1
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Gao T, Dai T, Fan N, Han Z, Gao X. Comprehensive review and comparison on pretreatment of spent lithium-ion battery. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 363:121314. [PMID: 38843731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Pretreatment, the initial step in recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), efficiently separates cathode and anode materials to facilitate key element recovery. Despite brief introductions in existing research, a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of processing methods is lacking. This study reviews 346 references on LIBs recycling, analyzing pretreatment stages, treatment conditions, and method effects. Our analysis highlights insufficient attention to discharge voltage safety and environmental impact. Mechanical disassembly, while suitable for industrial production, overlooks electrolyte recovery and complicates LIBs separation. High temperature pyrolysis flotation offers efficient separation of mixed electrode materials, enhancing mineral recovery. We propose four primary pretreatment processes: discharge, electrolyte recovery, crushing and separation, and electrode material recovery, offering simplified, efficient, green, low-cost, and high-purity raw materials for subsequent recovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Gao
- MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China; Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Geological Survey, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Tao Dai
- MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China; Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Geological Survey, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Na Fan
- China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Corp., Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhongkui Han
- MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Shanxi Aerospace Qinghua Equipment Co., Ltd, Changzhi, 046012, China.
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2
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Hua Y, Zhang Z. Ferrioxalate photolysis-assisted green recovery of valuable resources from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 183:199-208. [PMID: 38761484 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Recovering valuable resources from spent cathodes while minimizing secondary waste generation is emerging as an important objective for the future recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries, including lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. This study proposes the use of oxalic acid leaching followed by ferrioxalate photolysis to separate and recover cathode active material elements from spent LFP batteries. The cathode active material can be rapidly dissolved at room temperature using appropriate quantities of oxalic acid and hydrogen peroxide, as determined through thermodynamic calculations. The dissolved ferrioxalate complex ion (Fe(C2O4)33-) is selectively precipitated through subsequent photolysis at room temperature. Depending on the initial concentration, the decomposition ratio can exceed 95 % within 1-4 h. Molecular mechanism analysis reveals that the decomposition of the Fe(C2O4)33- complex ion into water-insoluble FeC2O4·2H2O results in the precipitation of iron and the separation of metal elements. Lithium can be recovered as dihydrogen phosphates through filtration and water evaporation. No additional precipitant is needed and no other side products are generated during the process. Oxalic acid leaching followed by photolysis offers an environmentally friendly and efficient method for metal recovery from spent LFP cathodes. The photochemical process is a promising approach for reducing secondary waste generation in battery recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Hua
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Zuotai Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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3
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Wang J, Ma J, Zhuang Z, Liang Z, Jia K, Ji G, Zhou G, Cheng HM. Toward Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Next-Generation Recycling Method. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2839-2887. [PMID: 38427022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The popularity of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has led to the drastically increasing consumption of lithium-ion batteries recently, raising concerns about the disposal and recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. However, the recycling rate of lithium-ion batteries worldwide at present is extremely low. Many factors limit the promotion of the battery recycling rate: outdated recycling technology is the most critical one. Existing metallurgy-based recycling methods rely on continuous decomposition and extraction steps with high-temperature roasting/acid leaching processes and many chemical reagents. These methods are tedious with worse economic feasibility, and the recycling products are mostly alloys or salts, which can only be used as precursors. To simplify the process and improve the economic benefits, novel recycling methods are in urgent demand, and direct recycling/regeneration is therefore proposed as a next-generation method. Herein, a comprehensive review of the origin, current status, and prospect of direct recycling methods is provided. We have systematically analyzed current recycling methods and summarized their limitations, pointing out the necessity of developing direct recycling methods. A detailed analysis for discussions of the advantages, limitations, and obstacles is conducted. Guidance for future direct recycling methods toward large-scale industrialization as well as green and efficient recycling systems is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiong Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhaofeng Zhuang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kai Jia
