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Ueda M, Lee J, Yi H, Lee GH, Kim YJ, Kim GH, Oh K, Yoon SH, Nakabayashi K, Park JI. Qualitative Analysis of Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds in Vacuum Gas Oils via Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2024; 29:2508. [PMID: 38893384 PMCID: PMC11173734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the heavy fractions in crude oil has been important in petroleum industries. It is well known that heavy fractions such as vacuum gas oils (VGOs) include heteroatoms, of which sulfur and nitrogen are often characterized in many cases. We conducted research regarding the molecular species analysis of VGOs. Further refine processes using VGOs are becoming important when considering carbon recycling. In this work, we attempted to classify compounds within VGOs provided by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Two VGOs were priorly distillated from Kuwait Export crude and Lower Fars crude. Quantitative analysis was performed mainly using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS). MALDI-TOF-MS has been developed for analyzing high-molecular-weight compounds such as polymer and biopolymers. As matrix selection is one of the most important aspects in MALDI-TOFMS, the careful selection of a matrix was firstly evaluated, followed by analysis using a Kendrick plot with nominal mass series (z*). The objective was to evaluate if this work could provide an effective classification of VGOs compounds. The Kendrick plot is a well-known method for processing mass data. The difference in the Kendrick mass defect (KMD) between CnH2n-14S and CnH2n-20O is only 0.0005 mass units, which makes it difficult in general to distinguish these compounds. However, since the z* value showed effective differences during the classification of these compounds, qualitative analysis could be possible. The analysis using nominal mass series showed the potential to be used as an effective method in analyzing heavy fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morio Ueda
- Kyushu Environmental Evaluation Association, Fukuoka 813-0004, Japan
| | - Jongbeom Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Yi
- Carbon Materials Research Group, Research Institute of Industrial Science & Technology (RIST), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; (H.Y.)
| | - Gang-Ho Lee
- Carbon Materials Research Group, Research Institute of Industrial Science & Technology (RIST), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; (H.Y.)
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Hee Kim
- Department of Defense Space Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongseok Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Inha Technical College, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seong-Ho Yoon
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Koji Nakabayashi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Joo-Il Park
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
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De Saegher T, Vercammen J, Atanasova B, Van Geem KM, De Clercq J, Verberckmoes A, Lauwaert J. Efficient mapping of lignin depolymerization product pools and quantification of specific monomers through rapid GPC-HPLC-UV/VIS analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1278:341738. [PMID: 37709433 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing research on lignin depolymerization to functionalized bio-aromatics has necessitated dedicated analysis techniques. However, immense variability in molecular weight and functional groups of the depolymerization products impedes fast analysis of a large number of samples while remaining in-depth enough for catalyst screening or reaction condition optimization. While GPC-HPLC-UV/VIS has been a promising technique, up until now, the information it provides is largely qualitative. By enabling quantification of key monomeric products and through further reduction of overall analysis time, this study aims to increase the potential of GPC-HPLC-UV/VIS for fast and in-depth characterization of lignin depolymerization product pools. RESULTS Analysis of selected samples, isolated from GPC-HPLC-UV/VIS analyses of lignin depolymerization product pools, with gas chromatography (GC) equipped with an Orbitrap high-resolution accurate mass spectrometer (Orbitrap-HR/AM-MS) is successful in identifying the main low monomeric products. Moreover, these identifications are further substantiated through GPC-HPLC-UV/VIS analysis of standards. Furthermore, straight forward quantification of these products directly within GPC-HPLC-UV/VIS is successfully developed with limits of detection ≤0.05 mmol/L, which is at least on par with more complex analysis techniques. Additionally, several different reversed phase columns are assessed to reduce 2nd dimension (2D) time and, hence, overall analysis time while maintaining the possibility for quantification. A reduction in overall analysis time of about 30% as compared to the state-of-the-art is achieved by using a YMC Triart BIO C4 column as 2D. SIGNIFICANCE Through the enhancements introduced in this study, GPC-HPLC-UV/VIS emerges as a unique technique for the analysis of lignin depolymerization product pools, which is capable of fast yet sufficiently in-depth analysis of a large volume of samples. This capability is indispensable for catalyst screening and fine-tuning reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibo De Saegher
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joeri Vercammen
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Interscience Expert Center (IS-X), Avenue J.E. Lenoir 2, 1384, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Boyana Atanasova
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeriffa De Clercq
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Verberckmoes
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lauwaert
