1
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López R, Palomo C. Planar Chirality: A Mine for Catalysis and Structure Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa López
- Department of Organic Chemistry I Faculty of Chemistry University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Manuel de Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Claudio Palomo
- Department of Organic Chemistry I Faculty of Chemistry University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Manuel de Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
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2
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Lopez R, Palomo C. Planar Chirality: A mine for catalysis and structure discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113504. [PMID: 34717037 PMCID: PMC9304569 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Planar chirality is one of the most fascinating expressions of chirality, exploited by Nature to lock three-dimensional chiral conformations and, more recently, by chemists to create new chiral reagents, catalysts and functional organic materials. Nevertheless, the shortage of protocols able to induce and secure asymmetry during the generation of these unique chiral entities has dissuaded chemists to exploit their structural properties. This Minireview intends to illustrate the limited but remarkable catalytic methodologies reported for the production of planar chirality in strained molecules and serve as source of inspiration for the development of new unconventional protocols that are expected to come in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lopez
- University of the Basque Country, Dept. of Organic Chemistry I, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20009, San Sebastán, SPAIN
| | - Claudio Palomo
- University of the Basque Country: Universidad del Pais Vasco, Department of Organic Chemistry I, SPAIN
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3
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Tanaka K. Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Planar Chiral Cyclophanes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20170346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550
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4
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Song W, Blaszczyk SA, Liu J, Wang S, Tang W. Transition metal mediated carbonylative benzannulations. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:7490-7504. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes novel building blocks recently developed for transition metal-catalyzed carbonylative benzannulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangze Song
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Madison
- USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
| | | | - Jitian Liu
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Madison
- USA
| | - Shuojin Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Hainan Medical University
- Haikou
- China
| | - Weiping Tang
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Madison
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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5
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Nakashima K, Matsunaga H, Ito M, Minami H, Aiba A, Fujisaki N, Tori M. Macrocyclization Using RCM Reactions. Synthesis of Simple Metacyclophanes and Synthetic Efforts toward Platycarynol, a 15-Membered Aromatic Ether. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparation of 13- to 19-membered carbocycles (metacyclophanes) from 1,3-disubstituted benzene derivatives has been successfully carried out using the RCM reaction, but similar starting materials having diphenyl ether did not cyclize to 15-membered compounds, whose ground state conformations were calculated and discussed. Several attempts to cyclize to form platycarynol are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Nakashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Hatsuna Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Masako Ito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Minami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Akihito Aiba
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Norihiro Fujisaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Motoo Tori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
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6
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Hua G, Du J, Slawin AMZ, Woollins JD. One-Pot Approach to Organo-Phosphorus-Chalcogen Macrocycles Incorporating Double OP(S)SC
n
or OP(Se)SeC
n
Scaffolds: A Synthetic and Structural Study. Chemistry 2016; 22:7782-91. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiong Hua
- EastChem School of Chemistry; University of St. Andrews; St. Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Junyi Du
- EastChem School of Chemistry; University of St. Andrews; St. Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | | | - J. Derek Woollins
- EastChem School of Chemistry; University of St. Andrews; St. Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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7
