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Falih SMJ, Al-Saray ST, Alfaris AA, Al-Ali AAA. The synergistic effect of eucalyptus oil and retinoic acid on human esophagus cancer cell line SK-GT-4. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In order to improve cancer patients' chances of survival, scientists have prioritized finding alternatives to chemotherapy, focusing their efforts on natural sources. The current study investigates the anti-cancer action of retinoic acid and Eucalyptus oil in esophageal cancer and studies their combined effect as well as the cellular pathways that each trigger as part of ongoing research in this field. As a model of esophageal cancer, the SK-GT-4 cancer cell line was treated with a series of concentrations of both materials.
Results
The concentrations of Eucalyptus oil (10, 100, 1000, and 1500 g/mL) and Retinoic acid (5, 100, 150, and 200 M/mL) were used for treatment of cells. The MTT test was used to assess the anti-cancer activity of Eucalyptus oil and Retinoic acid, and qPCR was used to determine cellular pathways. Our findings show that both Eucalyptus oil and Retinoic acid inhibit cancer cell growth significantly. Our findings revealed that the IC50 values for eucalyptus oil were 63 g/mL and 111.3 M l/mL for retinoic acid. Furthermore, the impact was at the level that causes apoptosis. The findings suggested that any herbal substance could act as an inducer of the caspase-9-dependent pathway. The caspase-8-dependent pathway, on the other hand, was restricted to retinoic acid.
Conclusion
Our research discovered that the two chemicals worked together to create a synergistic effect. This synergistic effect could be attributed to a close connection between external and internal apoptotic pathways, which inhibits SK-GT-4 cell growth.
Graphical Abstract
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Nematallah KA, Elmekkawy S, Abdollah MRA, Elmazar MM, Abdel-Sattar E, Meselhy MR. Cheminformatics Application in the Phytochemical and Biological Study of Eucalyptus globulus L. Bark as a Potential Hepatoprotective Drug. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:7945-7956. [PMID: 35284740 PMCID: PMC8908522 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural products are considered as a good source of antifibrotic agents, but identifying and isolating bioactive molecule(s) is still challenging. Fortunately, numerous computational techniques have evolved to save time and efforts in this field. The aim of the current study was to utilize several cheminformatics software to study the chemical and biological features of the bark of Eucalyptus globulus cultivated in Egypt. Sirius software, with the aid of online databases, was used to process liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) chemical profiling and predict precise molecular formulae, chemical classes, and structures. Accordingly, 37 compounds were tentatively identified, including 15 reported here for the first time from this species. Also, the BioTransformer tool was successfully applied for in silico virtual study of the human metabolism of these compounds, and 1960 different products were obtained through various metabolic pathways. Finally, an electronic library of the identified compounds and their metabolites were developed and docked in silico against eight different protein targets that are involved in the liver fibrosis process. The results revealed that the extract may have a potential hepatoprotective effect through several mechanisms and that the metabolites have the highest binding affinities to the relevant enzymes than their parent compounds. The extract was found to show potent cytotoxic activity against the liver cancer cell lines HEPG2 and HUH-7, and its absorption was enhanced through nanoformulation, as proved using the ex vivo everted gut sac method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled A. Nematallah
- Department
of Pharmacognosy and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo 11837, Egypt
- The
Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy,
BUE, Cairo 11837, Egypt
| | - Sahar Elmekkawy
- Department
of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, National
Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Maha R. A. Abdollah
- The
Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy,
BUE, Cairo 11837, Egypt
- Department
of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo 11837, Egypt
| | - Mohey M. Elmazar
- The
Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy,
BUE, Cairo 11837, Egypt
- Department
of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo 11837, Egypt
| | - Essam Abdel-Sattar
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Ling JKU, Chan YS, Nandong J. Extraction of antioxidant compounds from the wastes of Mangifera pajang fruit: a comparative study using aqueous ethanol and deep eutectic solvent. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-3153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Saifullah M, McCullum R, McCluskey A, Vuong Q. Comparison of conventional extraction technique with ultrasound assisted extraction on recovery of phenolic compounds from lemon scented tea tree ( Leptospermum petersonii) leaves. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03666. [PMID: 32258513 PMCID: PMC7125357 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospermum petersonii is a native Australian medicinal and aromatic plant. This study was designed to evaluate the influence of solvents and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) parameters including time, temperature, and sonication power on the yield of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity from lemon scented tea tree leaves. Extraction efficiency of the optimal UAE conditions were compared with that of shaking water bath technique. The results show that extraction solvents significantly affect extraction yield of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties, and 50% acetone in water was found to be the most suitable solvent. The UAE optimal conditions were 60 min, 50 °C and sonication power of 200 W. Under these optimal conditions the yields of total phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins were 98.91 ± 1.20 (mg GAE/g DW), 76.12 ± 0.79 (mg CE/g DW), 117.71 ± 2.18 (mg CE/g DW), respectively. Antioxidant properties from four assays including FRAP, CUPRAC, ABTS and DPPH were 581.29 ± 14.23, 5534.87 ± 19.56, 1636.18 ± 4.11, and 889.29 ± 20.68 (mM TE/g DW) respectively. The UAE extraction technique was found to be more efficient in extraction of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity in comparison with conventional shaking water bath extraction. This study also observed a strong correlation between phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities. All three phenolic compound groups (TPC, TFC, and Pro.A) were contributed to both free radical scavenging and ion reducing properties in the lemon scented tea tree leaves extract. However, the order of the phenolic groups was TPC > Pro.A > TFC for antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saifullah
- Applied Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NWS, 2258, Australia.,Department of Agro Product Processing Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Rebecca McCullum
- Applied Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NWS, 2258, Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Quan Vuong
- Applied Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NWS, 2258, Australia
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Naseer S, Afzal M, Nisa A, Hussain S, Ahmad M, Parveen S, Anjum F, Riaz M. Extraction of brown dye from Eucalyptusbark and its applications in food storage. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2019.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Naseer
- Department of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, DHA Phase VI, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M.S. Afzal
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - A. Nisa
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - S. Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, DHA Phase VI, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M.A. Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, DHA Phase VI, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S. Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, DHA Phase VI, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - F. Anjum
- Department of Chemistry, Govt College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M. Riaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
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Arantes SM, Piçarra A, Guerreiro M, Salvador C, Candeias F, Caldeira AT, Martins MR. Toxicological and pharmacological properties of essential oils of Calamintha nepeta, Origanum virens and Thymus mastichina of Alentejo (Portugal). Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 133:110747. [PMID: 31377137 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Three autochthonous flavouring herbs from Alentejo (Portugal), Calamintha nepeta (syn. Clinopodium nepeta), Origanun virens and Thymus mastichina, were selected to evaluate toxicological, antioxidant, antiproliferative and antimicrobial potential of their essential oils (EOs). C. nepeta and T. mastichina EOs showed a high content of oxygenated monoterpenes (86-91%) while O. virens had similar content of oxygenated and hydrocarbon monoterpenes (45%). Toxicological assessment suggests high activity against A. salina (31.8 < CL50 < 128.4 mg/L) and very low toxicity in Swiss mice (DL50 ≥ 1500 mg/kg). EOs showed high antioxidant ability by DPPH radical scavenging assay (0.1-0.6 mg QE/mL EO), total reducing power method (0.2-1.7 mg QE/mL EO) and β-carotene/linoleic acid system (11-501 mg QE/mL EO). An important antiproliferative effect against human breast tumour cell line was observed (88.9 < EC50 < 108.5 mg/L). Moreover, EOs presented a large antibacterial spectrum. Results point out the low toxicity and high antioxidant, antiproliferative and antimicrobial activities of EOs of these endemic aromatic plants, suggesting their potential use in biotechnological, food and/or pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Macedo Arantes
- Laboratório HERCULES, Universidade de Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, Évora, 7000-809, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Núcleo da Mitra, Apartado 94, Universidade de Évora, Évora, 7006-554, Portugal
| | - Andreia Piçarra
- Laboratório HERCULES, Universidade de Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, Évora, 7000-809, Portugal
| | - Marisa Guerreiro
- Laboratório HERCULES, Universidade de Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, Évora, 7000-809, Portugal
| | - Cátia Salvador
- Laboratório HERCULES, Universidade de Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, Évora, 7000-809, Portugal
| | - Fátima Candeias
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Núcleo da Mitra, Apartado 94, Universidade de Évora, Évora, 7006-554, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Universidade de Évora, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, R. Romão Ramalho 59, Évora, 7000-671, Portugal
| | - A Teresa Caldeira
- Laboratório HERCULES, Universidade de Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, Évora, 7000-809, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Universidade de Évora, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, R. Romão Ramalho 59, Évora, 7000-671, Portugal
| | - M Rosário Martins
- Laboratório HERCULES, Universidade de Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, Évora, 7000-809, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Núcleo da Mitra, Apartado 94, Universidade de Évora, Évora, 7006-554, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Universidade de Évora, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, R. Romão Ramalho 59, Évora, 7000-671, Portugal.