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Kusenberg M, Faussone GC, Thi HD, Roosen M, Grilc M, Eschenbacher A, De Meester S, Van Geem KM. Maximizing olefin production via steam cracking of distilled pyrolysis oils from difficult-to-recycle municipal plastic waste and marine litter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156092. [PMID: 35605869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste is steadily polluting oceans and environments. Even if collected, most waste is still predominantly incinerated for energy recovery at the cost of CO2. Chemical recycling can contribute to the transition towards a circular economy with pyrolysis combined with steam cracking being the favored recycling option for the time being. However, today, the high variety and contamination of real waste remains the biggest challenge. This is especially relevant for waste fractions which are difficult or even impossible to recycle mechanically such as highly mixed municipal plastic waste or marine litter. In this work, we studied the detailed composition and the steam cracking performance of distilled pyrolysis oil fractions in the naphtha-range of two highly relevant waste fractions: mixed municipal plastic waste (MPW) considered unsuitable for mechanical recycling and marine litter (ML) collected from the sea bottom. Advanced analytical techniques including comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled with various detectors and inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were applied to characterize the feedstocks and to understand how their properties affect the steam cracking performance. Both waste-derived naphtha fractions were rich in olefins and aromatics (~70% in MPW naphtha and ~51% in ML naphtha) next to traces of nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine and metals. ICP-MS analyses showed that sodium, potassium, silicon and iron were the most crucial metals that should be removed in further upgrading steps. Steam cracking of the waste-derived naphtha fractions resulted in lower light olefin yields compared to fossil naphtha used as benchmark, due to secondary reactions of aromatics and olefins. Coke formation of ML naphtha was slightly increased compared to fossil naphtha (+ ~50%), while that of MPW naphtha was more than ~180% higher. It was concluded that mild upgrading of the waste-derived naphtha fractions or dilution with fossil feedstocks is sufficient to provide feedstocks suitable for industrial steam cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kusenberg
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Gian Claudio Faussone
- University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; Sintol, Corso Matteotti 32A, Torino, Italy
| | - Hang Dao Thi
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Martijn Roosen
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Miha Grilc
- University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreas Eschenbacher
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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Kusenberg M, Eschenbacher A, Djokic MR, Zayoud A, Ragaert K, De Meester S, Van Geem KM. Opportunities and challenges for the application of post-consumer plastic waste pyrolysis oils as steam cracker feedstocks: To decontaminate or not to decontaminate? WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 138:83-115. [PMID: 34871884 PMCID: PMC8769047 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermochemical recycling of plastic waste to base chemicals via pyrolysis followed by a minimal amount of upgrading and steam cracking is expected to be the dominant chemical recycling technology in the coming decade. However, there are substantial safety and operational risks when using plastic waste pyrolysis oils instead of conventional fossil-based feedstocks. This is due to the fact that plastic waste pyrolysis oils contain a vast amount of contaminants which are the main drivers for corrosion, fouling and downstream catalyst poisoning in industrial steam cracking plants. Contaminants are therefore crucial to evaluate the steam cracking feasibility of these alternative feedstocks. Indeed, current plastic waste pyrolysis oils exceed typical feedstock specifications for numerous known contaminants, e.g. nitrogen (∼1650 vs. 100 ppm max.), oxygen (∼1250 vs. 100 ppm max.), chlorine (∼1460vs. 3 ppm max.), iron (∼33 vs. 0.001 ppm max.), sodium (∼0.8 vs. 0.125 ppm max.)and calcium (∼17vs. 0.5 ppm max.). Pyrolysis oils produced from post-consumer plastic waste can only meet the current specifications set for industrial steam cracker feedstocks if they are upgraded, with hydrogen based technologies being the most effective, in combination with an effective pre-treatment of the plastic waste such as dehalogenation. Moreover, steam crackers are reliant on a stable and predictable feedstock quality and quantity representing a challenge with plastic waste being largely influenced by consumer behavior, seasonal changes and local sorting efficiencies. Nevertheless, with standardization of sorting plants this is expected to become less problematic in the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kusenberg
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Andreas Eschenbacher
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Marko R Djokic
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Azd Zayoud
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kim Ragaert
- Center for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Detailed Group-Type Characterization of Plastic-Waste Pyrolysis Oils: By Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Including Linear, Branched, and Di-Olefins. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8070103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic-waste pyrolysis oils contain large amounts of linear, branched, and di-olefinic compounds. This makes it not obvious to determine the detailed group-type composition in particular to the presence of substantial amounts of N-, S-, and O-containing heteroatomic compounds. The thorough evaluation of different column combinations for two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC), i.e., non-polar × polar and polar × non-polar, revealed that the second combination had the best performance, as indicated by the bi-dimensional resolution of the selected key compounds. By coupling the GC × GC to multiple detectors, such as the flame ionization detector (FID), a sulfur chemiluminescence detector (SCD), a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD), and a mass spectrometer (MS), the identification and quantification were possible of hydrocarbon, oxygen-, sulfur-, and nitrogen-containing compounds in both naphtha (C5–C11) and diesel fractions (C7–C23) originating from plastic-waste pyrolysis oils. Group-type quantification showed that large amounts of α-olefins (36.39 wt%, 35.08 wt%), iso-olefins (8.77 wt%, 9.06 wt%), and diolefins (4.21 wt%, 4.20 wt%) were present. Furthermore, oxygen-containing compounds (alcohols, ketones, and ethers) could be distinguished from abundant hydrocarbon matrix, by employing Stabilwax as the first column and Rxi-5ms as the second column. Ppm levels of sulfides, thiophenes, and pyridines could also be quantified by the use of selective SCD and NCD detectors.
