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Darnet S, Blary A, Chevalier Q, Schaller H. Phytosterol Profiles, Genomes and Enzymes - An Overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:665206. [PMID: 34093623 PMCID: PMC8172173 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.665206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable diversity of sterol biosynthetic capacities described in living organisms is enriched at a fast pace by a growing number of sequenced genomes. Whereas analytical chemistry has produced a wealth of sterol profiles of species in diverse taxonomic groups including seed and non-seed plants, algae, phytoplanktonic species and other unicellular eukaryotes, functional assays and validation of candidate genes unveils new enzymes and new pathways besides canonical biosynthetic schemes. An overview of the current landscape of sterol pathways in the tree of life is tentatively assembled in a series of sterolotypes that encompass major groups and provides also peculiar features of sterol profiles in bacteria, fungi, plants, and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hubert Schaller
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology Team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Zovko Končić M, Ioannou E, Sawadogo WR, Abdel-Razik AF, Vagias C, Diederich M, Roussis V. 4α-Methylated steroids with cytotoxic activity from the soft coral Litophyton mollis. Steroids 2016; 115:130-135. [PMID: 27553729 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Seven new (1-3, 5 and 8-10) and three previously reported (4, 6 and 7) 4α-methylated steroids were isolated from the organic extract of the gorgonian Litophyton mollis. The structures and the relative configurations of the isolated natural products were determined on the basis of extensive analyses of their NMR and MS data. Metabolites 1 and 5-8 exhibited cytotoxic activity against K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells with IC50 values below 10μM, while at the same time displaying low toxicity against healthy PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Zovko Končić
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece; Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Efstathia Ioannou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece
| | | | - Ayman F Abdel-Razik
- Natural Products Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Constantinos Vagias
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Marc Diederich
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer (LBMCC), Luxembourg; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Vassilios Roussis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece.
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Byju K, Anuradha V, Vasundhara G, Nair SM, Kumar NC. In vitro and in silico studies on the anticancer and apoptosis-inducing activities of the sterols identified from the soft coral, subergorgia reticulata. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:S65-71. [PMID: 24914311 PMCID: PMC4047577 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.127345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gorgonians and other octocorals are known to possess a huge array of secondary metabolites in which sterols are the major group of secondary metabolites apart from sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, and the bioactive metabolites could show marked biomedical potential for future drug discovery. OBJECTIVE This study was intended for the isolation and identification of sterols from the octocoral Subergorgia reticulata and to evaluate the anticancer and apoptosis-inducing activities of the identified sterols through in vitro and in silico approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS The organism was collected from Lakshadweep Island. The isolated sterols were identified using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The structure was confirmed by using comparison of their spectra those in National Institute of Standard Technology (NIST) library. The apoptosis inducing effect of identified sterols were determined by PASS online prediction. In vitro cytotoxity studies were carried out using Dalton's lymphoma ascites cells (DLA) and the cell viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion method. RESULTS Six sterols were identified from the soft coral S. reticulata. They are Cholesta-5,22-diene-3ol (3β), Ergosta-5-22-dien-3ol (3β,22E 24S), Cholesterol, 26,26-Dimethyl-5,24(28)-ergostadien-3β-ol. β-sitosterol, and Fucosterol. In silico predictions showed that the identified sterols exhibited remarkable apoptosis agonist activity. The probability of apoptosis agonist activity were found maximum for 26,26-Dimethyl-5,24 (28)-S. reticulata sterol fractions isolated were found to be having anticancer activity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that S. reticulata contained biologically active sterol compounds that may be useful in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyil Byju
