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Stevenson S, Dorn HC. Fullertubes: A 30-Year Story of Prediction, Experimental Validation, and Applications for a Long-Missing Family of Soluble Carbon Molecules. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:2154-2165. [PMID: 39042832 PMCID: PMC11309000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusDuring the last 30 years, theoretical scientists imagined segmental families of monolayer carbon tubules with fullerene-based end-caps. These fullertube molecules would possess structural features of both fullerenes (hemispherical end-caps) and tubular belts of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Yet, their experimental verification remained elusive for decades. It was not until 2020-2023 that segmental families of fullertubes were finally confirmed in the lab. The shocking irony is that these fullertubes were unwittingly coproduced alongside fullerenes (e.g., C60, C70, C84) in both flame and electric arc soot since the 1990s. Yet, nobody knew these "hidden" families of fullertubes were experimentally present in their extracted soot due to their low abundance and the absence of isolation methodology.This eruption of fullertube discoveries in 2020-2023 was brought to fruition by structural data, both DFT and experimental. This "Treasure Trove" of new molecules during this four-year window occurred with only microgram quantities. Typically, milligram levels of purified samples are required for X-ray crystallography and 13C NMR structural analysis. The breakthrough for experimentally verifying the missing fullertubes was an aminopropanol reagent to selectively react with and remove spheroidal carbon (e.g., C60, C70, C84) as hydrophilic derivatives. In contrast, there was suppressed reaction with fullertubes, which remained in organic solvent. It is well established that high symmetry (3-, 5-, and 6-fold) hemispheres for C60-Ih and other fullerenes and metallofullerenes are prerequisite end-caps for fullertubes. For the case of [5,5] C130 fullertubes, this requirement results in only eight 3-, 5-, and 6-fold symmetry structural isomers possible from a total of 39,393 possible isolated pentagon rule (IPR) isomers. From this C130 list of 8 candidate isolated pentagon rule (IPR) high symmetry isomers, surprisingly only one structure matched the DFT polarizability versus chromatographic retention parameter (a new gold standard for isomer identification). The simultaneous emergence of DFT computations of other properties (e.g., total energy, HOMO-LUMO gap, UV-vis) for large carbon molecules provided support for structural determination. Experimental approaches (e.g., mass spectrometry, UV-vis, XPS, Raman, and STEM) provided additional layers of structural elucidation at the microgram level. For the first time, we developed a chemical isolation protocol that would allow the preparation and isolation of soluble pristine fullertubes in the range of C90-C200. To date, applications of SWCNTs for use in nanoscale computer applications requires purities greater than 99.999%. Although this stringent mandate has not yet been demonstrated using SWCNT samples, this high level of purity appears achievable for metallic [5,5] D5d-C120 and semiconductor [10,0] D5h-C120 [10,766] fullertubes. Moreover, commercial production of pristine fullertubes should easily be feasible by the flame method due to its continuous operation and inexpensive feedstock. For application development, theoretical and electrochemical experimental data show that fullertubes exhibit high catalytic activity in oxygen reduction reactions. In the medical sector, pristine fullertube dispersions exhibit antimicrobial effects on Mycobacterium smegmatis and M. abscessus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Stevenson
- Department
of Chemistry, FIRST Molecules Center of Research, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Harry C. Dorn
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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Bourret E, Liu X, Noble CA, Cover K, Davidson TP, Huang R, Koenig RM, Reeves KS, Vlassiouk IV, Côté M, Baxter JS, Lupini AR, Geohegan DB, Dorn HC, Stevenson S. Colossal C 130 Fullertubes: Soluble [5,5] C 130-D 5h(1) Pristine Molecules with 70 Nanotube Carbons and Two 30-Atom Hemifullerene End-caps. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25942-25947. [PMID: 37890151 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the seminal experimental isolation and DFT characterization of pristine [5,5] C130-D5h(1) fullertubes. This achievement represents the largest soluble carbon molecule obtained in its pristine form. The [5,5] C130 species is the highest aspect ratio fullertube purified to date and now surpasses the recent gigantic [5,5] C120-D5d(1). In contrast to C90, C100, and C120 fullertubes, the longer C130-D5h has more nanotubular carbons (70) than end-cap fullerenyl atoms (60). Starting from 39,393 possible C130 isolated pentagon rule (IPR) structures and after analyzing polarizability, retention time, and UV-vis spectra, these three layers of data remarkably predict a single candidate isomer and fullertube, [5,5] C130-D5h(1). This structural assignment is augmented by atomic resolution STEM data showing distinctive and tubular "pill-like" structures with diameters and aspect ratios consistent with [5,5] C130-D5h(1) fullertubes. The high selectivity of the aminopropanol reaction with spheroidal fullerenes permits facile separation and removal of fullertubes from soot extracts. Experimental analyses (HPLC retention time, UV-vis, and STEM) were synergistically used (with polarizability and DFT property calculations) to down select and confirm the C130 fullertube structure. Achieving the isolation of a new [5,5] C130-D5h fullertube opens the door to application development and fundamental studies of electron confinement, fluorescence, and metallic character for a fullertube series of molecules with systematic tubular elongation. This [5,5] fullertube family also invites comparative studies with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), nanohorns (SWCNHs), and fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bourret
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H2 V 0B3, Canada
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Cora A Noble
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Kevin Cover
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Tanisha P Davidson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
- FIRST Molecules Center, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ryan M Koenig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - K Shawn Reeves
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ivan V Vlassiouk
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Michel Côté
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H2 V 0B3, Canada
| | - Jefferey S Baxter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Andrew R Lupini
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - David B Geohegan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Harry C Dorn
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
- FIRST Molecules Center, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
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Schiemenz S, Koenig RM, Stevenson S, Avdoshenko SM, Popov AA. Vibrational anatomy of C 90, C 96, and C 100 fullertubes: probing Frankenstein's skeletal structures of fullerene head endcaps and nanotube belt midsection. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:10823-10834. [PMID: 35829712 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01870e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fullertubes are tubular fullerenes with nanotube-like middle section and fullerene-like endcaps. To understand how this intermediate form between spherical fullerenes and nanotubes is reflected in the vibrational modes, we performed comprehensive studies of IR and Raman spectra of fullertubes C90-D5h, C96-D3d, and C100-D5d. An excellent agreement between experimental and DFT-computed spectra enabled a detailed vibrational assignment and allowed an analysis of the localization degree of the vibrational modes in different parts of fullertubes. Projection analysis was performed to establish an exact numerical correspondence between vibrations of the belt midsection and fullerene headcaps to the modes of nanotubes and fullerene C60-Ih. As a result, we could not only identify fullerene-like and CNT-like vibrations of fullertubes, but also trace their origin in specific vibrational modes of CNT and C60-Ih. IR spectra were found to be dominated by vibrations of fullerene-like caps resembling IR-active modes of C60-Ih, whereas in Raman spectra both caps and belt vibrations are found to be equally active. Unlike the resonance Raman spectra of CNTs, in which only two single-phonon bands are detected, the Raman spectra of fullertubes exhibit several CNT-like vibrations and thus provide additional information on nanotube phonons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schiemenz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ryan M Koenig
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA.
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA.