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Celeiro M, Lamas JP, Arcas R, Lores M. Antioxidants Profiling of By-Products from Eucalyptus Greenboards Manufacture. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8080263. [PMID: 31374921 PMCID: PMC6719899 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three different by-products from the Eucalyptus wood industry have been exhaustively characterized to find compounds with antioxidant properties. The industrial process to manufacture Eucalyptus greenboards is distinguished by using just wood and water, which converts the generated by-products in a highly attractive source of bioactive compounds that are originally in the raw material. The studied by-products were: the screw water, derived from the washing of the wood chips; the condensates, obtained after the evaporation and further condensation of the screw water; and finally, the concentrate of eucalyptus. For all of them and for their derived organic extracts, the total polyphenols content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) have been evaluated. The chromatographic fingerprints, based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have been obtained to identify the main extractable organic wood components. Besides, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been employed to characterize the most volatile compounds. Significant differences were observed for the chromatographic profiles of the studied by-products. Up to 48 and 30 different compounds were identified in the screw water, and condensate by-products, respectively; whereas the highest number of compounds, up to 72, have been identified in the organic extracts derived from the concentrate of Eucalyptus, highlighting the presence of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, polyphenols, and other bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. Therefore, these by-products could be exploited to obtain natural extracts with added value which could be reused in the food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical industry, reducing the environmental impact of the industrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Celeiro
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - J Pablo Lamas
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa Arcas
- Betanzos HB, Betanzos-Santiago Road, Km 3, E-15300 Betanzos, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta Lores
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Lin G, Rahim MA, Leeming MG, Cortez-Jugo C, Besford QA, Ju Y, Zhong QZ, Johnston ST, Zhou J, Caruso F. Selective Metal-Phenolic Assembly from Complex Multicomponent Mixtures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:17714-17721. [PMID: 31038907 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Selective self-assembly in multicomponent mixtures offers a method for isolating desired components from complex systems for the rapid production of functional materials. Developing approaches capable of selective assembly of "target" components into intended three-dimensional structures is challenging because of the intrinsically high complexity of multicomponent systems. Herein, we report the selective coordination-driven self-assembly of metal-phenolic networks (MPNs) from a series of complex multicomponent systems (including crude plant extracts) into thin films via metal chelation with phenolic ligands. The metal (FeIII) selectively assembles low abundant phenolic components (e.g., myricetrin and quercetrin) from plant extracts into thin films. This selective metal-phenolic assembly is independent of the substrate properties (e.g., size, surface charge, and shape). Moreover, the high selectivity is consistent across different target phenolic ligands in model mixtures, even though each individual component can form thin films from single-component systems. A computational simulation of film formation suggests that the driving force for the selective behavior stems from differences in the number of chelating sites in the phenolic structures. The MPN films are shown to demonstrate improved antioxidant properties compared with the corresponding phenolic compounds in their free form, therefore exhibiting potential as free-standing antioxidant films.
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An Array of Bioactive Compounds From Australian Eucalypts and Their Relevance in Pancreatic Cancer Therapeutics. Pancreas 2018; 47:690-707. [PMID: 29894418 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most devastating human cancers, and despite the significant advances in the current therapeutic options, the overall survival rate for PC has remained static for the past 50 years. Plant-derived bioactive compounds play a vital role in cancer therapeutics by providing new lead compounds for future drug development. Therefore, the isolation, characterization, and identification of new bioactive compounds for the prevention and treatment of cancer continue to be an important aspect of natural product research. Many in vitro and in vivo studies published in the last few decades have established strong links between the phytochemical profile of eucalypts and anticancer activity. However, only a small number of these reports have attempted to demonstrate a relationship between the biological activity of eucalypt extracts and PC. This review focuses on potential anti-PC effects of an array of bioactive compounds present in various species of eucalypts. It also highlights the necessity for further in vitro and in vivo studies to develop a complete understanding of the potential this group of plants has for the development of potent and specific chemotherapeutic drugs for PC.
