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Petković H, Lukežič T, Šušković J. Biosynthesis of Oxytetracycline by Streptomyces rimosus:
Past, Present and Future Directions in the Development
of Tetracycline Antibiotics. Food Technol Biotechnol 2017; 55:3-13. [PMID: 28559729 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.55.01.17.4617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural tetracycline (TC) antibiotics were the first major class of therapeutics to earn the distinction of 'broad-spectrum antibiotics' and they have been used since the 1940s against a wide range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, mycoplasmas, intracellular chlamydiae, rickettsiae and protozoan parasites. The second generation of semisynthetic tetracyclines, such as minocycline and doxycycline, with improved antimicrobial potency, were introduced during the 1960s. Despite emerging resistance to TCs erupting during the 1980s, it was not until 2006, more than four decades later, that a third--generation TC, named tigecycline, was launched. In addition, two TC analogues, omadacycline and eravacycline, developed via (semi)synthetic and fully synthetic routes, respectively, are at present under clinical evaluation. Interestingly, despite very productive early work on the isolation of a Streptomyces aureofaciens mutant strain that produced 6-demethyl-7-chlortetracycline, the key intermediate in the production of second- and third-generation TCs, biosynthetic approaches in TC development have not been productive for more than 50 years. Relatively slow and tedious molecular biology approaches for the genetic manipulation of TC-producing actinobacteria, as well as an insufficient understanding of the enzymatic mechanisms involved in TC biosynthesis have significantly contributed to the low success of such biosynthetic engineering efforts. However, new opportunities in TC drug development have arisen thanks to a significant progress in the development of affordable and versatile biosynthetic engineering and synthetic biology approaches, and, importantly, to a much deeper understanding of TC biosynthesis, mostly gained over the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Petković
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty,
Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadeja Lukežič
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,
Saarland University, Campus E 8.1, DE-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jagoda Šušković
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology,
University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Lukežič T, Lešnik U, Podgoršek A, Horvat J, Polak T, Šala M, Jenko B, Raspor P, Herron PR, Hunter IS, Petković H. Identification of the chelocardin biosynthetic gene cluster from Amycolatopsis sulphurea: a platform for producing novel tetracycline antibiotics. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:2524-2532. [PMID: 24043447 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.070995-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tetracyclines (TCs) are medically important antibiotics from the polyketide family of natural products. Chelocardin (CHD), produced by Amycolatopsis sulphurea, is a broad-spectrum tetracyclic antibiotic with potent bacteriolytic activity against a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative multi-resistant pathogens. CHD has an unknown mode of action that is different from TCs. It has some structural features that define it as 'atypical' and, notably, is active against tetracycline-resistant pathogens. Identification and characterization of the chelocardin biosynthetic gene cluster from A. sulphurea revealed 18 putative open reading frames including a type II polyketide synthase. Compared to typical TCs, the chd cluster contains a number of features that relate to its classification as 'atypical': an additional gene for a putative two-component cyclase/aromatase that may be responsible for the different aromatization pattern, a gene for a putative aminotransferase for C-4 with the opposite stereochemistry to TCs and a gene for a putative C-9 methylase that is a unique feature of this biosynthetic cluster within the TCs. Collectively, these enzymes deliver a molecule with different aromatization of ring C that results in an unusual planar structure of the TC backbone. This is a likely contributor to its different mode of action. In addition CHD biosynthesis is primed with acetate, unlike the TCs, which are primed with malonamate, and offers a biosynthetic engineering platform that represents a unique opportunity for efficient generation of novel tetracyclic backbones using combinatorial biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Lukežič
- Acies Bio d.o.o., Tehnološki Park 21, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Lešnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Acies Bio d.o.o., Tehnološki Park 21, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ajda Podgoršek
- Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Acies Bio d.o.o., Tehnološki Park 21, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jaka Horvat
- Acies Bio d.o.o., Tehnološki Park 21, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Polak
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Branko Jenko
- Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Acies Bio d.o.o., Tehnološki Park 21, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Raspor
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paul R Herron
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Iain S Hunter
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Hrvoje Petković
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC, SODERCAN, C/Albert Einstein 22, 39011, Santander, Spain.,Acies Bio d.o.o., Tehnološki Park 21, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Zhang W, Watanabe K, Wang CCC, Tang Y. Investigation of early tailoring reactions in the oxytetracycline biosynthetic pathway. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25717-25. [PMID: 17631493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703437200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracyclines are aromatic polyketides biosynthesized by bacterial type II polyketide synthases. The amidated tetracycline backbone is biosynthesized by the minimal polyketide synthases and an amidotransferase homologue OxyD. Biosynthesis of the key intermediate 6-methylpretetramid requires two early tailoring steps, which are cyclization of the linearly fused tetracyclic scaffold and regioselective C-methylation of the aglycon. Using a heterologous host (CH999)/vector pair, we identified the minimum set of enzymes from the oxytetracycline biosynthetic pathway that is required to afford 6-methylpretetramid in vivo. Only two cyclases (OxyK and OxyN) are necessary to completely cyclize and aromatize the amidated tetracyclic aglycon. Formation of the last ring via C-1/C-18 aldol condensation does not require a dedicated fourth-ring cyclase, in contrast to the biosynthetic mechanism of other tetracyclic aromatic polyketides, such as daunorubicin and tetracenomycin. Acetyl-derived polyketides do not undergo spontaneous fourth-ring cyclization and form only anthracene carboxylic acids as demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. OxyF was identified to be the C-6 C-methyltransferase that regioselectively methylates pretetramid to yield 6-methylpretetramid. Reconstitution of 6-methylpretetramid in a heterologous host sets the stage for a more systematic investigation of additional tetracycline downstream tailoring enzymes and is a key step toward the engineered biosynthesis of tetracycline analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Shen B, Hutchinson CR. Tetracenomycin F1 monooxygenase: oxidation of a naphthacenone to a naphthacenequinone in the biosynthesis of tetracenomycin C in Streptomyces glaucescens. Biochemistry 1993; 32:6656-63. [PMID: 8329392 DOI: 10.1021/bi00077a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tetracenomycin (Tcm) F1 monooxygenase, which catalyzes the oxidation of the naphthacenone Tcm F1 to the 5,12-naphthacenequinone Tcm D3 in the biosynthesis of the anthracycline antibiotic Tcm C in Streptomyces glaucescens, has been purified to homogeneity and characterized. Gel filtration chromatography yields a molecular weight of 37,500 whereas SDS-PAGE gives a single band with a molecular weight of 12,500, indicating that the Tcm F1 monooxygenase is a homotrimer in solution. The N-terminal sequence of the enzyme establishes that it is encoded by the tcmH gene. The monooxygenase displays an optimal pH of 7.5 and has a Km of 7.47 +/- 0.67 microM and Vmax of 473 +/- 10 nmol.min-1.mg-1. Formally, the Tcm F1 monooxygenase can be classified as an internal monooxygenase that requires only O2 for the enzymatic oxidation. Yet, it apparently does not possess any of the prosthetic groups of known monooxygenases, such as flavin or heme groups, nor does it utilize metal ions. It is inactivated by p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, N-ethylmaleimide, and diethyl pyrocarbonate, suggesting that sulfhydryl groups and histidine residues are essential for the enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Shen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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Sherman DH, Bibb MJ, Simpson TJ, Johnson D, Malpartida F, Fernandez-Moreno M, Martinez E, Hutchinson C, Hopwood DA. Molecular genetic analysis reveals a putative bifunctional polyketide cyclase/dehydrase gene from Streptomycea coelicolor and Streptomyces violoceoruber, and a cyclase/O-methyltransferase from Streptomyces glaucescens. Tetrahedron 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)86494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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