1
|
Jiang Y, Sun T, Lin Y, Liu M, Wang X. Is it possible to obtain substitutes for human milk oligosaccharides from bovine milk, goat milk, or other mammal milks? Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e70018. [PMID: 39302160 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.70018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Considering the current level of chemical and biological synthesis technology, it was a sensible selection to obtain milk oligosaccharides (MOs) from other mammals as the potential substitute for human MOs (HMOs) that possessed various structural features in the infant formula. Through a comprehensive analysis of the content, structure, and function of MOs in six distinct varieties of mammal milk, it has been shown that goat milk was the most suitable material for the preparation as a human milk substitute. Goat MOs (GMOs) had a relatively high content and diverse structural features compared to those found in other mammalian milks. The concentration of GMOs in colostrum ranged from 60 to 350 mg/L, whereas in mature milk, it ranged from 200 to 24,00 mg/L. The acidic oligosaccharides in goat milk have attracted considerable attention due to their closeness in acidic content and structural diversity with HMOs. Simultaneously, it was discovered that some structures, like N-glycolylneuraminic acid, were found to have a certain content in GMOs and served essential functional properties. Moreover, studies focused on the extraction of MOs from goat milk indicated that the production of GMOs on an industrial scale was viable. Furthermore, it is imperative to do further study on GMOs to enhance the preparation process, discover of new MOs structures and bioactivity evaluation, which will contribute to the development of both the commercial production of MOs and the goat milk industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianrui Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yihan Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Manshun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Northwest A&F University ShenZhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Garreffi BP, Maney AP, Bennett CS. Synthesis of the Branched Tetrasaccharide Fragment of Saccharomicin A. Org Lett 2023; 25:369-372. [PMID: 36625532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A synthesis of the branched tetrasaccharide fragment of saccharomicin A using 1-OTBS donors to stereoselectively synthesize both α- and β-linked disaccharides is reported. The disaccharides were united using BSP/Tf2O to afford the tetrasaccharide fragment as a single α-anomer in 72% yield. This branched tetrasaccharide fragment can be used as donor and acceptor species to synthesize larger fragments of saccharomicin A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Garreffi
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Akash P Maney
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ooi KE, Zhang XW, Kuo CY, Liu YJ, Yu CC. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Asymmetrically Branched Human Milk Oligosaccharide Lacto-N-Hexaose. Front Chem 2022; 10:905105. [PMID: 35711960 PMCID: PMC9194828 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.905105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein reported the first chemoenzymatic synthesis of lacto-N-hexaose (LNH) by combining chemical carbohydrate synthesis with a selectively enzymatic glycosylation strategy. A tetrasaccharide core structure GlcNH2β1→3 (GlcNAcβ1→6) Galβ1→4Glc, a key precursor for subsequent enzymatic glycan extension toward asymmetrically branched human milk oligosaccharides, was synthesized in this work. When the order of galactosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions was appropriately arranged, the β1,4-galactosyl and β1,3-galactosyl moieties could be sequentially assembled on the C6-arm and C3-arm of the tetrasaccharide, respectively, to achieve an efficient LNH synthesis. Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnH), another common human milk oligosaccharide, was also synthesized en route to the target LNH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Eng Ooi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Xiu-Wen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Kuo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ching Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ching-Ching Yu,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Few classes of natural products rival the structural audacity of oligosaccharides. Their complexity, however, has stood as an immense roadblock to translational research, as access to homogeneous material from nature is challenging. Thus, while carbohydrates are critical to the myriad functional and structural aspects of the biological sciences, their behavior is largely descriptive. This challenge presents an attractive opportunity for synthetic chemistry, particularly in the area of human milk science. First, there is an inordinate need for synthesizing homogeneous human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Superimposed on this goal is the mission of conducting syntheses at scale to enable animal studies. Herein, we present a personalized rumination of our involvement, and that of our colleagues, which has led to the synthesis and characterization of HMOs and mechanistic probes. Along the way, we highlight chemical, chemoenzymatic, and synthetic biology based approaches. We close with a discussion on emergent challenges and opportunities for synthesis, broadly defined, in human milk science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianyan L Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Steven D Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu S, Li J, Loka RS, Song Z, Vlodavsky I, Zhang K, Nguyen HM. Modulating Heparanase Activity: Tuning Sulfation Pattern and Glycosidic Linkage of Oligosaccharides. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4227-4255. [PMID: 32216347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase cleaves polymeric heparan sulfate (HS) molecules into smaller oligosaccharides, allowing for release of angiogenic growth factors promoting tumor development and autoreactive immune cells to reach the insulin-producing β cells. Interaction of heparanase with HS chains is regulated by specific substrate sulfation sequences. We have synthesized 11 trisaccharides that are highly tunable in structure and sulfation pattern, allowing us to determine how heparanase recognizes HS substrate and selects a favorable cleavage site. Our study shows that (1) N-SO3- at +1 subsite and 6-O-SO3- at -2 subsite of trisaccharides are critical for heparanase recognition, (2) addition of 2-O-SO3- at the -1 subsite and of 3-O-SO3- to GlcN unit is not advantageous, and (3) the anomeric configuration (α or β) at the reducing end is crucial in controlling heparanase activity. Our study also illustrates that the α-trisaccharide having N- and 6-O-SO3- at -2 and +1 subsites inhibited heparanase and was resistant toward hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanyong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ravi S Loka
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Zhenfeng Song
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yalamanchili S, Miller W, Chen X, Bennett CS. Rapid de Novo Preparation of 2,6-Dideoxy Sugar Libraries through Gold-Catalyzed Homopropargyl Orthoester Cyclization. Org Lett 2019; 21:9646-9651. [PMID: 31755271 PMCID: PMC6956608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A flexible de novo route capable of producing libraries of 2,6-dideoxy sugars is described. We have found that Au(JackiePhos)SbF6MeCN promotes the conversion of homopropargyl orthoesters into functionalized 2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-ones in good to excellent yields (71-90%). These latter compounds can be easily converted into a number of otherwise difficult to access 2,6-dideoxy sugars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subbarao Yalamanchili
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - William Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Xizhao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Clay S. Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Re RN, Proessdorf JC, La Clair JJ, Subileau M, Burkart MD. Tailoring chemoenzymatic oxidation via in situ peracids. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9418-9424. [PMID: 31650153 PMCID: PMC7751277 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01814j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epoxidation chemistry often suffers from the challenging handling of peracids and thus requires in situ preparation. Here, we describe a two-phase enzymatic system that allows the effective generation of peracids and directly translate their activity to the epoxidation of olefins. We demonstrate the approach by application to lipid and olefin epoxidation as well as sulfide oxidation. These methods offer useful applications to synthetic modifications and scalable green processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca N Re
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jana M, Bennett CS. Synthesis of the Non-Reducing Hexasaccharide Fragment of Saccharomicin B. Org Lett 2018; 20:7598-7602. [PMID: 30427691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of the nonreducing end hexasaccharide of saccharomicin B, α-l-Eva-(1→4)-α-l-Eva-(1→4)-α-l-Dig-(1→4)-α-l-Eva-(1→4)-α-l-Dig-(1→4)-β-d-Fuc, has been developed. Selective glycosylations of l-digitoxose (l-Dig) using AgPF6/TTBP-mediated thioether activation and l-4-e pi-vancosamine (l-Eva) using Tf2O/DTBMP-mediated sulfoxide activation produced the hexasaccharide as a single diastereomer in very good yield. This hexasaccharide is properly functionalized to serve as a glycosyl donor for the total synthesis of saccharomicin B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manas Jana
- Department of Chemistry , Tufts University , 62 Talbot Avenue , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry , Tufts University , 62 Talbot Avenue , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhizhina EG, Rodikova YA, Parmon VN. Recent Advances in Regeneration of Aqueous Low-Vanadium Mo-V-Phosphoric Heteropoly Acid Solutions with O2. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena G. Zhizhina
- Department of fine organic synthesis and renewable energy sources; Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS; pr. Akad. Lavrentieva 5 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Yulia A. Rodikova
- Department of fine organic synthesis and renewable energy sources; Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS; pr. Akad. Lavrentieva 5 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Valentin N. Parmon
- Department of nontraditional catalytic processes; Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS; pr. Akad. Lavrentieva 5 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Han Z, Chen C, Meng C, Gao T, Peng P, Chen X, Wang F, Cao H. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of tumor-associated antigen N3 minor octasaccharide. J Carbohydr Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2017.1315123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Han
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Congcong Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Caicai Meng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tian Gao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Peng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Fengshan Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lloyd D, Bylsma M, Bright DK, Chen X, Bennett CS. Mild Method for 2-Naphthylmethyl Ether Protecting Group Removal Using a Combination of 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) and β-Pinene. J Org Chem 2017; 82:3926-3934. [PMID: 28281755 PMCID: PMC5387675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of a combination of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) and β-pinene permits the removal of 2-naphthylmethyl (Nap) ether protecting groups on highly sensitive substrates. The reaction tolerates both acid and base sensitive protecting groups, and products are afforded in 68-96% yield. The utility of the method is demonstrated by the removal of the Nap protecting groups on highly sensitive 2,6-dideoxy-sugar disaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Marissa Bylsma