- Inter University Centre for Development of Marine Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India
| | - Vattoni Anuradha
- Inter University Centre for Development of Marine Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India
| | - Gopalakrishnapai Vasundhara
- Inter University Centre for Development of Marine Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India
| | - S Muraleedharan Nair
- Inter University Centre for Development of Marine Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India
| | - N Chandramohana Kumar
- Inter University Centre for Development of Marine Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India
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Shen T, He YL, Wen CW, Zheng SZ. The Chemical Constituents ofPolypodium Niponicum. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200900093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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5
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Wang Z, Tang H, Wang P, Gong W, Xue M, Zhang H, Liu T, Liu B, Yi Y, Zhang W. Bioactive polyoxygenated steroids from the South China sea soft coral, Sarcophyton sp. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:775-87. [PMID: 23478486 PMCID: PMC3705369 DOI: 10.3390/md11030775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven new polyoxygenated steroids (1-7) were isolated together with seven known analogues (8-14) from the South China Sea soft coral, Sarcophyton sp. The structures of the new compounds were identified on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with reported data. All the steroids are characterized with 3β,5α,6β-hydroxy moiety, displaying carbon skeletons of cholestane, ergostane, gorgostane and 23,24-dimethyl cholestane. In the in vitro bioassay, metabolites exhibited different levels of antimicrobial activity against bacterial species Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium, and fungal species Microbotryum violaceum and Septoria tritici. No inhibition was detected towards microalga Chlorella fusca. Preliminary structure-activity analysis suggests that the 11α-acetoxy group may increase both antibacterial and antifungal activities. The terminal-double bond and the cyclopropane moiety at the side chain may also contribute to the bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yanghua Yi
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China; E-Mails: (Z.W.); (H.T.); (P.W.); (W.G.); (M.X.); (H.Z.); (T.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Wen Zhang
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China; E-Mails: (Z.W.); (H.T.); (P.W.); (W.G.); (M.X.); (H.Z.); (T.L.); (B.L.)
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Giner JL, Wikfors GH. "Dinoflagellate Sterols" in marine diatoms. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1896-1901. [PMID: 21621802 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sterol compositions for three diatom species, recently shown to contain sterols with side chains typically found in dinoflagellates, were determined by HPLC and ¹H NMR spectroscopic analyses. The centric diatom Triceratium dubium (=Biddulphia sp., CCMP 147) contained the highest percentage of 23-methylated sterols (37.2% (24R)-23-methylergosta-5,22-dienol), whereas the pennate diatom Delphineis sp. (CCMP 1095) contained the cyclopropyl sterol gorgosterol, as well as the 27-norsterol occelasterol. The sterol composition of Ditylum brightwellii (CCMP 358) was the most complex, containing Δ⁰- and Δ⁷-sterols, in addition to the predominant Δ⁵-sterols. A pair of previously unknown sterols, stigmasta-5,24,28-trienol and stigmasta-24,28-dienol, were detected in D. brightwellii and their structures were determined by NMR spectroscopic analysis and by synthesis of the former sterol from saringosterol. Also detected in D. brightwellii was the previously unknown 23-methylcholesta-7,22-dienol.