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Krieger JP, Ricci G, Lesuisse D, Meyer C, Cossy J. Efficient and Modular Synthesis of New Structurally Diverse Functionalized [n]Paracyclophanes by a Ring-Distortion Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201401070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Krieger JP, Ricci G, Lesuisse D, Meyer C, Cossy J. Efficient and Modular Synthesis of New Structurally Diverse Functionalized [n]Paracyclophanes by a Ring-Distortion Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8705-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201401070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Saikawa Y, Tanaka K, Nakata M. Construction of Ansa-skeleton via Intramolecular D^|^ouml;tz Benzannulation: Total Synthesis of Kendomycin. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2014. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.72.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Sitnikov NS, Fedorov AY. Synthesis of allocolchicinoids: a 50 year journey. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2013v082n05abeh004361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Wang H, Predeus AV, Wulff WD. Synthesis of [m.n]Cyclophanes: Regiochemistry Transfer from Vinyl Halides to Cyclophanes via Fischer Carbene Complexes. Chemistry 2013; 19:8261-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Araki T, Noguchi K, Tanaka K. Enantioselective Synthesis of Planar-Chiral Carba-Paracyclophanes: Rhodium-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Cyclic Diynes with Terminal Monoynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5617-21. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Araki T, Noguchi K, Tanaka K. Enantioselective Synthesis of Planar-Chiral Carba-Paracyclophanes: Rhodium-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Cyclic Diynes with Terminal Monoynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Predeus AV, Gopalsamuthiram V, Staples RJ, Wulff WD. Rational Synthesis for AllAll-Homocalixarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Predeus AV, Gopalsamuthiram V, Staples RJ, Wulff WD. Rational Synthesis for AllAll-Homocalixarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Hori T, Shibata Y, Tanaka K. Asymmetric synthesis of planar-chiral paracyclophanes by double C–S bond formation: comparison of catalytic activity and enantioselectivity of Pd and Rh catalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Dötz KH, Stendel J. Fischer Carbene Complexes in Organic Synthesis: Metal-Assisted and Metal-Templated Reactions. Chem Rev 2009; 109:3227-74. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Heinz Dötz
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim Stendel
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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18
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Tanaka K, Sagae H, Toyoda K, Hirano M. Enantioselective synthesis of planar-chiral metacyclophanes through cationic Rh(I)/modified-BINAP-catalyzed inter- and intramolecular alkyne cyclotrimerizations. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Application of intramolecular Dötz reaction to the synthesis of ansa-compounds: concise synthesis of arnebinol. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Tanaka K, Sagae H, Toyoda K, Noguchi K. Synthesis of Polyether Cyclophanes through Rhodium-Catalyzed Cross-Alkyne Cyclotrimerization. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Llordes A, Sierra MA, Lopez-Alberca MP, Molins E, Ricart S. Synthesis of new polymetallic carbene complexes: Uracil analogs. J Organomet Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Weilandt T, Gräff E, Schneider JF, Koch AW, Zschoche FA, Dötz KH, Schalley CA. Mass Spectrometric Detection and Fragmentation Patterns of Synthetically Useful Chromium and Tungsten Carbene Complexes. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om050099o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Weilandt
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ephraim Gräff
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen F. Schneider
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander W. Koch
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian A. Zschoche
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl Heinz Dötz
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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23
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Tanaka K, Toyoda K, Wada A, Shirasaka K, Hirano M. Chemo- and Regioselective Intermolecular Cyclotrimerization of Terminal Alkynes Catalyzed by Cationic Rhodium(I)/Modified BINAP Complexes: Application to One-Step Synthesis of Paracyclophanes. Chemistry 2005; 11:1145-56. [PMID: 15619723 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200401017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A highly regioselective intermolecular cyclotrimerization of terminal alkynes has been developed based on the use of the cationic rhodium(I)/DTBM-Segphos complex. This method can be applied to a variety of terminal alkynes to provide 1,2,4-trisubstituted benzenes in high yield and with high regioselectivity. A chemo- and regioselective intermolecular crossed-cyclotrimerization of dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates with a variety of terminal alkynes has also been developed based on the use of the cationic rhodium(I)/H8-BINAP complex, furnishing 3,6-disubstituted phthalates in high yields. It constitutes a highly efficient new method for intermolecular crossed-cyclotrimerization of two different monoynes in terms of catalytic activity, chemo- and regioselectivity, scope of substrates, and ease of operation. The versatility of this new crossed-alkyne cyclotrimerization procedure is demonstrated through its application to one-step synthesis of a [6]metacyclophane and [7]-[12]paracyclophanes from the corresponding terminal alpha,omega-diynes. Mechanistic studies have revealed that the chemo- and regioselectivity of this crossed-alkyne cyclotrimerization are determined by the preferential formation of a specific rhodium metallacycle derived from a terminal alkyne and a dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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24