| | - Stanislav M Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Liu Y, Yang B, Xu J, Zhao H, He Y. Oil-water separation performance of aligned single walled carbon nanotubes membrane: A reactive molecular dynamics simulation study. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Monaco G, Scott ELT, Zanasi R. Reversal of Clar's Aromatic-Sextet Rule in Ultrashort Single-End-Capped [5,5] Carbon Nanotubes. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:616-622. [PMID: 32489766 PMCID: PMC7253069 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-fold HOMO-LUMO gap oscillation, typical of finite length armchair carbon nanotubes (CNT), has a major effect on the magnetic response of ultrashort, single-end-capped [5,5] carbon nanotubes to a perturbing magnetic field parallel to the main symmetry axis. For the CNT's containing 40, 70, and 100 carbon atoms, for which 100 % of the C=C double bonds can be grouped into aromatic-sextets, i. e., fully or complete Clar networks, large paratropic (antiaromatic) global circulations around the cylindrical axis are predicted at the DFT level of calculation. Local and semi-global diatropic (aromatic) currents of strengths not larger than that of the benzene molecule are determined for a perpendicular perturbing magnetic field. CNTs of intermediate lengths do not display this enhanced antiaromatic response. The paratropic current flow clearly shows that these complete Clar networks can be viewed as stacked cycloparaphenylene belts, each providing a double 4 n annulene circuit as a consequence of the quinoidal resonance structure that results from their closure. Paradoxically, the fully aromatic Clar structure itself is responsible for the enhanced global antiaromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Monaco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”Università degli studi di Salernovia Giovanni Paolo II 132Fisciano84084SAItaly
| | | | - Riccardo Zanasi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”Università degli studi di Salernovia Giovanni Paolo II 132Fisciano84084SAItaly
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Sun J, Yuan K, Zhou W, Zhang X, Onoe J, Kawazoe Y, Wang Q. Low thermal conductivity of peanut-shaped carbon nanotube and its insensitive response to uniaxial strain. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:115701. [PMID: 31766046 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab5b2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by the experimental synthesis of peanut-shaped carbon nanotubes (PSNTs) that combine the novel features of fullerene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), we study the thermal conductivity of a PSNT (1dp08) and its response to different strains by using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations and lattice dynamics together with density functional theory. We find that the thermal conductivity of the PSNT is reduced by more than 90% as compared to that of CNTs, and remains almost the same when different strains applied, exhibiting very different behaviors from that of CNTs, where the thermal conductivity decreases monotonically with the increase of strain. Through phonon mode calculations, we show that the reduced phonon group velocity, phonon lifetime and the vibrational mismatch are responsible for the low thermal conductivity of the PSNT, and the insensitive response of thermal conductivity to strain is due to the insensitivity of its phonon density of states and group velocity to strain. These features endow the PSNT with the potential applications in thermal devices, and add new features to one-dimensional carbon nanomaterials going beyond conventional CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, HEDPS, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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Electronic structures and stabilities of the defective nanotube-like fullerenes C 58+10n and their derivatives C 58+10n Cl 8. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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MORIKAWA D, NOMURA Y, MIZOGUCHI N. The Tube Length Dependence of HOMO-LUMO Gap in Armchair α-Graphyne Nanotube. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER CHEMISTRY-JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.2477/jccj.2016-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dai MORIKAWA
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yasushi NOMURA
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Noriyuki MIZOGUCHI
- Educational and Research Center for Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio 2-522-1, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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9
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MORIKAWA D, NOMURA Y, MIZOGUCHI N. An Analysis of the Carbon Number Dependence of Electronic Structures in Carbon Nanotubes by Means of Reduced HOMO-LUMO Gap. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER CHEMISTRY-JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.2477/jccj.2015-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. MORIKAWA
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Y. NOMURA
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - N. MIZOGUCHI
- Educational and Research Center for Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Nosio 2-522-1, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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Melle-Franco M, Brinkmann G, Zerbetto F. Modeling Nanotube Caps: The Relationship Between Fullerenes and Caps. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:12839-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b09244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Melle-Franco
- Centro
ALGORITMI, Department of Informatics, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Gunnar Brinkmann
- Applied
Mathematics and Computer Science, Ghent University, Krijgslaan
281 S9, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, V. F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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11
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Cai W, Bao L, Zhao S, Xie Y, Akasaka T, Lu X. Anomalous Compression of D5(450)-C100 by Encapsulating La2C2 Cluster instead of La2. J Am Chem Soc 2015. [PMID: 26216392 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a finite-length (10,0) carbon nanotube (CNT) with two fullerene caps, namely D5(450)-C100, is an ideal prototype to study the mechanical responses of small CNTs upon endohedral metal doping. Encapsulation of a large La2C2 cluster inside D5(450)-C100 induces a 5% axial compression of the cage, as compared with the structure of La2@D5(450)-C100. Detailed crystallographic analyses reveal quantitively the flexibility of the [10]cyclacene-sidewall segment and the rigidity of the pentagon-dominating caps for the first time. The internal C2-unit acts as a molecular spring that attracts the surrounding cage carbon atoms through strong interactions with the two moving lanthanum ions. This is the first crystallographic observation of the axial compression of CNTs caused by the internal stress, which enhances our knowledge about the structural deformation of novel carbon allotropes at the atomic level.