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guanjun Ji
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality/Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 110016, China
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4
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Milian YE, Jamett N, Cruz C, Herrera-León S, Chacana-Olivares J. A comprehensive review of emerging technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 910:168543. [PMID: 37984661 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Along with the increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), the need for recycling major components such as graphite and different critical materials contained in LIB is also reaching a peak in the research community. Several authors review the different LIB recycling methodologies, including pyro- and hydrometallurgy processes. However, the characteristics, main stages, and achievements of LIB emerging recycling are still missing. This study reviews the diverse emerging approaches for recycling critical materials from spent LIB in the last five years. A classification for emerging recycling technologies is provided, including terms like development stage and eco-friendly status. The main stages of recycling LIB are opening, phase separation, and materials recovery. Among the emerging proposals with the highest industrialization potential are direct recycling techniques due to low costs and simple procedures. Concerning phase separation, froth flotation and ultrasound-assisted methods are discussed. The former divides black mass into pure anodic and cathodic materials, while ultrasonication is employed to physically detach active materials from foils or enhance binder degradation. As to materials recovery, several recent approaches show high recovery efficiency for different elements, mainly in leaching. The use of new organic acids, deep eutectic acids, and some salts are worth noting as leaching agents due to their low environmental impact. In addition, leaching methods assisted by ultrasound and microwave irradiation increase valuable metal recovery, reducing time consumption and the number of leaching reactants. As a part of the hydrometallurgy process, metallic ion purification is performed by solvent extraction and ion exchange, while selective precipitation can be achieved by specific chemical agents or electrochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanio E Milian
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile.
| | - Nathalie Jamett
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Constanza Cruz
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Sebastián Herrera-León
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; School of Engineering Science, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Jaime Chacana-Olivares
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile
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5
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Wei N, He Y, Zhang G, Feng Y, Li J, Lu Q, Fu Y. Recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by self-supplied reductant roasting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 329:117107. [PMID: 36566732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The massive spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) need to be recycled due to their increasing decommission in recent years. This paper aims to propose an effective process that uses self-supplied reductant roasting and acid leaching to recover Lithium, Nickle, Cobalt and Manganese from spent LIBs. In the absence of external carbon resources, the waste membrane from spent LIBs was used as the reductant in the self-supplied reductant roasting. A thermodynamic analysis was conducted to judge the possible reduction reaction between the cathode material and waste membrane. Then, the effects of roasting temperature, roasting time and membrane dosage on the crystal structure and phase transformation of roasting products were investigated and optimized. After the roasting process, the valence state of metals in the cathode material decreased and the structure became loose and porous. Moreover, the layer structure of the cathode material was transformed into groups of Li2CO3, Ni, Co, NiO, CoO and MnO. Further, the reduction effect of cathode powders under each roasting condition was verified under the same leaching conditions. After leaching for 30 min, the leaching efficiencies of Li, Ni, Co and Mn were over 99% under the optimum roasting conditions. Finally, economic assessments proved that the proposed process is profitable. The whole process demonstrates an effective and positive way for recycling spent LIBs and making full use of their waste membrane, which promotes resource recovery and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Yaqun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.