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Danielle K Bright
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Xizhao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The development of glycobiology relies on the sources of particular oligosaccharides in their purest forms. As the isolation of the oligosaccharide structures from natural sources is not a reliable option for providing samples with homogeneity, chemical means become pertinent. The growing demand for diverse oligosaccharide structures has prompted the advancement of chemical strategies to stitch sugar molecules with precise stereo- and regioselectivity through the formation of glycosidic bonds. This Review will focus on the key developments towards chemical O-glycosylations in the current century. Synthesis of novel glycosyl donors and acceptors and their unique activation for successful glycosylation are discussed. This Review concludes with a summary of recent developments and comments on future prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Das
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) KolkataMohanpurNadia741246India
| | - Balaram Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) KolkataMohanpurNadia741246India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fouché M, Masse F, Roth HJ. Hydroxymethyl Salicylaldehyde Auxiliary for a Glycine-Dependent Amide-Forming Ligation. Org Lett 2015; 17:4936-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Fouché
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Florence Masse
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Jörg Roth
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The important roles played by human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS), the third major component of human milk, in the health of breast-fed infants have been increasingly recognized, as the structures of more than 100 different HMOS have now been elucidated. Despite the recognition of the various functions of HMOS as prebiotics, antiadhesive antimicrobials, and immunomodulators, the roles and the applications of individual HMOS species are less clear. This is mainly due to the limited accessibility to large amounts of individual HMOS in their pure forms. Current advances in the development of enzymatic, chemoenzymatic, whole-cell, and living-cell systems allow for the production of a growing number of HMOS in increasing amounts. This effort will greatly facilitate the elucidation of the important roles of HMOS and allow exploration into the applications of HMOS both as individual compounds and as mixtures of defined structures with desired functions. The structures, functions, and enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of HMOS are briefly surveyed to provide a general picture about the current progress on these aspects. Future efforts should be devoted to elucidating the structures of more complex HMOS, synthesizing more complex HMOS including those with branched structures, and developing HMOS-based or HMOS-inspired prebiotics, additives, and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Kaeothip S, Demchenko AV. Expeditious oligosaccharide synthesis via selective, semi-orthogonal, and orthogonal activation. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1371-88. [PMID: 21663897 PMCID: PMC3129461 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditional strategies for oligosaccharide synthesis often require extensive protecting and/or leaving group manipulations between each glycosylation step, thereby increasing the total number of synthetic steps while decreasing the efficiency of the synthesis. In contrast, expeditious strategies allow for the rapid chemical synthesis of complex carbohydrates by minimizing extraneous chemical manipulations. Oligosaccharide synthesis by selective activation of one leaving group over another is one such expeditious strategy. Herein, the significant improvements that have recently emerged in the area of the selective activation are discussed. The development of orthogonal strategy further expands the scope of the selective activation methodology. Surveyed in this article, are representative examples wherein these excellent innovations have been applied to the synthesis of various oligosaccharide sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophon Kaeothip
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Alexei V. Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tiruchinapally G, Yin Z, El-Dakdouki M, Wang Z, Huang X. Divergent heparin oligosaccharide synthesis with preinstalled sulfate esters. Chemistry 2011; 17:10106-12. [PMID: 21786352 PMCID: PMC3324038 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Traditional chemical synthesis of heparin oligosaccharides first involves assembly of the full length oligosaccharide backbone followed by sulfation. Herein, we report an alternative strategy in which the O-sulfate was introduced onto glycosyl building blocks as a trichloroethyl ester prior to assembly of the full length oligosaccharide. This allowed divergent preparation of both sulfated and non-sulfated building blocks from common advanced intermediates. The O-sulfate esters were found to be stable during glycosylation as well as typical synthetic manipulations encountered during heparin oligosaccharide synthesis. Furthermore, the presence of sulfate esters in both glycosyl donors and acceptors did not adversely affect the glycosylation yields, which enabled us to assemble multiple heparin oligosaccharides with preinstalled 6-O-sulfates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaojun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA)
| | - Mohammad El-Dakdouki
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA)
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA)
