of quasi-connected HDPE domains, causing fewer PBS nucleation sites. The presence of nanofillers improved the thermal stability and burning anti-dripping behavior of the parent blend. The anti-dripping efficiency of added fillers followed the sequence CNT > 15A > 30B > GNP. The rigidity of the blend was increased after the formation of nanocomposites. In particular, adding GNP resulted in 19% and 31% increases in the Young's modulus and flexural modulus, respectively. The development of a pseudo-network structure in the composites was confirmed by measurement of rheological properties. The electrical resistivity of the blend was reduced by more than six orders of magnitude at 3 phr CNT loading, demonstrating the achievement of double percolation morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Behera
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.B.); (C.-H.T.)
| | - Chien-Hsing Tsai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.B.); (C.-H.T.)
| | - Yen-Hsiang Chang
- Department of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Fang-Chyou Chiu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (K.B.); (C.-H.T.)
- Department of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
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Liang T, Li C, Pan D, Song G, Mai X, Naik N, Vupputuri S, Guo Z. Rheological non-isothermal mechanistic investigation on the curing of glycidyl azide polymer with solid nanofillers. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bahrami M, Abenojar J, Martínez MÁ. Recent Progress in Hybrid Biocomposites: Mechanical Properties, Water Absorption, and Flame Retardancy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5145. [PMID: 33203190 PMCID: PMC7696046 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based composites are reinforced polymeric materials in which one of the matrix and reinforcement components or both are from bio-based origins. The biocomposite industry has recently drawn great attention for diverse applications, from household articles to automobiles. This is owing to their low cost, biodegradability, being lightweight, availability, and environmental concerns over synthetic and nonrenewable materials derived from limited resources like fossil fuel. The focus has slowly shifted from traditional biocomposite systems, including thermoplastic polymers reinforced with natural fibers, to more advanced systems called hybrid biocomposites. Hybridization of bio-based fibers/matrices and synthetic ones offers a new strategy to overcome the shortcomings of purely natural fibers or matrices. By incorporating two or more reinforcement types into a single composite, it is possible to not only maintain the advantages of both types but also alleviate some disadvantages of one type of reinforcement by another one. This approach leads to improvement of the mechanical and physical properties of biocomposites for extensive applications. The present review article intends to provide a general overview of selecting the materials to manufacture hybrid biocomposite systems with improved strength properties, water, and burning resistance in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Bahrami
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, University Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Spain; (J.A.); (M.Á.M.)
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Wang Y, Ying Z, Xie W, Wu D. Cellulose nanofibers reinforced biodegradable polyester blends: Ternary biocomposites with balanced mechanical properties. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 233:115845. [PMID: 32059897 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Blending two biodegradable aliphatic polyesters with complementary bulk properties is an easy way of tuning their final properties. In this work, the ductile poly(butylene succinate) was mixed with polylactide, and as expectable, the blends show improved toughness with sharply reduced strengths. The pristine cellulose nanofibers were then used as the reinforcement for the blends. It is found that most nanofibers are dispersed in the polylactide phase because polylactide has better affinity to nanofibers, and the lower viscosity level of polylactide also favors driving nanofibers into the continuous polylactide phase during melting mixing. In this case, the strength and rigidity losses resulted from the presence of soft poly(butylene succinate) phase are compensated to some extent. To further improve mechanical properties, a two-step approach (reactive processing of blends, followed by the incorporation with nanofibers) was developed. This work provides an interesting way of fabricating fully biodegradable composites with well-balanced mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankun Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Zeren Ying
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Wenyuan Xie
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China; Institution of Innovative Materials & Energy, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225002, PR China
| | - Defeng Wu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratories of Environmental Engineering & Materials, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China.
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Meng C, Qu JP. Structure-property relationships in polypropylene/poly(ethylene-co-octene)/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites prepared via a novel eccentric rotor extruder. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2017-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this work, polypropylene/poly(ethylene-co-octene)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (PP/POE/MWCNT) nanocomposites with different contents of MWCNTs were prepared by an eccentric rotor extruder to obtain engineering materials with excellent performance capability. Microphotographs (scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) and dynamic mechanical analysis indicate that the MWCNTs were well dispersed in the polymer matrix under the elongation flow. The crystallization behavior was explored by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that MWCNTs promote heterogeneous nucleation and improve the To, Tc and Te values of the composites. On the basis of the rheology analysis, the complex viscosity of the PP/POE/MWCNT composites increased and formed an obvious Newton plat in the low-frequency range; both the G′ and G″ of all the samples increased monotonically, and a percolation threshold appeared for 1 wt% MWCNTs. Thus, the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites prepared under an elongation flow lead to an effective strengthening of PP/POE better than under a shear flow. This work provides a novel method based on elongational rheology to prepare engineered materials that possess excellent performance capabilities.