| | - Guangwen Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Yi Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Qichang Lu
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Yuanpeng Fu
- Taiyuan University of Technology, School of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030024, China
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6
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Shao W, Lu B, Cao J, Zhang J, Cao H, Zhang F, Zhang C. The Use of Redox Mediators in Electrocatalysis and Electrosynthesis. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201093. [PMID: 36577711 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis and electrosynthesis, which convert the electrical energy and store them in the chemical forms, have been considered as promising technologies to utilize green renewable energy sources. Most of the studies focused on developing novel active molecules or advanced electrodes to improve the performance. However, the direct acquisition and electron transferring will be limited by the intrinsic characters of the electrodes. The introduce of redox mediators, which are served as the intermediate electron carriers or reservoirs without changing the final products, provide a unique approach to accelerate the electrochemical performance of these energy conversions. This review provides an overview of the recent development of electrocatalysis and electrosynthesis by using redox mediators, and provides a comprehensive discussion toward focusing on the principles and construction of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weide Shao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Biao Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Jinpeng Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Hairu Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
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7
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Wang C, Zeng Y, Shen L, Yang Y, Sun W, Cao X, Tang H. Enhancement on the selective flotation separation of carbon coated LiFePO4 and graphite electrode materials. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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8
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Wu X, Ma J, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhou G, Liang Z. Progress, Key Issues, and Future Prospects for Li-Ion Battery Recycling. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2022; 6:2200067. [PMID: 36532240 PMCID: PMC9749081 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The overuse and exploitation of fossil fuels has triggered the energy crisis and caused tremendous issues for the society. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as one of the most important renewable energy storage technologies, have experienced booming progress, especially with the drastic growth of electric vehicles. To avoid massive mineral mining and the opening of new mines, battery recycling to extract valuable species from spent LIBs is essential for the development of renewable energy. Therefore, LIBs recycling needs to be widely promoted/applied and the advanced recycling technology with low energy consumption, low emission, and green reagents needs to be highlighted. In this review, the necessity for battery recycling is first discussed from several different aspects. Second, the various LIBs recycling technologies that are currently used, such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods, are summarized and evaluated. Then, based on the challenges of the above recycling methods, the authors look further forward to some of the cutting-edge recycling technologies, such as direct repair and regeneration. In addition, the authors also discuss the prospects of selected recycling strategies for next-generation LIBs such as solid-state Li-metal batteries. Finally, overall conclusions and future perspectives for the sustainability of energy storage devices are presented in the last chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Jun Ma
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
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9
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Qiao Z, Yu X, Ruan D. Regeneration and usage of commercial activated carbon from the waste electrodes for the application of supercapacitors. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 322:116083. [PMID: 36049310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, efficient and cost-effective recycling of waste capacitors is a pressing issue. In this study, the recovery of electrode powder from waste supercapacitors and enabling the reuse of the prepared samples are reported. The recovered powder is directly activated by mixing it with KOH using chemical activation to regenerate the waste-activated carbon. The regenerated activated carbon's specific surface area could be restored to a level similar to that of the original commercial powder, reaching 1803.15 m2/g. The regenerated activated carbon has a high proportion of microporous, which played a crucial role in its electrochemical performance. The samples' capacity in the organic system reached 125.96 F/g at 0.2 A/g and 111.77 F/g at 20 A/g, with a retention rate of 88.74%. Furthermore, the capacitance was maintained at 91.18% after 10,000 cycles, showing good cycling performance. Additionally, the supercapacitor assembled from the regenerated activated carbon delivered a high energy density of 31.83 Wh/kg and a power density of 269.76 W/kg, indicating great application potential. Overall, this study offers a useful and low-cost approach for recycling activated carbon from waste electrodes, which would be possible for supercapacitors recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Institute of Advanced Energy Storage Technology and Equipment, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yuzuo Wang
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Institute of Advanced Energy Storage Technology and Equipment, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zhijun Qiao
- Ningbo CRRC New Energy Technology Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315112, China.
| | - Xuewen Yu
- Ningbo CRRC New Energy Technology Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315112, China.
| | - Dianbo Ruan
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Institute of Advanced Energy Storage Technology and Equipment, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Ningbo CRRC New Energy Technology Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315112, China.