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Kelecom A, Sole Cava AM, Kannengiesser GJ. Occurrence of 23, 24ε-dimethylcholesta-5, 22-dien-3β-ol in the brazilian gorgonian phyllogorgia dilatata (octocorallia, gorgonacea) and in its associated zooxanthella. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19800891112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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8
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The oldest known dinoflagellates: Morphological and molecular evidence from Mesoproterozoic rocks at Yongji, Shanxi Province. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03183698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Giner JL, Faraldos JA, Boyer GL. NOVEL STEROLS OF THE TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE KARENIA BREVIS (DINOPHYCEAE): A DEFENSIVE FUNCTION FOR UNUSUAL MARINE STEROLS? 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2003; 39:315-319. [PMID: 33066707 DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.01254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The "red tide" organism Karenia brevis (Davis) Hansen & Moestrup (=Gymnodinium breve Davis) produces a mixture of brevetoxins, potent neurotoxins responsible for neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in humans and massive fish kills in the Gulf of Mexico and the southern Atlantic coast of the United States. The sterol composition of K. brevis was found to be a mixture of six novel and rare Δ8(14) sterols. The two predominant sterols, (24R)-4α-methylergosta-8(14), 22-dienol and (24R)-4α-methyl-27-norergosta-8(14), 22-dienol, were named gymnodinosterol and brevesterol and represent potentially useful biomarkers for K. brevis. A possible function for such unusual marine sterols is proposed whereby structural modifications render the sterols non-nutritious to marine invertebrates, reducing predation and thereby enhancing the ability of the dinoflagellates to form massive blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis Giner
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Juan A Faraldos
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Gregory L Boyer
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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Ponomarenko LP, Kalinovsky AI, Moiseenko OP, Stonik VA. Free sterols from the holothurians Synapta maculata, Cladolabes bifurcatus and Cucumaria sp. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 128:53-62. [PMID: 11163304 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(00)00318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Free sterol fractions from the holothurians (sea cucumbers) Synapta maculata, Cladolabes bifurcatus and Cucumaria sp. have been isolated and studied by HPLC, GLC, GLC-MS and NMR methods. Forty seven sterols were identified, including several rare ones. In contrast with previously studied holothurians, the presence of a minor amount of Delta7 sterols was indicated in the sterols of S. maculata. This animal contains predominantly Delta(9(11))sterols as well as an abnormally high concentration of Delta5 sterols. In C. bifurcatus and Cucumaria sp., 14alpha-methyl and 4alpha,14alpha-dimethyl-Delta(9(11))sterols were found to be the main sterol constituents. Peculiarities of sterol distribution and the relationship between sterol compositions and taxonomic positions, ecology and toxicity of the corresponding sea cucumbers were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Ponomarenko
- Laboratory of the Chemistry of Marine Natural Products, Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, -690022, Vladivostok, Russia
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11
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New polyhydroxydinostane sterols from the Caribbean gorgonian octocoral Pseudopterogorgia americana. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)01695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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13
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Stonik VA, Ponomarenko LP, Makarieva TN, Boguslavsky VM, Dmitrenok AS, Fedorov SN, Strobikin SA. Free sterol compositions from the sea cucumbers Pseudostichopus trachus, Holothuria (Microtele) nobilis, Holothuria scabra, Trochostoma orientale and Bathyplotes natans. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(98)10023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Occurrence of secondary metabolites in microalgae (protoctista) is discussed with respect to the phylogenic or taxonomic relationships of organisms. Biosynthetic mechanisms of certain metabolites such as paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins and polyether toxins are also discussed, and genetic aspects of the secondary metabolite production as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881, USA
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15