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cipolla L, Araújo AC, Bini D, Gabrielli L, Russo L, Shaikh N. Discovery and design of carbohydrate-based therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 5:721-37. [PMID: 22827796 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2010.497811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Till now, the importance of carbohydrates has been underscored, if compared with the two other major classes of biopolymers such as oligonucleotides and proteins. Recent advances in glycobiology and glycochemistry have imparted a strong interest in the study of this enormous family of biomolecules. Carbohydrates have been shown to be implicated in recognition processes, such as cell-cell adhesion, cell-extracellular matrix adhesion and cell-intruder recognition phenomena. In addition, carbohydrates are recognized as differentiation markers and as antigenic determinants. Due to their relevant biological role, carbohydrates are promising candidates for drug design and disease treatment. However, the growing number of human disorders known as congenital disorders of glycosylation that are being identified as resulting from abnormalities in glycan structures and protein glycosylation strongly indicates that a fast development of glycobiology, glycochemistry and glycomedicine is highly desirable. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The topics give an overview of different approaches that have been used to date for the design of carbohydrate-based therapeutics; this includes the use of native synthetic carbohydrates, the use of carbohydrate mimics designed on the basis of their native counterpart, the use of carbohydrates as scaffolds and finally the design of glyco-fused therapeutics, one of the most recent approaches. The review covers mainly literature that has appeared since 2000, except for a few papers cited for historical reasons. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain an overview of the current strategies applied to the design of carbohydrate-based therapeutics; in particular, the advantages/disadvantages of different approaches are highlighted. The topic is presented in a general, basic manner and will hopefully be a useful resource for all readers who are not familiar with it. In addition, in order to stress the potentialities of carbohydrates, several examples of carbohydrate-based marketed therapeutics are given. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Carbohydrates are a rich class of natural compounds, possessing an intriguing and still not fully understood biological role. This richness offers several strategies for the design of carbohydrate-based therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cipolla
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
McGill NW, Williams SJ. 2,6-Disubstituted benzoates as neighboring groups for enhanced diastereoselectivity in beta-galactosylation reactions: synthesis of beta-1,3-linked oligogalactosides related to arabinogalactan proteins. J Org Chem 2010; 74:9388-98. [PMID: 19928755 DOI: 10.1021/jo902100q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are plant glycoproteins which contain a beta-1,3-linked galactan core. The synthesis of the beta-galactopyranose-1,3-beta-galactopyranose linkage using various 2-O-acyl-protected glycosyl donors has been plagued with poor stereoselectivity and side reactions including orthoester formation and transesterification of the 2-O-acyl group from the donor to the acceptor. We have investigated the use of 2,6-disubstituted benzoyl groups as bulky neighboring groups on the glycosyl donor. A 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl group was found to be optimal and enabled the formation of the beta-galactopyranose-1,3-beta-galactopyranose linkage to disarmed ester-protected acceptors, suppressing transesterification and reducing orthoester formation while enhancing the beta-selectivity of galactosylation reactions. A series of beta-1,3-linked oligogalactosides were prepared and elaborated to neoglycoconjugates for the study of AGP biosynthesis and AGP binding proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W McGill
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Filice M, Vanna R, Terreni M, Guisan JM, Palomo JM. Lipase-Catalyzed Regioselective One-Step Synthesis of Penta-O-acetyl-3-hydroxylactal. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
Raghavan S, Mustafa S, Sridhar B. A Versatile Route to (E)- and (Z)-2-Hydroxy-3,4-unsaturated Disubstituted Sulfilimines and Their Haloamidation Reaction. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4499-507. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900569z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadagopan Raghavan
- Organic Division I, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India, and Lab of X-ray Crystallography, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Shaik Mustafa
- Organic Division I, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India, and Lab of X-ray Crystallography, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - B. Sridhar
- Organic Division I, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India, and Lab of X-ray Crystallography, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rawal GK, Kumar A, Tawar U, Vankar YD. New Method for Chloroamidation of Olefins. Application in the Synthesis of N-Glycopeptides and Anticancer Agents. Org Lett 2007; 9:5171-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol702097q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Girish K. Rawal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208016, India and Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208016, India and Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Urmila Tawar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208016, India and Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Yashwant D. Vankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208016, India and Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee JC, Wu CY, Apon JV, Siuzdak G, Wong CH. Reactivity-Based One-Pot Synthesis of the Tumor-Associated Antigen N3 Minor Octasaccharide for the Development of a Photocleavable DIOS-MS Sugar Array. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