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Gumede TP, Luyt AS, Pérez-Camargo RA, Tercjak A, Müller AJ. Morphology, Nucleation, and Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(Butylene Succinate) Mixed with a Polycarbonate/MWCNT Masterbatch. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E424. [PMID: 30966459 PMCID: PMC6415459 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) with a polycarbonate (PC)/multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) masterbatch, in a twin-screw extruder. The nanocomposites contained 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 wt% MWCNTs. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) results indicate that the blends are partially miscible, hence they form two phases (i.e., PC-rich and PBS-rich phases). The PC-rich phase contained a small amount of PBS chains that acted as a plasticizer and enabled crystallization of the PC component. In the PBS-rich phase, the amount of the PC chains present gave rise to increases in the glass transition temperature of the PBS phase. The presence of two phases was supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis, where most MWCNTs aggregated in the PC-rich phase (especially at the high MWCNTs content of 4 wt%) and a small amount of MWCNTs were able to diffuse to the PBS-rich phase. Standard DSC scans showed that the MWCNTs nucleation effects saturated at 0.5 wt% MWCNT content on the PBS-rich phase, above this content a negative nucleation effect was observed. Isothermal crystallization results indicated that with 0.5 wt% MWCNTs the crystallization rate was accelerated, but further increases in MWCNTs loading (and also in PC content) resulted in progressive decreases in crystallization rate. The results are explained by increased MWCNTs aggregation and reduced diffusion rates of PBS chains, as the masterbatch content in the blends increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandi P Gumede
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State (Qwaqwa Campus), Private Bag X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa.
| | - Adriaan S Luyt
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ricardo A Pérez-Camargo
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Agnieszka Tercjak
- Group "Materials + Technologies" (GMT), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Alejandro J Müller
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
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Wang Y, Xu C, Wu D, Xie W, Wang K, Xia Q, Yang H. Rheology of the cellulose nanocrystals filled poly(ε-caprolactone) biocomposites. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Li YD, Fu QQ, Wang M, Zeng JB. Morphology, crystallization and rheological behavior in poly(butylene succinate)/cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposites fabricated by solution coagulation. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 164:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ge F, Wang X, Ran X. Properties of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) composites with carbon black. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x17030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Effects of ethyl cellulose on the crystallization and mechanical properties of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate). Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 88:120-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yang C, Guenzi M, Cicogna F, Gambarotti C, Filippone G, Pinzino C, Passaglia E, Dintcheva NT, Carroccio S, Coiai S. Grafting of polymer chains on the surface of carbon nanotubes via nitroxide radical coupling reaction. POLYM INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Yang
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; UOS Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Monica Guenzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica ‘Giulio Natta’, Politecnico di Milano; Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Francesca Cicogna
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; UOS Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Cristian Gambarotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica ‘Giulio Natta’, Politecnico di Milano; Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Giovanni Filippone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale; Università di Napoli Federico II; Piazzale V. Tecchio 80 80125 Napoli Italy
| | - Calogero Pinzino
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; UOS Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Elisa Passaglia
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; UOS Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Nadka Tz. Dintcheva
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali; Università di Palermo; Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Sabrina Carroccio
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; UOS Catania, Via P. Gaifami 18 95126 Catania Italy
| | - Serena Coiai
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; UOS Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
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Nikolic MS, Mitric M, Dapcevic A, Djonlagic J. Viscoelastic properties of poly(ε-caprolactone)/clay nanocomposites in solid and in melt state. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marija S. Nikolic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy; Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Miodrag Mitric
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Theoretical and Condensed Matter Physics, University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Dapcevic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy; Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Jasna Djonlagic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy; Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
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Wang J, Wu D, Li X, Zhang M. Rheological and electrical properties of carbon black-based poly(vinylidene fluoride) composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Yangzhou University; Jiangsu 225002 China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Material & Engineering; Jiangsu 225002 China
| | - Defeng Wu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Yangzhou University; Jiangsu 225002 China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Material & Engineering; Jiangsu 225002 China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Yangzhou University; Jiangsu 225002 China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Material & Engineering; Jiangsu 225002 China
- Testing Center; Yangzhou University; Jiangsu 225002 China
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Choi W, Hong J. Rapid Electromechanical Transduction on a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Film: Sensing Fast Mechanical Loading via Detection of Electrical Signal Change. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301551a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wonjoon Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkee Hong
- Department of Plant and Environmental
New Resources, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
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