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Mota IF, Pinto PR, Ribeiro AM, Loureiro JM, Rodrigues AE. Downstream processing of an oxidized industrial kraft liquor by membrane fractionation for vanillin and syringaldehyde recovery. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Morais ES, Mendonça PV, Coelho JFJ, Freire MG, Freire CS, Coutinho JAP, Silvestre AJD. Deep Eutectic Solvent Aqueous Solutions as Efficient Media for the Solubilization of Hardwood Xylans. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:753-762. [PMID: 29345423 PMCID: PMC6191028 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201702007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This work contributes to the development of integrated lignocellulosic-based biorefineries by the pioneering exploitation of hardwood xylans by solubilization and extraction in deep eutectic solvents (DES). DES formed by choline chloride and urea or acetic acid were initially evaluated as solvents for commercial xylan as a model compound. The effects of temperature, molar ratio, and concentration of the DES aqueous solutions were evaluated and optimized by using a response surface methodology. The results obtained demonstrated the potential of these solvents, with 328.23 g L-1 of xylan solubilization using 66.7 wt % DES in water at 80 °C. Furthermore, xylans could be recovered by precipitation from the DES aqueous media in yields above 90 %. The detailed characterization of the xylans recovered after solubilization in aqueous DES demonstrated that 4-O-methyl groups were eliminated from the 4-O-methylglucuronic acids moieties and uronic acids (15 %) were cleaved from the xylan backbone during this process. The similar Mw values of both pristine and recovered xylans confirmed the success of the reported procedure. DES recovery in four additional extraction cycles was also demonstrated. Finally, the successful extraction of xylans from Eucalyptus globulus wood by using aqueous solutions of DES was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda S. Morais
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia V. Mendonça
- CEMMPRE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge F. J. Coelho
- CEMMPRE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mara G. Freire
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carmen S.R. Freire
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João A. P. Coutinho
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando J. D. Silvestre
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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Haplotype analysis of the germacrene A synthase gene and association with cynaropicrin content and biological activities in Cynara cardunculus. Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 293:417-433. [PMID: 29143866 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cynara cardunculus: L. represents a natural source of terpenic compounds, with the predominant molecule being cynaropicrin. Cynaropicrin is gaining interest since it has been correlated to anti-hyperlipidaemia, antispasmodic and cytotoxicity activity against leukocyte cancer cells. The objective of this work was to screen a collection of C. cardunculus, from different origins, for new allelic variants in germacrene A synthase (GAS) gene involved in the cynaropicrin biosynthesis and correlate them with improved cynaropicrin content and biological activities. Using high-resolution melting, nine haplotypes were identified. The putative impact of the identified allelic variants in GAS protein was evaluated by bioinformatic tools and polymorphisms that putatively lead to protein conformational changes were described. Additionally, cynaropicrin and main pentacyclic triterpenes contents, and antithrombin, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities were also determined in C. cardunculus leaf lipophilic-derived extracts. In this work we identified allelic variants with putative impact on GAS protein, which are significantly associated with cynaropicrin content and antiproliferative activity. The results obtained suggest that the identified polymorphisms should be explored as putative genetic markers correlated with biological properties in Cynara cardunculus.