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Bahia PVB, Nascimento MM, Hatje V, de Andrade JB, Machado ME. Microscale extraction combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles in marine sediments. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462414. [PMID: 34320434 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a novel method based on an ultrasound-assisted extraction microscale device (UAE-MSD) for the rapid and simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASH) in marine sediments. Solvent extraction conditions were optimized by applying a simplex-centroid mixture design. Optimum conditions were used to validate and determine the concentrations of 17 PAH and 7 PASH. The best conditions were obtained by extracting sediments with 500 µL of DCM:MeOH (65:35, v:v) over 23 min of sonication. Analytes were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in selective ion monitoring (GC-MS/SIM). Matrix effects were evaluated, and matrix-matched calibration was used for quantitation. Analytical method validation was carried out using the certified reference material NIST SRM 1941b, as well as sediment spiked with PASH at three concentration levels. Recoveries ranged between 70.0 ± 3.5% and 119 ± 9.1% for PAH and 80.6 ± 10.4% and 120 ± 10% for PASH. Linearity (R2) was ≥0.99 for all compounds. Method detection limits ranged from 8.8 to 30.2 ng g-1, while limits of quantification ranged from 29.4 to 1011 ng g-1. UAE-MSD was applied to marine sediments exposed to different anthropogenic impacts collected in Todos os Santos Bay, Brazil. PAH concentrations ranged from <LOQ to 667 ng g-1, while PASH levels were <LOQ to 1152 ng g-1. Dibenzothiophene was the compound presented in the highest concentration in all samples, with values up to 249 ng g-1. The results indicated contributions of pyrogenic sources from all compounds. The developed method can potentially be applied to extract trace levels of compounds in different solid matrices to minimize extraction time and solvent consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Victor Bomfim Bahia
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Madson Moreira Nascimento
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Hatje
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Jailson Bittencourt de Andrade
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Centro Universitário SENAI-CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 - Piatã, Salvador, BA 41650-010, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabete Machado
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-115, Brazil.
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Machakanur S, Savalia A, Bhakthavatsalam V. Multivariate statistics for summarizing diesel feeds for flammability attributes using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2941-2949. [PMID: 34080293 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive 2D gas chromatography has been utilized for analyzing complex mixtures of hydrocarbons of diesel feeds. Here, we evaluated 19 diesel feeds for their paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic group compositions dictating their flammability properties. Compositional ranges of feeds were as follows: paraffins: 9.6-57.8%, naphthenes: 7.9-38.5%, and aromatics: 10.5-82.3%. Diesel's flammability performance is estimated by thermodynamic conditions and rates of radical formation of hydrocarbon type in actual engine condition, limiting cetane number. However, limitations are overcome by understanding the relative compositional variations of feeds by simple ranking of feeds based on C15-16 compositions. Due to the multidimensional variability of feeds, a principal component analysis was adopted later for its distinguishing capability. Paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic group's principal component analysis clustered up feeds based on the higher concentration of individual hydrocarbon group. We explored hierarchical cluster analysis to organize feeds into classes of mixed C9 to C26 paraffin's composition in the diesel range. Further, for discriminating C15-C16 enriched and depleted feeds in total paraffin composition, a row dendrogram with heat map was drawn. The above multivariate methods have led to a fair distinction of nonadditive feed compositions influencing flammability properties by radical formation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrinath Machakanur
- Advanced Analytical Sciences, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Anilkumar Savalia
- Advanced Analytical Sciences, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Navi Mumbai, India
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8
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Quantification of poisons for Ziegler Natta catalysts and effects on the production of polypropylene by gas chromatographic with simultaneous detection: Pulsed discharge helium ionization, mass spectrometry and flame ionization. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1614:460736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Kumar S, Negi S, Maiti P. Biological and analytical techniques used for detection of polyaromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25810-25827. [PMID: 29032529 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contain two or more fused benzene rings that are considered as cosmo-pollutants ubiquitously found in the environment. The identification and monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of great interests for rapid and on-site detection. Therefore, many analytical and biological techniques have been proposed for the qualitative and quantitative assessments of PAHs. Non-biological analytical techniques such as infrared, Raman, and fluorescence spectroscopies are commonly exploited as non-destructive techniques while gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with multiple detectors are extensively employed for the separation and detection of an analyte. Even though spectroscopy and chromatography are more accurate, convenient, and feasible techniques, often, these methods are expensive and sophisticated which require high maintenance cost. On the other hand, biological approaches, i.e., immunoassay, PCR, and microarray, offer comprehensive high-throughput specificity and sensitivity for a similar analyte. Biosensor- and immunoassay-mediated detections of PAHs have opened up new avenues in terms of low cost, rapid determination, and higher sensitivity. In this review, we have discussed the strengths and limitations of biological and analytical techniques that were explored for precise evaluation and were trusted at both the legislation and research levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Sangeeta Negi
