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Skjöldebrand C, Tipper JL, Hatto P, Bryant M, Hall RM, Persson C. Current status and future potential of wear-resistant coatings and articulating surfaces for hip and knee implants. Mater Today Bio 2022; 15:100270. [PMID: 35601891 PMCID: PMC9118168 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hip and knee joint replacements are common and largely successful procedures that utilise implants to restore mobility and relieve pain for patients suffering from e.g. osteoarthritis. However, metallic ions and particles released from both the bearing surfaces and non-articulating interfaces, as in modular components, can cause hypersensitivity and local tissue necrosis, while particles originating from a polymer component have been associated with aseptic loosening and osteolysis. Implant coatings have the potential to improve properties compared to both bulk metal and ceramic alternatives. Ceramic coatings have the potential to increase scratch resistance, enhance wettability and reduce wear of the articulating surfaces compared to the metallic substrate, whilst maintaining overall toughness of the implant ensuring a lower risk of catastrophic failure of the device compared to use of a bulk ceramic. Coatings can also act as barriers to inhibit ion release from the underlying material caused by corrosion. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of wear-resistant coatings for joint replacements - both those that are in current clinical use as well as those under investigation for future use. While the majority of coatings belong predominantly in the latter group, a few coated implants have been successfully marketed and are available for clinical use in specific applications. Commercially available coatings for implants include titanium nitride (TiN), titanium niobium nitride (TiNbN), oxidized zirconium (OxZr) and zirconium nitride (ZrN) based coatings, whereas current research is focused not only on these, but also on diamond-like-carbon (DLC), silicon nitride (SiN), chromium nitride (CrN) and tantalum-based coatings (TaN and TaO). The coating materials referred to above that are still at the research stage have been shown to be non-cytotoxic and to reduce wear in a laboratory setting. However, the adhesion of implant coatings remains a main area of concern, as poor adhesion can cause delamination and excessive wear. In clinical applications zirconium implant surfaces treated to achieve a zirconium oxide film and TiNbN coated implants have however been proven comparable to traditional cobalt chromium implants with regards to revision numbers. In addition, the chromium ion levels measured in the plasma of patients were lower and allergy symptoms were relieved. Therefore, coated implants could be considered an alternative to uncoated metal implants, in particular for patients with metal hypersensitivity. There have also been unsuccessful introductions to the market, such as DLC coated implants, and therefore this review also attempts to summarize the lessons learnt.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanne L. Tipper
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Michael Bryant
- University of Leeds, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Hall
- University of Leeds, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Uppsala University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
The friction and wear behavior of materials are not intrinsic properties, but extrinsic properties; in other words, they can drastically vary depending on test and environmental conditions. In ambient air, humidity is one such extrinsic parameter. This paper reviews the effects of humidity on macro- and nano-scale friction and wear of various types of materials. The materials included in this review are graphite and graphene, diamond-like carbon (DLC) films, ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), boric acid, silicon, silicon oxide, silicates, advanced ceramics, and metals. Details of underlying mechanisms governing friction and wear behaviors vary depending on materials and humidity; nonetheless, a comparison of various material cases revealed an overarching trend. Tribochemical reactions between the tribo-materials and the adsorbed water molecules play significant roles; such reactions can occur at defect sites in the case of two-dimensionally layered materials and carbon-based materials, or even on low energy surfaces in the case of metals and oxide materials. It is extremely important to consider the effects of adsorbed water layer thickness and structure for a full understanding of tribological properties of materials in ambient air.
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Arcifa A, Rossi A, Espinosa-Marzal RM, Spencer ND. Influence of Environmental Humidity on the Wear and Friction of a Silica/Silicon Tribopair Lubricated with a Hydrophilic Ionic Liquid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:2961-2973. [PMID: 26785142 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the tribological behavior of silica/silicon surfaces lubricated with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([EMIM] EtSO4) was investigated. Tests were carried out in the presence of either humid air (45-55% relative humidity) or in a nitrogen atmosphere, and the results were compared with those obtained using pure water as a lubricant. The cross-sectional analysis of the contact area performed by focused-ion-beam scanning electron microscopy indicated the presence of cracks in the subsurface region, showing that brittle fracture contributed to wear. Sliding promoted the formation of a third body, the presence of which was indicated by optical and secondary electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the third body was mostly composed of silicon oxides. The accumulation of the debris was controlled by the presence of water: in the presence of a nitrogen atmosphere, particles were trapped between the sliding surfaces, whereas in the case of humid air, the debris was progressively removed from the contact. Notably, the presence of trapped particles was associated with higher values of wear coefficients of both disks and pins. In addition, a lower roughness was observed along the direction of sliding in the case of water-containing ionic liquid. The observed trends in wear and the combined results of the various techniques, as well as the comparison with tests carried out in the presence of pure water, all point to the characteristic tribochemical reactions of water with silicon-based materials, namely, the formation of a sacrificial layer of hydrated oxide and the dissociative adsorption of water at crack tips of SiO2. In the absence of water, the lack of a tribochemical mechanism forming a sacrificial layer leads to a microfracture-dominated wear mechanism over the entire duration of the test, thus leading to more severe wear. The possible occurrence of stress-induced phase transformation of silicon during sliding is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Arcifa