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Separation and recovery of polyphenols and carbohydrates from Eucalyptus bark extract by ultrafiltration/diafiltration and adsorption processes. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Che Sulaiman IS, Basri M, Fard Masoumi HR, Chee WJ, Ashari SE, Ismail M. Effects of temperature, time, and solvent ratio on the extraction of phenolic compounds and the anti-radical activity of Clinacanthus nutans Lindau leaves by response surface methodology. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:54. [PMID: 29086900 PMCID: PMC5471285 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinacanthus nutans Lindau is a well-known plant, native to tropical Asian countries. Reports on this plant that is rich in phenolic compounds have focused on its therapeutic anti-inflammatory, anti-herpes simplex, antioxidant, and anti-cancer characteristics. In this paper, the influence of the extraction parameters—temperatures (60–80 °C), times (80–120 min), and solvent ratios (70:30–90:10) of water:ethanol were investigated using response surface methodology in order to determine the optimum extraction conditions that could produce maximum extraction yields of the phenolic compounds and the highest anti-radical activity of the C. nutans extract. Results The optimum conditions suggested by the predicted model were: an extraction temperature of 60 °C, an extraction time of 120 min and a water:ethanol solvent ratio of 90:10 v/v%. The residual standard error of 0.2% indicated that there was no significant difference between the actual and predicted values and it proved that the models were adequate to predict the relevant responses. All the independent variables had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on all the responses which indicated that all extraction parameters employed in this study were important in the optimization process. The R2 values for three responses, extraction yields, DPPH radical scavenging activity and TPC were 0.9999, 0.9999 and 0.9983 respectively, suggesting that the quadratic polynomial models developed were satisfactorily accurate to be used in analyzing the interactions of the parameters (response and independent variables). Conclusion This study could be useful in the development of cosmeceutical products containing extracts of C. nutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan Soraya Che Sulaiman
- Nanodelivery Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mahiran Basri
- Nanodelivery Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hamid Reza Fard Masoumi
- Nanodelivery Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biomaterials, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Wei Jian Chee
- Nanodelivery Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Efliza Ashari
- Nanodelivery Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maznah Ismail
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Extraction of bio-active compounds from Ethiopian plant material Rumex abyssinicus (mekmeko) root—A study on kinetics, optimization, antioxidant and antibacterial activity. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bhuyan DJ, Sakoff J, Bond DR, Predebon M, Vuong QV, Chalmers AC, van Altena IA, Bowyer MC, Scarlett CJ. In vitro anticancer properties of selected Eucalyptus species. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 53:604-615. [PMID: 28452004 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-017-0149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the recent advancements in oncology, the overall survival rate for pancreatic cancer has not improved over the last five decades. Eucalypts have been linked with cytotoxic and anticancer properties in various studies; however, there is very little scientific evidence that supports the direct role of eucalypts in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. This study assessed the anticancer properties of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of four Eucalyptus species using an MTT assay. The most promising extracts were further evaluated using a CCK-8 assay. Apoptotic studies were performed using a caspase 3/7 assay in MIA PaCa-2 cells. The aqueous extract of Eucalyptus microcorys leaf and the ethanolic extract of Eucalyptus microcorys fruit inhibited the growth of glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, lung and pancreatic cancer cells by more than 80% at 100 μg/mL. The E. microcorys and Eucalyptus saligna extracts showed lower GI50 values than the ethanolic Eucalyptus robusta extract in MIA PaCa-2 cells. Aqueous E. microcorys leaf and fruit extracts at 100 μg/mL exerted significantly higher cell growth inhibition in MIA PaCa-2 cells than other extracts (p < 0.05). Statistically similar IC50 values (p > 0.05) were observed in aqueous E. microcorys leaf (86.05 ± 4.75 μg/mL) and fruit (64.66 ± 15.97 μg/mL) and ethanolic E. microcorys leaf (79.30 ± 29.45 μg/mL) extracts in MIA PaCa-2 cells using the CCK-8 assay. Caspase 3/7-mediated apoptosis and morphological changes of cells were also witnessed in MIA PaCa-2 cells after 24 h of treatment with the extracts. This study highlighted the significance of E. microcorys as an important source of phytochemicals with efficacy against pancreatic cancer cells. Further studies are warranted to purify and structurally identify individual compounds and elucidate their mechanisms of action for the development of more potent and specific chemotherapeutic agents for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Jyoti Bhuyan
- Pancreatic Cancer Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Rd, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia. .,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Rd, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia.
| | - Jennette Sakoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Waratah, NSW, Australia
| | - Danielle R Bond
- Pancreatic Cancer Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Rd, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia.,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Rd, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
| | - Melanie Predebon
- Pancreatic Cancer Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Rd, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia.,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Rd, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
| | - Quan V Vuong
- Pancreatic Cancer Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Rd, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia.,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Rd, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
| | - Anita C Chalmers
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Rd, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
| | - Ian A van Altena
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Rd, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
| | - Michael C Bowyer
- Pancreatic Cancer Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Rd, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia.,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Rd, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
| | - Christopher J Scarlett
- Pancreatic Cancer Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Rd, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia. .,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Rd, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia.