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Teliyarganj, Allahabad, 221004, India
| | - Pralay Maiti
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
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Djokic MR, Ristic ND, Olahova N, Marin GB, Van Geem KM. Quantitative on-line analysis of sulfur compounds in complex hydrocarbon matrices. J Chromatogr A 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Arystanbekova SA, Lapina MS, Volynskii AB. Determination of individual sulfur-containing compounds in liquid hydrocarbon raw materials and their processing products by gas chromatography. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817050021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Wang M, Zhao S, Liu X, Shi Q. Molecular Characterization of Thiols in Fossil Fuels by Michael Addition Reaction Derivatization and Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9837-9842. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
- Research
Institute
of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Suoqi Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Xuxia Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
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Negahdar L, Gonzalez-Quiroga A, Otyuskaya D, Toraman HE, Liu L, Jastrzebski JBH, Van Geem KM, Marin GB, Thybaut JW, Weckhuysen BM. Characterization and Comparison of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oils from Pinewood, Rapeseed Cake, and Wheat Straw Using 13C NMR and Comprehensive GC × GC. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2016; 4:4974-4985. [PMID: 27668136 PMCID: PMC5027642 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fast pyrolysis bio-oils are feasible energy carriers and a potential source of chemicals. Detailed characterization of bio-oils is essential to further develop its potential use. In this study, quantitative 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) was used to characterize fast pyrolysis bio-oils originated from pinewood, wheat straw, and rapeseed cake. The combination of both techniques provided new information on the chemical composition of bio-oils for further upgrading. 13C NMR analysis indicated that pinewood-based bio-oil contained mostly methoxy/hydroxyl (≈30%) and carbohydrate (≈27%) carbons; wheat straw bio-oil showed to have high amount of alkyl (≈35%) and aromatic (≈30%) carbons, while rapeseed cake-based bio-oil had great portions of alkyl carbons (≈82%). More than 200 compounds were identified and quantified using GC × GC coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) and a time of flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). Nonaromatics were the most abundant and comprised about 50% of the total mass of compounds identified and quantified via GC × GC. In addition, this analytical approach allowed the quantification of high value-added phenolic compounds, as well as of low molecular weight carboxylic acids and aldehydes, which exacerbate the unstable and corrosive character of the bio-oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Negahdar
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg
99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arturo Gonzalez-Quiroga
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daria Otyuskaya
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilal E. Toraman
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Li Liu
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- School of Energy Science
and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Johann
T. B. H. Jastrzebski
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg
99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin. M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris W. Thybaut
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg
99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Van de Vijver R, Devocht BR, Van Geem KM, Thybaut JW, Marin GB. Challenges and opportunities for molecule-based management of chemical processes. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Van de Vijver R, Vandewiele NM, Bhoorasingh PL, Slakman BL, Seyedzadeh Khanshan F, Carstensen HH, Reyniers MF, Marin GB, West RH, Van Geem KM. Automatic Mechanism and Kinetic Model Generation for Gas- and Solution-Phase Processes: A Perspective on Best Practices, Recent Advances, and Future Challenges. INT J CHEM KINET 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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De Bruycker R, Anthonykutty JM, Linnekoski J, Harlin A, Lehtonen J, Van Geem KM, Räsänen J, Marin GB. Assessing the Potential of Crude Tall Oil for the Production of Green-Base Chemicals: An Experimental and Kinetic Modeling Study. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie503505f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben De Bruycker
- Laboratory for
Chemical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Juha Linnekoski
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Ali Harlin
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Juha Lehtonen
- Department
of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, PO Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for
Chemical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jari Räsänen
- Stora Enso Renewable Packaging, Imatra Mills, FI-55800 Imatra, Finland
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for
Chemical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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17
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Toraman HE, Dijkmans T, Djokic MR, Van Geem KM, Marin GB. Detailed compositional characterization of plastic waste pyrolysis oil by comprehensive two-dimensional gas-chromatography coupled to multiple detectors. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:237-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Muñoz Gandarillas AE, Van Geem KM, Reyniers MF, Marin GB. Coking Resistance of Specialized Coil Materials during Steam Cracking of Sulfur-Free Naphtha. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie502277e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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