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10
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Wang Z, Huang Y, Wang X, Wu D, Wu X. Advanced Solid-State Electrolysis for Green and Efficient Spent LiFePO 4 Cathode Material Recycling: Prototype Reactor Tests. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Ye Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Xu Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
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11
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Raj T, Chandrasekhar K, Kumar AN, Sharma P, Pandey A, Jang M, Jeon BH, Varjani S, Kim SH. Recycling of cathode material from spent lithium-ion batteries: Challenges and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128312. [PMID: 35086036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic advancement of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for application in electric vehicles (EVs), portable electronic devices, and energy-storage devices has led to an increase in the number of spent LIBs. Spent LIBs contain hazardous metals (such as Li, Co, Ni, and Mn), toxic and corrosive electrolytes, metal casting, and polymer binders that pose a serious threat to the environment and human health. Additionally, spent LIBs may serve as an economic source for transition metals, which could be applied to redesigning under a closed-circuit recycling process. Thus, the development of environmentally benign, low cost, and efficient processes for recycling of LIBs for a sustainable future has attracted worldwide attention. Therefore, herein, we introduce the concept of LIBs and review state-of-art technologies for metal recycling processes. Moreover, we emphasize on LIB pretreatment approaches, metal extraction, and pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and biometallurgical approaches. Direct recycling technologies combined with the profitable and sustainable cathode healing technology have significant potential for the recycling of LIBs without decomposition into substituent elements or precipitation; hence, these technologies can be industrially adopted for EV batteries. Finally, commercial technological developments, existing challenges, and suggestions are presented for the development of effective, environmentally friendly recycling technology for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirath Raj
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuppam Chandrasekhar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Amradi Naresh Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, 138602, Singapore
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India
| | - Min Jang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 010, India
| | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Zhu X, Mao Q, Zhong Q, Zhang Z, Wang G, Tang L, Xiao J. A Novel Low-Temperature Fluorination Roasting Mechanism Investigation of Regenerated Spent Anode Graphite via TG-IR Analysis and Kinetic Modeling. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:11101-11113. [PMID: 35415317 PMCID: PMC8991904 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Spent anode graphite, a hazardous solid waste discarded from the recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), had created social and environmental issues but has been scarcely investigated. Thus, a feasible, environmentally friendly, and economical process of low-temperature fluorination roasting and water leaching technology was proposed to regenerate spent graphite anodes. The results showed that the physical and chemical properties of regenerated graphite with a purity of 99.98% reached the graphite anode standard of LIBs and exhibited a stable specific capacity (340.9 mAh/g), capacity retention (68.92% after 470th cycles), and high initial Coulombic efficiency (92.13%), much better than that of waste carbon residue and similar to that of commercial graphite. Then the reaction mechanism and kinetic modeling of fluorination roasting of spent anode material was mainly explored by differential thermogravimetry and nonisothermal analysis methods. The results showed that the complexation and phase-transformation process of non-carbon valuable components in spent anode graphite occurred through three consecutive reactions in the 80-211 °C temperature intervals. The reaction mechanism of the whole process can be kinetically characterized by three successive reactions: third-order chemical reaction, Z-L-T eq, and second-order chemical reaction. Moreover, the thermodynamic functions of the fluorination roasting were calculated by the activated complex theory (transition state), which indicated the process was nonspontaneous. The mechanistic information was in good agreement with thermogravimetric-infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR), electron probe microanalysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and simulation experiments results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Zhu
- School
of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South
University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qiuyun Mao
- Department
of Educational Science, Hunan First Normal
University, 1015 Fenglin Road (the third), Changsha 410205, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qifan Zhong
- School
of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South
University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- School
of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South
University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School
of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South
University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lei Tang
- School
of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South
University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jin Xiao
- School
of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South
University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, China
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Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part I: Recycling Technology. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15031086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
During recent years, emissions reduction has been tightened worldwide. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) that can meet emission requirements. The growing number of new EVs increases the consumption of raw materials during production. Simultaneously, the number of used EVs and subsequently retired lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that need to be disposed of is also increasing. According to the current approaches, the recycling process technology appears to be one of the most promising solutions for the End-of-Life (EOL) LIBs—recycling and reusing of waste materials would reduce raw materials production and environmental burden. According to this performed literature review, 263 publications about “Recycling of Lithium-ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles” were classified into five sections: Recycling Processes, Battery Composition, Environmental Impact, Economic Evaluation, and Recycling & Rest. The whole work reviews the current-state of publications dedicated to recycling LIBs from EVs in the techno-environmental-economic summary. This paper covers the first part of the review work; it is devoted to the recycling technology processes and points out the main study fields in recycling that were found during this work.