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17
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Bhuyan DJ, Vuong QV, Chalmers AC, van Altena IA, Bowyer MC, Scarlett CJ. Development of the ultrasonic conditions as an advanced technique for extraction of phenolic compounds from Eucalyptus robusta. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1250777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deep Jyoti Bhuyan
- Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Quan V. Vuong
- Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Anita C. Chalmers
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian A. van Altena
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael C. Bowyer
- Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Scarlett
- Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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18
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Vuong QV, Chalmers AC, Jyoti Bhuyan D, Bowyer MC, Scarlett CJ. Botanical, Phytochemical, and Anticancer Properties of the Eucalyptus Species. Chem Biodivers 2016; 12:907-24. [PMID: 26080737 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The genus Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) is mainly native to Australia; however, some species are now distributed globally. Eucalyptus has been used in indigenous Australian medicines for the treatment of a range of aliments including colds, flu, fever, muscular aches, sores, internal pains, and inflammation. Eucalyptus oils containing volatile compounds have been widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries for a multitude of purposes. In addition, Eucalyptus extracts containing nonvolatile compounds are also an important source of key bioactive compounds, and several studies have linked Eucalyptus extracts with anticancer properties. With the increasing research interest in Eucalyptus and its health properties, this review briefly outlines the botanical features of Eucalyptus, discusses its traditional use as medicine, and comprehensively reviews its phytochemical and anticancer properties and, finally, proposes trends for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan V Vuong
- Pancreatic Cancer Research, Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Brush Rd, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia, (phone: +61-2-43484680; fax: +61-2-43484145).,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Road, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Anita C Chalmers
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Road, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Deep Jyoti Bhuyan
- Pancreatic Cancer Research, Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Brush Rd, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia, (phone: +61-2-43484680; fax: +61-2-43484145).,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Road, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Michael C Bowyer
- Pancreatic Cancer Research, Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Brush Rd, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia, (phone: +61-2-43484680; fax: +61-2-43484145).,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Road, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Christopher J Scarlett
- Pancreatic Cancer Research, Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Brush Rd, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia, (phone: +61-2-43484680; fax: +61-2-43484145). .,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Road, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
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Pinto PCR, Oliveira C, Costa CAE, Rodrigues AE. Performance of Side-Streams from Eucalyptus Processing as Sources of Polysaccharides and Lignins by Kraft Delignification. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula C. R. Pinto
- Laboratory of Separation
and Reaction Engineering−LSRE, Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Oliveira
- Laboratory of Separation
and Reaction Engineering−LSRE, Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina A. E. Costa
- Laboratory of Separation
and Reaction Engineering−LSRE, Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alírio E. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Separation
and Reaction Engineering−LSRE, Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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20
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Dailey A, Vuong QV. Optimization of Aqueous Extraction Conditions for Recovery of Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Properties from Macadamia (Macadamia tetraphylla) Skin Waste. Antioxidants (Basel) 2015; 4:699-718. [PMID: 26783954 PMCID: PMC4712940 DOI: 10.3390/antiox4040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The macadamia is native to Australia and is now grown commercially around the world. Macadamia skin, known as waste, has been generated abundantly, but this ample source has had limited uses as a byproduct. The aim of this study was to develop optimal aqueous extraction conditions for the recovery of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties from macadamia skin using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Water was selected for optimizing the extraction conditions because it is a cheap, safe, and environmentally friendly solvent. The results showed that the RSM models were reliable for the prediction and evaluation of the tested variables. Within the tested ranges, temperature (°C), time (min), and sample-to-solvent ratio (g/100 mL), and their interactions, did not significantly affect phenolic compound (TPC), flavonoid, proanthocyanidin, CUPRAC, and FRAP contents. However, the time and the sample-to-solvent ratio significantly affected DPPH antioxidant activity and the ratio significantly affected ABTS antioxidant capacity. The optimal extraction conditions for the recovery of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties were predicted and validated at a temperature of 90 °C, a time of 20 min, and a sample-to-solvent ratio of 5 g/100 mL. At these conditions, an extract with TPC of 86 mg GAE/g, flavonoids of 30 mg RUE/g, and proanthocyanidins of 97 mg CAE/g could be prepared with potent antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Dailey