24
|
Lee JC, Wu CY, Apon JV, Siuzdak G, Wong CH. Reactivity-Based One-Pot Synthesis of the Tumor-Associated Antigen N3 Minor Octasaccharide for the Development of a Photocleavable DIOS-MS Sugar Array. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:2753-7. [PMID: 16548041 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinq-Chyi Lee
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chan WK, Wong MK, Che CM. Metalloporphyrin-Catalyzed Diastereoselective Epoxidation of Allyl-Substituted Alkenes. J Org Chem 2005; 70:4226-32. [PMID: 15903294 DOI: 10.1021/jo047733c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By using [Mn(2,6-Cl(2)TPP)Cl] (1) as a catalyst and Oxone/H(2)O(2) as an oxidant, we have developed an efficient method for erythro-selective epoxidation of acyclic allyl-substituted alkenes, including allylic alcohols, amines, and esters. Up to 9:1 erythro selectivities for terminal allyllic alkenes could be achieved, which are significantly higher than that achieved using m-CPBA as an oxidant. In addition, the synthetic utilities of this epoxidation method were highlighted in stereoselective synthesis of key anti-HIV drug intermediates and epoxidation of glycals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Kei Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jiang ZX, Qing FL. Sodium carbonate as carbon dioxide source for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates containing the trifluoromethyl group. J Fluor Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(03)00136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
27
|
Gadikota RR, Callam CS, Wagner T, Del Fraino B, Lowary TL. 2,3-Anhydro sugars in glycoside bond synthesis. Highly stereoselective syntheses of oligosaccharides containing alpha- and beta-arabinofuranosyl linkages. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:4155-65. [PMID: 12670238 DOI: 10.1021/ja029302m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing discovery of biologically important events mediated by carbohydrates has generated great interest in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and the development of new methods for glycosidic bond formation. In this paper, we report that 2,3-anhydrofuranose thioglycosides (1, 5) and glycosyl sulfoxides (2, 6), in which the hydroxyl groups C-2 and C-3 are "protected" as an epoxide, glycosylate alcohols with an exceptionally high degree of stereocontrol. The predominant or exclusive product of reactions with this fundamentally new class of glycosylating agent is that in which the newly formed glycosidic bond is cis to the epoxide moiety. We further demonstrate that subsequent nucleophilic opening of the epoxide moiety proceeds under basic conditions to give products in high yield and with good to excellent regioselectivity. The major ring-opened products possess the arabino stereochemistry, and thus this methodology constitutes a new approach for the synthesis of arabinofuranosides. In the epoxide opening reactions of glycosides with the 2,3-anhydro-beta-D-lyxo stereochemistry (e.g., 73), the addition of (-)-sparteine (78) to the reaction mixture dramatically enhanced the regioselectivity in favor of the arabino product. This represents the first example of the use of 78 to influence the regioselectivity of an epoxide ring opening reaction with a non-carbon nucleophile. We have demonstrated the utility of this methodology through the efficient synthesis of an arabinofuranosyl hexasaccharide, 7, which is a key structural motif in two mycobacterial cell wall polysaccharides.
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Abstract
The first total synthesis of a naturally occurring siderophore antibiotic, desferrisalmycin B, is described, and the configuration of the unknown stereocenter is assigned. The synthesis features a synthetic strategy of constructing the novel amino-heptopyranoside component by stereoselective dihydroxylation followed by a Bose-modified Mitsunobu reaction. Through this convergent approach, other members of salmycins should also be synthetically accessible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5670, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yamago S, Yamada T, Hara O, Ito H, Mino Y, Yoshida JI. A new, iterative strategy of oligosaccharide synthesis based on highly reactive beta-bromoglycosides derived from selenoglycosides. Org Lett 2001; 3:3867-70. [PMID: 11720556 DOI: 10.1021/ol016713j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective conversion of a selenoglycoside to a beta-bromoglycoside in the absence of a glycosyl acceptor followed by the coupling with another selenoglycoside affords the corresponding glycosylated selenoglycoside, which could be directly used for the next glycosylation. The iteration of this sequence allows the synthesis of a variety of oligosaccharides including an elicitor active heptasaccharide. [reaction: see text]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yamago
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bartolozzi A, Seeberger PH. New approaches to the chemical synthesis of bioactive oligosaccharides. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2001; 11:587-92. [PMID: 11785760 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-440x(00)00252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The past year has seen some major advances in the area of carbohydrate synthesis using chemical methods. Progress in all areas of synthetic methodology, including new protecting groups and coupling methods, has been reported. A number of complex carbohydrate structures have been prepared using known, as well as new, methods. The goal to allow nonspecialists access to defined carbohydrate structures for biochemical, biophysical and biological studies has drawn closer by the introduction of two approaches towards synthesis automation. A one-pot glycosylation strategy utilized computer-assisted synthesis planning and the first solid-phase automated synthesizer was introduced very recently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bartolozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|