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Abstract
The increasing demand for Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles sheds light upon the Co supply chain. The metal is crucial to the cathode of these batteries, and the leading global producer is the D.R. Congo (70%). For this reason, it is considered critical/strategic due to the risk of interruption of supply in the short and medium term. Due to the increasing consumption for the transportation market, the batteries might be considered a secondary source of Co. The outstanding amount of spent batteries makes them to a core of urban mining warranting special attention. Greener technologies for Co recovery are necessary to achieve sustainable development. As a result of these sourcing challenges, this study is devoted to reviewing the techniques for Co recovery, such as acid leaching (inorganic and organic), separation (solvent extraction, ion exchange resins, and precipitation), and emerging technologies—ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvent, supercritical fluids, nanotechnology, and biohydrometallurgy. A dearth of research in emerging technologies for Co recovery from Li-ion batteries is discussed throughout the manuscript within a broader overview. The study is strictly connected to the Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) number 7, 8, 9, and 12.
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Zhang L, Li L, Rui H, Shi D, Peng X, Ji L, Song X. Lithium recovery from effluent of spent lithium battery recycling process using solvent extraction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122840. [PMID: 32516726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel process of lithium recovery from effluent of spent lithium batteries recycling by solvent extraction was proposed. The β-diketone extraction system used in the experiment was composed of benzoyltrifluoroacetone (HBTA), trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and kerosene. The effective parameters such as solution pH value, saponification degree, initial lithium concentration and phase ratio were evaluated by experiments. More than 90% of lithium could be extracted by saponified organic phase through three-stage countercurrent extraction. The loaded organic phase was first eluted by dilute HCl solution to remove nontarget sodium, and then stripped by 6 mol/L HCl at a large phase ratio to obtain lithium-rich solution with 4.322 mol/L lithium. The lithium-rich solution from the process could be used to prepare lithium carbonate or lithium chloride. The stripped organic phase can be recycled and no crud or emulsification was observed during the process. The extraction mechanism of HBTA-TOPO was investigated via FT-IR spectroscopy, and the results indicated the two extractants showed strong synergistic effect. The thermodynamic study revealed lithium extraction is an exothermic process, which meant lower temperature promotes extraction of lithium. This work provided a novel approach to recover lithium from effluent of spent lithium battery recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 810008 Xining, China; Qinghai Engineering and Technology Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, 810008 Xining, China.
| | - Lijuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 810008 Xining, China; Qinghai Engineering and Technology Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, 810008 Xining, China.
| | - Hongming Rui
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, 710071, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 810008 Xining, China; Qinghai Engineering and Technology Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, 810008 Xining, China
| | - Xiaowu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 810008 Xining, China; Qinghai Engineering and Technology Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, 810008 Xining, China
| | - Lianmin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 810008 Xining, China; Qinghai Engineering and Technology Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, 810008 Xining, China
| | - Xuexue Song
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 810008 Xining, China; Qinghai Engineering and Technology Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, 810008 Xining, China
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Fung KY, Bakshi BR, Ng KM. Sustainable product design: A life-cycle approach. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Abstract
The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIB) is becoming increasingly important with regard to environmental, economic, geostrategic, and health aspects due to the increasing amount of LIB produced, introduced into the market, and being spent in the following years. The recycling itself becomes a challenge to face on one hand the special aspects of LIB-technology and on the other hand to reply to the idea of circular economy. In this paper, we analyze the different recycling concepts for spent LIBs and categorize them according to state-of-the-art schemes of waste treatment technology. Therefore, we structure the different processes into process stages and unit processes. Several recycling technologies are treating spent lithium-ion batteries worldwide focusing on one or several process stages or unit processes.