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Miller SL, Tinto WF, Yang JP, McLean S, Reynolds WF. 9,11-Seco-24-hydroxydinosterol from Pseudopterogorgia americana. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)00040-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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New antiproliferative and antiinflammatory 9,11-secosterols from the gorgonian Pseudopterogorgia sp. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(94)00962-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Schaeffer P, Fache-Dany F, Trifilieff S, M. Trendel J, Albrecht(rk) P. Characterisation of novel 3-carboxyalkyl-steranes occurring in geological samples. Tetrahedron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)89396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Kokke W, Spero HJ. Sterol pattern determination as a probe for new species of zooxanthellae in marine invertebrates: Application to the dinoflagellate symbiont of the foraminifer Orbulina universa. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-1978(87)90063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Venkatesan MI, Ruth E, Steinberg S, Kaplan IR. Organic geochemistry of sediments from the continental margin off southern New England, U.S.A.--Part II. Lipids. MARINE CHEMISTRY 1987; 21:267-299. [PMID: 11542075 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4203(87)90063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Organic geochemical measurements of the lipid fraction, comparing saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, fatty acids, alcohols and sterols, have been carried out on six sediments cores collected from the Atlantic shelf, slope and the rise areas to evaluate the cross-shelf transport of the organic carbon. The concentration of most of the organic compound classes studied is correlated with the total organic carbon, which decreases from the shelf through slope to the rise. Terrigenous carbon is recognizable even in the slope and rise sediments, but terrestrial influx decreases relative to marine generated lipids in the slope and rise organic matter. We estimate that approximately 50% of the shelf organic matter is exported to the slope. Data of sediment trap material collected at 1200 m from 1250 m water depth are discussed and compared with that of surface sediment from 1280 m water depth (slope). Fluxes for specific organic compound classes have been computed. The fluxes are of the same magnitude as for equatorial North Atlantic trap particulates at comparable water depth, studied by other investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Venkatesan
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California at Los Angeles 90024, USA
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20
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Bakus GJ, Targett NM, Schulte B. Chemical ecology of marine organisms: An overview. J Chem Ecol 1986; 12:951-87. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01638991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/1985] [Accepted: 11/04/1985] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Pettit GR, Herald DL, Herald CL, Kokke WC, Djerassi C. The crystal structure of 3 beta-hydroxy-4 alpha, 23R, 24R-trimethyl-5 alpha-cholestane (23R, 24R-5 alpha-dinostanol) from dinoflagellates. Steroids 1986; 47:321-6. [PMID: 3590242 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(86)90101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An x-ray crystal structure determination of a dinostanol from the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum and zooxanthellae from Orbulina universa was completed. The novel sterol was shown to be 3 beta-hydroxy-4 alpha, 23R,24R-trimethyl-5 alpha-cholestane and may be one of the molecular fossils found in sediment cores from the deepest Black Sea trench.
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Habermehl G, Hundrieser HJ. Fossile Relikte der ?Wasserbl�te? im Messeler �lschiefer. Naturwissenschaften 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00376676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Dow WC, Gebreyesus T, Popov S, Carlson RM, Djerassi C. Marine 4-methyl sterols: synthesis of C-24 epimers of 4 alpha, 24-dimethyl-5 alpha-cholestan-3 beta-ol and 360 MHz 1HNMR comparisons to the natural product from Plexaura homomalla. Steroids 1983; 42:217-30. [PMID: 6687021 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(83)90220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Comparison of the highfield 1HNMR spectrum of 4 alpha, 24-dimethyl-5 alpha-cholestan-3 beta-o1 isolated by open column adsorptive chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC from P. homomalla with those of the corresponding synthetic 24 alpha and 24 beta compounds demonstrate that the gorgonian natural product is purely 24 beta, the same C-24 configuration found in sterols related to dinosterol and gorgosterol. 360 MHz 1HNMR data are also reported for synthetic 4 alpha, 24 beta-dimethyl-5 alpha-cholest-22E-en-3 beta-o1 (another P. homomalla natural product). The use of 1HNMR correlations in assigning C-24 configurations of 24-methyl marine sterols possessing various nuclei is examined and discussed. Analyses of the methyl sterol components of P. homomalla are tabulated and discussed with regard to origin and plausible biosynthetic interrelationships in light of the C-24 configurational findings.
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Kalinovskaya N, Kuznetsova T, Popov A, Antonov S, Elyakov G. Steroid metabolites of the far eastern Holothurian Stichopus japonicus Selenka. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(83)90189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Identification of 27-nor-(24R)-24-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol and brassicasterol as the major sterols of the marine dinoflagellateGymnodinium simplex. Lipids 1982; 17:853-8. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02534578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/1982] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Eighteen components of the sterol fraction of Pyrocystis lunula have been identified. In addition to 4 alpha-methyl sterols (typical dinoflagellate sterols), regular sterols, both with a saturated and delta 5-unsaturated skeleton, were isolated, together with delta 4-3-keto steroids including the hitherto unknown 23,24R-dimethyl-4,22E-cholestadien-3-one.