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
| | - Quan V Vuong
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
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21
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Ultrafiltration of ethanol/water extract of Eucalyptus globulus bark: Resistance and cake build up analysis. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Sreekeesoon DP, Mahomoodally MF. Ethnopharmacological analysis of medicinal plants and animals used in the treatment and management of pain in Mauritius. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 157:181-200. [PMID: 25261690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pain is a multi-faceted and multi-factorial condition which is challenging to manage and treat. Conventional therapies such as analgesics, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and corticosteroids amongst others have been successful to some extent in its management and treatment. Nonetheless, such therapies tend to be accompanied by undesirable effects and have a limited therapeutic range. Consequently, there is a pressing need to probe for novel analgesic and anti-nociceptive drugs from traditional medicines (TM). This study was designed to record, document and analyze herbal and animal-based therapies used for the management and treatment of pain in the tropical of Mauritius. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data was collected via face-to-face interviews with TM users (n=332) and practitioners (n=20). Seven quantitative ethnopharmacological indexes, namely family use value (FUV), use value (UV), informant agreement ratio (IAR), relative frequency of citation (RFC), fidelity level (FL), relative importance (RI) and ethnobotanicity index (EI) were calculated. RESULTS A total of 79 plant species distributed within 40 families and 20 polyherbal preparations was recorded. Interestingly, 6 indigenous/endemic plants have been reported for the first time to be in common use for pain management and treatment in Mauritius. The most significant biologically important plant family was Xanthorrhoeaceae with highest FUV. The species which ranked highest according to its UV was Morinda citrifolia L. Morinda citrifolia L. and Ricinus communis L. also scored the highest RFC. The IAR values for the disease categories were high (0.95-0.97). Based on EI, plants species which are known to be useful in TM accounted for 11.5% of the total flora in Mauritius. Coix lacryma-jobi L. (FL=100%) had highest FL for lower back ache. Morinda citrifolia L. scored highest on most of the quantitative indices calculated including RI, which is endorsed by extensive documentation on its versatility and particularly its anti-nociceptive properties. Seven animal species were recorded to be in common use. CONCLUSION The present ethnopharmacological study revealed a panoply of TM to be in common use for pain management and treatment in Mauritius. This study has documented for the first time medicinal plants and animal species with potential analgesic and/or anti-nociceptive properties. This study has therefore provided important baseline primary data for the discovery of new lead molecules for drug development geared towards pain management and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Priyamka Sreekeesoon
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, 230 Réduit, Mauritius
| | - M Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, 230 Réduit, Mauritius.
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Stumps of Eucalyptus globulus as a source of antioxidant and antimicrobial polyphenols. Molecules 2014; 19:16428-46. [PMID: 25314604 PMCID: PMC6271475 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191016428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
These past years have seen an enormous development of the area of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials. Eucalyptus globulus is widely cultivated in subtropical and Mediterranean regions in intensive short rotation coppice plantations. In the Portuguese context, E. globulus is the third species in terms of forest area. The stump is the basal part of the tree, including the near-the-ground stem portion and the woody roots that remain after stem felling. The purpose of this work was to study the phytochemical profile and to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of several crude stump wood and stump bark extracts of E. globulus, comparing it with similar extracts of E. globulus wood (industrial chips). The results showed the presence of high concentrations of total phenolic compounds (>200 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoids (>10 mg QE/g extract) in E. globulus stump extracts. Generally the stump wood extracts stands out from the other ones, presenting the highest percentages of inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. It was also possible to conclude that the extracts were more active against Gram-positive bacteria, presenting low MIC values. This study thus provides information supporting the economic valorization of E. globulus stump wood.
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24
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Membrane performance and application of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration to ethanol/water extract of Eucalyptus bark. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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26
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Pinto PCR, Costa CE, Rodrigues AE. Oxidation of Lignin from Eucalyptus globulus Pulping Liquors to Produce Syringaldehyde and Vanillin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie303349j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cristina Rodrigues Pinto
- Laboratory
of Separation and Reaction Engineering -
LSRE, Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina Esteves Costa
- Laboratory
of Separation and Reaction Engineering -
LSRE, Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alírio Egídio Rodrigues
- Laboratory
of Separation and Reaction Engineering -
LSRE, Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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