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonella Rossi
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari , 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rosa M Espinosa-Marzal
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Smart Interfaces in Environmental Nanotechnology, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 3215 Newmark Laboratory, MC 2, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nicholas D Spencer
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Huitink D, Gao F, Liang H. Tribo-electrochemical surface modification of tantalum using in situ AFM techniques. SCANNING 2010; 32:336-344. [PMID: 20853404 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A scanning-probe-based technique to observe tribo-electrochemically stimulated surface was demonstrated. The configuration consists of an electrochemical cell attached to an atomic force microscope (AFM) scanner. Under an applied electrical potential and in various chemical environments, the surface morphology, roughness, skew, bearing ratio, as well as surface adhesive forces between probes were measured, and the effects of mechano-electrochemical stimuli were evaluated. The effects of mechanical, electrochemical, and mechano-electrochemical stimuli were found to compete during AFM sliding process. Their effects do not follow a linear relationship, implying that the mechanical stimulus promotes electrochemical reactions. Similarly, electrochemically enhanced mechanical removal of surface materials is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Huitink
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Gemici Z, Schwachulla PI, Williamson EH, Rubner MF, Cohen RE. Targeted functionalization of nanoparticle thin films via capillary condensation. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:1064-1070. [PMID: 19220006 DOI: 10.1021/nl803435s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Capillary condensation, an often undesired natural phenomenon in nanoporous materials, was used advantageously as a universal functionalization strategy in nanoparticle thin films assembled layer-by-layer. Judicious choice of nanoparticle (and therefore pore) size allowed targeted capillary condensation of chemical vapors of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules across film thickness. Heterostructured thin films with modulated refractive index profiles produced in this manner exhibited broadband antireflection properties with an average reflectance over the visible region of the spectrum of only 0.4%. Capillary condensation was also used to modify surface chemistry and surface energy. Photosensitive capillary-condensates were UV-cross-linked in situ. Undesired adventitious condensation of humidity could be avoided by condensation of hydrophobic materials such as poly(dimethyl siloxane).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekeriyya Gemici
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Sokolov I, Ong QK, Shodiev H, Chechik N, James D, Oliver M. AFM study of forces between silica, silicon nitride and polyurethane pads. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 300:475-81. [PMID: 16678193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2005] [Revised: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of silica and silicon nitride with polyurethane surfaces is rather poorly studied despite being of great interest for modern semiconductor industry, e.g., for chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) processes. Here we show the results from the application of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique to study the forces between silica or silicon nitride (AFM tips) and polyurethane surfaces in aqueous solutions of different acidity. The polyurethane surface potentials are derived from the measured AFM data. The obtained potentials are in rather good agreement with measurements of zeta-potentials using the streaming-potentials method. Another important parameter, adhesion, is also measured. While the surface potentials of silica are well known, there are ambiguous results on the potentials of silicon nitride that is naturally oxidized. Deriving the surface potential of the naturally oxidized silicon nitride from our measurements, we show that it is not oxidized to silica despite some earlier published expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Sokolov
- Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA.
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Relation of Certain Quantum Chemical Parameters to Lubrication Behavior of Solid Oxides. Int J Mol Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.3390/i6060203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Helt JM, Batteas JD. Wear of mica under aqueous environments:direct observation of defect nucleation by AFM. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:633-639. [PMID: 15641833 DOI: 10.1021/la048842p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The generation of defects at surfaces in sliding contacts is the catalyst for the eventual wear of the materials. Here, the wear of muscovite mica has been investigated under aqueous environments using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Through concomitant acquisition of topography, friction, and adhesion data under controlled pH conditions, defect nucleation on the atomic scale prior to gross wear may be directly observed. Nucleation is found to present itself initially as charging of the surface due to stress-induced tribochemical bond scission as OH- breaks open the surface terminating Si-O-Si or Si-O-Al bonds. As the surface bonds are continually cleaved, an ensemble of defects (e.g., Si-OH/Al-OH and Si-O-) contribute to a crystal lattice reconstruction (from approximately 5.2 to approximately 3 A), as observed in AFM topographic and frictional force micrographs. Following lattice restructuring, displacement/abstraction of mica surface materials ensues, yielding readily discernible wear scars ranging from approximately 2 to 10 A in depth. The environmental OH- concentration profoundly affects the efficacy of this sequence of events leading to wear and is illustrated by the acceleration or inhibition of wear with adjustment of pH under identical load and scan conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Helt
- Department of Chemistry, The City University of New York, College of Staten Island and The Graduate Center, 2800 Victory Boulevard, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
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Lubrication Chemistry Viewed from DFT-Based Concepts and Electronic Structural Principles. Int J Mol Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.3390/i5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor A. Muratov
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Materials Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; e-mail:
| | - Traugott E. Fischer
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Materials Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030; e-mail:
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