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Wang H, Huang J, Wulff WD, Rheingold AL. The First Examples of a Meta-Benzannulation from the Reaction of Fischer Carbene Complexes with Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:8980-1. [PMID: 15369331 DOI: 10.1021/ja035428n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecular benzannulations of carbene complexes with alkynes are examined where the alkyne is tethered to the alpha-carbon of the vinyl carbene complex. These reactions are sensitive to the length of the tether and to the nature of the solvent. With a tether length of 16 methylenes, the reaction occurs in the same fashion as the intermolecular reactions to give a p-cyclophane. With intermediate tether lengths (n = 10, 13), the reaction gives an additional p-cyclophane in which the two oxygen substituents are meta on the arene ring. This type of product is unprecedented from the reaction of carbene complexes and alkynes and is quite surprising because the formation of this product requires that the carbon-carbon bond between the alpha- and beta-carbons of the vinyl carbene complex is broken. A mechanism is proposed to account for this process which involves the crossed intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition of the alkene and a ketene in a conjugated dienyl ketene to give a benzvalenone paddalane intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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25
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Fernández I, Mancheño MJ, Gómez-Gallego M, Sierra MA. Synthesis and electrochemical properties of novel tetrametallic macrocyclic Fischer carbene complexes. Org Lett 2003; 5:1237-40. [PMID: 12688728 DOI: 10.1021/ol0342094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Metallomacrocyclic compounds can be easily prepared by 1,4-addition of diamines to alpha,beta-unsaturated Fischer bis-carbene templates. This method allows the preparation of a new family of homo- and heterotetrametallic compounds having macrocyclic cyclophanic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Pigge FC, Ghasedi F, Rath NP. An enaminone-directed benzannulation/macrocyclization approach to cyclophane ring systems. J Org Chem 2002; 67:4547-52. [PMID: 12076155 DOI: 10.1021/jo0256181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward and modular preparative approach to 1,3,5-triaroylbenzene-based functionalized cyclophane ring systems has been developed. The key cyclophane-forming macrocyclization reaction was accomplished during the course of a regioselective cross-benzannulation between bis(aryl ethynyl) ketone and enaminone reactants. Macrocyclic products with ring sizes ranging from 18- to 22-membered were successfully constructed. The composition of the tether connecting the two aryl ethynyl ketone fragments can be easily varied; consequently, this method is suitable for construction of a diverse range of structurally distinct cyclophane products. To illustrate this feature, cyclophanes possessing xylyl, alkyl, di(ethylene triamine), and di(ethylene oxy) bridging units were synthesized in isolated yields of 11-46%. Three new cyclophanes (calixarene-like macrocyles 8 and 9, as well as crownophane 18) were structurally characterized by X-ray diffractometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Christopher Pigge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4499, USA.
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27
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbontransition metal double and triple bond: annual survey covering the year 2000. Coord Chem Rev 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-8545(01)00445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Fernández I, Sierra MA, Mancheño MJ, Gómez-Gallego M, Ricart S. Synthesis of Cyclophanic Chromium(0) Bis(carbene) Complexes. Organometallics 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/om010561e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040-Madrid, Spain, and Departament de Materials Moleculars, Institut de Ciencies de Materials de Barcelona, CSIC (ICMAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193-Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Sierra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040-Madrid, Spain, and Departament de Materials Moleculars, Institut de Ciencies de Materials de Barcelona, CSIC (ICMAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193-Bellaterra, Spain
| | - María José Mancheño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040-Madrid, Spain, and Departament de Materials Moleculars, Institut de Ciencies de Materials de Barcelona, CSIC (ICMAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193-Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mar Gómez-Gallego
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040-Madrid, Spain, and Departament de Materials Moleculars, Institut de Ciencies de Materials de Barcelona, CSIC (ICMAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193-Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Susagna Ricart
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040-Madrid, Spain, and Departament de Materials Moleculars, Institut de Ciencies de Materials de Barcelona, CSIC (ICMAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193-Bellaterra, Spain
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