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Patil D, Chikkamath S, Keny S, Tripathi V, Manjanna J. Rapid dissolution and recovery of Li and Co from spent LiCoO 2 using mild organic acids under microwave irradiation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 256:109935. [PMID: 31818743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed to recover the valuable metal ions from cathode materials of spent Li‒ion batteries (LIBs). Rapid microwave‒assisted dissolution process is investigated here to recover Li and Co from LiCoO2 of spent LIBs. In the conventional method, about 6 h is required to extract about 90% of Li and Co using a mixture of citric acid (CA) and ascorbic acid (AA) at 80 °C. On the other hand, more than 85% of Li and Co was obtained in about 25 min by microwave (180 W)‒assisted dissolution. The dissolved Co and Li ions were precipitated, selectively: Li as LiHC2O4 H2O or Li2CO3 and Co as CoC2O4 2H2O or Co‒citrate/ascorbate. The Co3O4 was formed on heating the Co precipitate at 600 °C for 2 h. It is important to note that LiCoO2 was re‒synthesized here by thermal decomposition of CoC2O4 2H2O and LiHC2O4 H2O at 750 °C for about 24 h. Thus, the microwave‒assisted hydrometallurgical method is found to be simple and rapid to recover Li and Co from spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Patil
- Dept. of Chemistry, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi, 591 156, Karnataka, India
| | - Santosh Chikkamath
- Dept. of Chemistry, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi, 591 156, Karnataka, India
| | - Sangita Keny
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Vaidehi Tripathi
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Jayappa Manjanna
- Dept. of Chemistry, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi, 591 156, Karnataka, India.
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Fan E, Li L, Wang Z, Lin J, Huang Y, Yao Y, Chen R, Wu F. Sustainable Recycling Technology for Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond: Challenges and Future Prospects. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7020-7063. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ersha Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenpo Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for EVs, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiao Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongxin Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China
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20
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Guo M, Li K, Liu L, Zhang H, Guo W, Hu X, Min X, Jia J, Sun T. Insight into a Sustainable Application of Spent Lithium-Ion Cobaltate Batteries: Preparation of a Cobalt-Based Oxide Catalyst and Its Catalytic Performance in Toluene Oxidation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Kan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecology Security, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Lizhong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | - Xin Min
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jinping Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecology Security, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Tonghua Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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21
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Hydrometallurgy process for the recovery of valuable metals from LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode materials. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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22
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Huang T, Song D, Liu L, Zhang S. Cobalt recovery from the stripping solution of spent lithium-ion battery by a three-dimensional microbial fuel cell. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Chen X, Kang D, Cao L, Li J, Zhou T, Ma H. Separation and recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium ion batteries: Simultaneous recovery of Li and Co in a single step. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Li Q, Fung KY, Xu L, Wibowo C, Ng KM. Process Synthesis: Selective Recovery of Lithium from Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Yip Fung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Lingda Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Christianto Wibowo
- ClearWaterBay Technology, Incorporated, 671 Brea Canyon Road, Suite 5, Walnut, California 91789, United States
| | - Ka Ming Ng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
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25
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Wang X, Wang X, Zhang R, Wang Y, Shu H. Hydrothermal preparation and performance of LiFePO 4 by using Li 3PO 4 recovered from spent cathode scraps as Li source. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 78:208-216. [PMID: 32559906 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel process recycling Li from the spent LiFePO4 cathode material has been put forward. The new LiFePO4 sample is synthesized through hydrothermal reaction by using recovered Li3PO4 as Li source and FeSO4·7H2O as Fe source. The morphologies, structure and physicochemical properties of the re-synthesized LiFePO4 cathode material were characterized by Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical measurement. The results showed that the morphology and particle size of re-synthesized LiFePO4 samples become more regular and smaller with the increase of the hydrothermal reaction temperature. Besides, it has been found that the LiFePO4 cathode material synthesized at 200 °C showed excellent electrochemical properties which deliver a high initial capacity of 144.25 mAh/g at the rate of 1 C and high capacity retention of 96.7% after 200 cycles. Therefore, this work provides a new strategy for recovery and recycle of the spent LiFePO4 cathode scraps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- National Base for International Science & Technology Cooperation, National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Materials of New Energy Storage Battery, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Xianyou Wang
- National Base for International Science & Technology Cooperation, National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Materials of New Energy Storage Battery, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Base for International Science & Technology Cooperation, National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Materials of New Energy Storage Battery, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Base for International Science & Technology Cooperation, National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Materials of New Energy Storage Battery, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Hongbo Shu