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Mackenzie AS, Brassell SC, Eglinton G, Maxwell JR. Chemical Fossils: The Geological Fate of Steroids. Science 1982; 217:491-504. [PMID: 17820518 DOI: 10.1126/science.217.4559.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Steroids are used to illustrate some of the significant advances that have been made in recent years in understanding the biological origin and geological fate of the organic compounds in sediments. The precursor sterols are transformed, initially by microbial activity and later by physicochemical constraints, into thermodynamically more stable saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in mature sediments and petroleums. The steps in this transformation result in a complex web linking biogenesis, diagenesis, and catagenesis. Indeed, the complexity and variety of biological lipids such as the steroids are evidently matched in the corresponding geolipids. The extent of preservation of the biochemical imprint in the structures and stereochemistry of these geolipids, even over hundreds of millions of years, is startling, as is the systematic and sequential nature of the geochemical changes they evidently undergo. This new understanding of molecular organic geochemistry has applications in petroleum geochemistry, where biological marker compounds are valuable in the assessment of sediment maturity and in correlation work.
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Kobayashi M, Ishizaka T, Mitsuhashi H. Marine sterols X. Minor constituents of the sterols of the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Steroids 1982; 40:209-21. [PMID: 6130646 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(82)90034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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34
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Gebreyesus T, Djerassi C. Synthesis of the putative marine sterols [24R]- and [24S]-23,24-dimethyl-5α-cholest-23(29)-en-3β-ol. Tetrahedron Lett 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)85619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Alam M, Sansing TB, Guerra JR, Harmon AD. Dinoflagellate sterols IV: Isolation and structure of 4 alpha, 23xi, 24xi-trimethylcholestanol from the dinoflagellate Glenodinium hallii. Steroids 1981; 38:375-82. [PMID: 7198311 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(81)90072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate Glenodinium hallii was investigated for its sterol composition. Five of the six sterols were isolated and identified as cholest-5en-3beta-ol, (24xi)-24-methylcholest-5-en-3beta-ol, stigmasta-5,22-dien-3beta-ol, (22E,24R)-4 alpha, 23, 24-trimethyl-5 alpha-cholest-22-en-3 beta-ol, and 4 alpha, 23 xi, 24 xi-trimethyl-5 alpha-cholestan-3 beta-ol.
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Wengrovitz P, Sanduja R, Alam M. Dinoflagellate sterols—3: sterol composition of the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax monilata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(81)90347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dahl CE, Dahl JS, Bloch K. Effect of alkyl-substituted precursors of cholesterol on artificial and natural membranes and on the viability of Mycoplasma capricolum. Biochemistry 1980; 19:1462-7. [PMID: 7388005 DOI: 10.1021/bi00548a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Various alkyl-substituted sterols and stanols representative of the intermediates in cholesterol biosynthesis from lanosterol have been compared with respect to (a) their effect on the physical state of lecithin vesicles, (b) their efficacy as growth factors for the sterol auxotroph Mycoplasma capricolum, and (c) their effect on the physical state of the respective mycoplasma membranes. By all three criteria, sterol effectiveness progresses in the order lanosterol less than 4,4-dimethylcholestanol less than or equal to 4 beta-methylcholestanol less than 4 alpha-methylcholestanol less than cholestanol less than cholesterol. Since the corresponding steps in cholesterol biosynthesis occur in the same order, we conclude that the nuclear modifications of the lanosterol structure by oxidative demethylation serve to improve the membrane function of the sterol molecule.
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Rohmer M, Kokke WC, Fenical W, Djerassi C. Isolation of two new C30 sterols, (24E)-24-N-propylidenecholesterol and 24 epsilon-N-propylcholesterol, from a cultured marine Chrysophyte. Steroids 1980; 35:219-31. [PMID: 7376220 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(80)90104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Two new sterols, (24E)-24-n-propylidenecholesterol and 24 epsilon-n-propylcholesterol, were isolated from a cultured marine Chrysophyte. Since most of the steroids found in marine invertebrates are unchanged or modified sterols of algal or symbiotic origin, the discovery of these two unusual sterols in a unicellular alga grown under well-defined conditions contributes to our knowledge of sterols in marine food chains and offers a potential substrate for biosynthetic labeling experiments.
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Milkova T, Popov S, Marekov N, Andreev S. Sterols from black sea invertebrates—I. Sterols from Scyphozoa and Anthozoa (Coelenterata). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(80)90424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
A broad overview of the diversity of living dinoflagellates is presented in a hypothetical evolutionary context. Ultrastructural, and some physiological information is included. Five principal organizational types: prorocentroid, dinophysoid, gonyaulacoid, peridinioid and gymnodinoid, are taken to represent lineages, and the developments within each summarized. Thecal evolution is discussed party with the aid of a model developed to determine probable plate homologies in the gonyaulacoids and peridinioids. Both primitive and highly specialized features are drawn attention to, particularly with regard to the nucleus and ocelli. The parallelism between the latter and metazoan eyes is extraordinary, considering that the dinoflagellate organelles are made of subcellular components. The roles of various types of cysts within the lifecycle of dinoflagellates are discussed. The compatibility of the hypothetical events proposed here with the fossil record is briefly considered, and some indications of the phyletic position of dinoflagellates are reviewed. The conclusions summarize the principal developments that appear to have arisen within the group. The relative primitiveness of the desmokonts is affirmed. A new combination, Plectodinium miniatum (Kofoid and Swezy) comb. nov. is proposed, as well as the recognition of a new order, the Gonyaulacales ord. nov.
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Kobayashi M, Tomioka A, Mitsuhashi H. Marine sterols. VIII. Isolation and structure of sarcosterol, a new sterol with a delta17(20)-double bond from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Steroids 1979; 34:273-93. [PMID: 40330 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(79)90079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sterol mixture of the southern Japan's soft coral, Sarcophyton glaucum, was found to contain 11 sterols including a novel sterol, 23,24 xi-dimethylcholesta-5,22-dien-3 beta-ol and a new diunsaturated C29 sterol. 22,23-Dihydrobrassicasterol and gorgosterol were the major components in free- and esterified sterols respectively. Brassicasterol was found in S. glaucum, in contrast to the ubiquity of 24-epibrassicasterol in the marine invertebrates in the northern districts. The new sterol (sarcosterol) was isolated; its structure as 23 xi, 24 xi-dimethylcholesta-5, 17(20)-trans-dien-3 beta-ol was based on spectra evidence and comparison with cholesta-5, 17(20)-trans-dien-3 beta-ol.
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Withers NW, Kokke W, Rohmer M, Fenical W, Djerassi C. Isolation of sterols with cyclopropyl-containing side chains from the cultured marine alga. Tetrahedron Lett 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)95475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Alam M, Schram KH, Ray SM. 24-demethyldinosterol: An unusual sterol from the dinoflagellate, . Tetrahedron Lett 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)94980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Popov S, Carlson RM, Wegmann A, Djerassi C. Minor and trace sterols in marine invertebrates. 1. General methods of analysis. Steroids 1976; 28:699-732. [PMID: 13520 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(76)90009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
3beta-Hydroxy sterols occurring at a concentration of at least 0.001% of the sterol mixtures of Pseudoplexaura porosa and Plexaura homomalla have been fractionated using a series of refined techniques and subsequently analyzed using combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the development of a procedure for examining the minor and trace components of marine sterol mixtures. A total of 49 sterols were found which spanned a molecular weight range of 274 to 440. In addition delta4-3-keto analogs of cholesterol, 24-methylcholesterol and gorgosterol were found in the extracts of P. homomalla. Initial separation of various natural sterol-containing conjugates and free sterols was found to have a number of advantages. Fractional digitonin precipitation and alumina column chromatography were found to possess greater sterol separation abilities than previously recognized. Many of the minor sterols were found to possess novel structures including a series of short side chain sterols, 19-nor sterols, 5beta-stanols and 4-monomethyl sterols for which structure elucidation work is continuing.
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