- National Base for International Science & Technology Cooperation, National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Materials of New Energy Storage Battery, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
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26
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Zhang X, Li L, Fan E, Xue Q, Bian Y, Wu F, Chen R. Toward sustainable and systematic recycling of spent rechargeable batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7239-7302. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00297e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive and novel view on battery recycling is provided in terms of the science and technology, engineering, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Ersha Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Qing Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Yifan Bian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Feng Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
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27
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The Effects of Incorporated Sn in Resynthesized Ni-Rich Cathode Materials on Their Lithium-Ion Battery Performance. METALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/met7100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Guo J, Zhang J, Chen C, Lan Y. Rapid photodegradation of methyl orange by oxalic acid assisted with cathode material of lithium ion batteries LiFePO4. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Jiang G, Pickering SJ. Recycling supercapacitors based on shredding and mild thermal treatment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 48:465-470. [PMID: 26542830 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Supercapacitors are widely used in electric and hybrid vehicles, wind farm and low-power equipment due to their high specific power density and huge number of charge-discharge cycles. Waste supercapacitors should be recycled according to EU directive 2002/96/EC on waste electric and electronic equipment. This paper describes a recycling approach for end-of-life supercapacitors based on shredding and mild thermal treatment. At first, supercapacitors are shredded using a Retsch cutting mill. The shredded mixture is then undergone thermal treatment at 200°C to recycle the organic solvent contained in the activated carbon electrodes. After the thermal treatment, the mixture is roughly separated using a fluidized bed method to remove the aluminium foil particles and paper particles from the activated carbon particles, which is subsequently put into water for a wet shredding into fine particles that can be re-used. The recycled activated carbon has a BET surface area of up to 1200m(2)/g and the recycled acetonitrile has a high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhan Jiang
- Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Stephen J Pickering
- Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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30
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31
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Zhang X, Cao H, Xie Y, Ning P, An H, You H, Nawaz F. A closed-loop process for recycling LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 from the cathode scraps of lithium-ion batteries: Process optimization and kinetics analysis. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Li J, Zeng X, Chen M, Ogunseitan OA, Stevels A. "Control-alt-delete": rebooting solutions for the E-waste problem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:7095-108. [PMID: 26007633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of efforts have been launched to solve the global electronic waste (e-waste) problem. The efficiency of e-waste recycling is subject to variable national legislation, technical capacity, consumer participation, and even detoxification. E-waste management activities result in procedural irregularities and risk disparities across national boundaries. We review these variables to reveal opportunities for research and policy to reduce the risks from accumulating e-waste and ineffective recycling. Full regulation and consumer participation should be controlled and reinforced to improve local e-waste system. Aiming at standardizing best practice, we alter and identify modular recycling process and infrastructure in eco-industrial parks that will be expectantly effective in countries and regions to handle the similar e-waste stream. Toxicity can be deleted through material substitution and detoxification during the life cycle of electronics. Based on the idea of "Control-Alt-Delete", four patterns of the way forward for global e-waste recycling are proposed to meet a variety of local situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Li
- †State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xianlai Zeng
- †State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengjun Chen
- ‡Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Oladele A Ogunseitan
- §Program in Public Health and School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ab Stevels
- ∥Design for Sustainability Lab, Delft University of Technology, 3-5655 JL Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Wu ZJ, Wang D, Gao ZF, Yue HF, Liu WM. Effect of Cu substitution on structures and electrochemical properties of Li[NiCo1−xCuxMn]1/3O2 as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:18624-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02552d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study on Cu-doped Li[NiCoMn]1/3O2 provides support for reusing Cu as a beneficial dopant in the production of metal-doped Li[NiCoMn]1/3O2 from spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Jin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resources Recycling
- Ministry of Education
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
- China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction & Resources Recycling
- Ministry of Education
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
- China
| | - Zhi-Fang Gao
- School of Metallurgical Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
- China
| | - Hai-Feng Yue
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Engineering & Resources Recycling
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
- China
| | - Wei-Ming Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Engineering & Resources Recycling
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
- China
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