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MORIKAWA D, NOMURA Y, MIZOGUCHI N. The Tube Length and Diameter Dependence of Electronic Structures in Zigzag Carbon Nanotubes. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER CHEMISTRY-JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.2477/jccj.2015-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dai MORIKAWA
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yasushi NOMURA
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Noriyuki MIZOGUCHI
- Educational and Research Center for Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Nosio 2-522-1, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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Rodriguez KR, Malone MA, Nanney WA, A Maddux CJ, Coe JV, Martínez HL. Generalizing thermodynamic properties of bulk single-walled carbon nanotubes. AIP ADVANCES 2014; 4:127149. [PMID: 25874156 PMCID: PMC4387603 DOI: 10.1063/1.4905263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The enthalpy and Gibbs free energy thermodynamical potentials of single walled carbon nanotubes were studied of all types (armchairs, zig-zags, chirals (n>m), and chiral (n
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, California State University , Dominguez Hills, CA 90747, USA
| | - Marvin A Malone
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210-1173, USA
| | - Warren A Nanney
- Department of Chemistry, California State University , Dominguez Hills, CA 90747, USA
| | - Cassandra J A Maddux
- Department of Chemistry, California State University , Dominguez Hills, CA 90747, USA
| | - James V Coe
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210-1173, USA
| | - Hernán L Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, California State University , Dominguez Hills, CA 90747, USA
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MORIKAWA D, NOMURA Y, MIZOGUCHI N. The Tube Length Dependence of Electronic Structures in Armchair Carbon Nanotubes - From the Standpoint of Topological Characteristics -. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER CHEMISTRY-JAPAN 2014. [DOI: 10.2477/jccj.2014-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Shalabi AS, El Mahdy AM, Taha HO. Theoretical characterization of axial deformation effects on hydrogen storage of Ti decorated armchair (5,5) SWCNT. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2012.739717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wang DL, Xu HL, Su ZM, Muhammad S, Hou DY. Probing the chemical functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with multiple carbon ad-dimer defects. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:1232-9. [PMID: 22302701 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Drying-tube-shaped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with multiple carbon ad-dimer (CD) defects are obtained from armchair (n,n,m) SWCNTs (n=4, 5, 6, 7, 8; m=7, 13). According to the isolated-pentagon rule (IPR) the drying-tube-shaped SWCNTs are unstable non-IPR species, and their hydrogenated, fluorinated, and chlorinated derivatives are investigated. Interestingly, chemisorptions of hydrogen, fluorine, and chlorine atoms on the drying tube-shaped SWCNTs are exothermic processes. Compared to the reaction energies for binding of H, F, and Cl atoms to perfect and Stone-Wales-defective armchair (5,5) nanotubes, binding of F with the multiply CD defective SWCNTs is stronger than with perfect and Stone-Wales-defective nanotubes. The reaction energy for per F(2) addition is between 85 and 88 kcal mol(-1) more negative than that per H(2) addition. Electronic structure analysis of their energy gaps shows that the CD defects have a tendency to decrease the energy gap from 1.98-2.52 to 0.80-1.17 eV. After hydrogenation, fluorination, and chlorination, the energy gaps of the drying-tube-shaped SWCNTs with multiple CD defects are substantially increased to 1.65-3.85 eV. Furthermore, analyses of thermodynamic stability and nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) are performed to analyze the stability of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Lai Wang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, Jilin, P. R. China
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Wang DL, Xu HL, Hu YY, Su ZM. Comparative study of the electrostatic potential of perfect and defective single-walled carbon nanotubes. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Martín-Martínez FJ, Melchor S, Dobado JA. Edge effects, electronic arrangement, and aromaticity patterns on finite-length carbon nanotubes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:12844-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Remarkable diversity of carbon–carbon bonds: structures and properties of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Struct Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-010-9670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liu LV, Tian WQ, Chen YK, Zhang YA, Wang YA. Theoretical studies on structures, 13C NMR chemical shifts, aromaticity, and chemical reactivity of finite-length open-ended armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:254-261. [PMID: 20644802 DOI: 10.1039/b9nr00159j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The geometries, chemical shifts, aromaticity, and reactivity of finite-length open-ended armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been studied within density functional theory. The widely used model of capping hydrogen atoms at the open ends of a SWCNT changes the chemical activity of the SWCNT and destabilizes the frontier molecular orbitals. The edge pi-orbital of the open ends enhances both pi- and sigma-aromaticity of the first belt of hexagons of carbon atoms at the open ends. The effect of the open ends on the structure and chemical reactivity of the SWCNT reaches only the first several layers of the hexagons of carbon atoms. Additions of carbene and dichlorocarbene to the nanotube reveal that the open ends have higher reactivities than the inner regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Vincent Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Xu HL, Wang FF, Li ZR, Wang BQ, Wu D, Chen W, Yu GT, Gu FL, Aoki Y. The nitrogen edge-doped effect on the static first hyperpolarizability of the supershort single-walled carbon nanotube. J Comput Chem 2009; 30:1128-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Mercuri F. Semiempirical calculations on the electronic properties of finite-length models of carbon nanotubes based on Clar sextet theory. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020802101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mercuri
- a ISTM-CNR and Department of Chemistry , University of Perugia , Perugia, Italy
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Matsuo Y. Creation of Cyclic π-Electron-Conjugated Systems through the Functionalization of Fullerenes and Synthesis of Their Multinuclear Metal Complexes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2008. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.81.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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24
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Rodriguez KR, Williams SM, Young MA, Teeters-Kennedy S, Heer JM, Coe JV. Carbon chains and the (5,5) single-walled nanotube: structure and energetics versus length. J Chem Phys 2007; 125:194716. [PMID: 17129159 DOI: 10.1063/1.2397680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable thermochemistry is computed for infinite stretches of pure-carbon materials including acetylenic and cumulenic carbon chains, graphene sheet, and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by connection to the properties of finite size molecules that grow into the infinitely long systems. Using ab initio G3 theory, the infinite cumulenic chain (:C[double bond]C[double bond]C[double bond]C:) is found to be 1.9+/-0.4 kcal/mol per carbon less stable in free energy at room temperature than the acetylenic chain (.C[triple bond]C-C[triple bond]C.) which is 24.0 kcal/mol less stable than graphite. The difference between carbon-carbon triple, double, and single bond lengths (1.257, 1.279, and 1.333 A, respectively) in infinite chains is evident but much less than with small hydrocarbon molecules. These results are used to evaluate the efficacy of similar calculations with the less rigorous PM3 semiempirical method on the (5,5) SWCNT, which is too large to be studied with high-level ab initio methods. The equilibrium electronic energy change for C(g)-->C[infinite (5,5) SWCNT] is -166.7 kcal/mol, while the corresponding free energy change at room temperature is -153.3 kcal/mol (6.7 kcal/mol less stable than graphite). A threefold alternation (6.866, 6.866, and 6.823 A) in the ring diameter of the equilibrium structure of infinitely long (5,5) SWCNT is apparent, although the stability of this structure over the constant diameter structure is small compared to the zero point energy of the nanotube. In general, different (n,m) SWCNTs have different infinite tube energetics, as well as very different energetic trends that vary significantly with length, diameter, and capping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1173, USA
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25
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Yumura T, Kertesz M, Iijima S. Local Modifications of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Induced by Bond Formation with Encapsulated Fullerenes. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:1099-109. [PMID: 17266263 DOI: 10.1021/jp066508r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Defected fullerenes in nanopeapods form bonds with the encapsulating single-walled carbon nanotubes when irradiated by an electron beam leading to changes in the guest (fullerene) and the host (nanotube). Intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) analysis based on B3LYP hybrid density functional theory shows that a C1-C59 defect with a single protruding C atom is initially formed from the C60(Ih) cage. The high activation energy for this step (8.37 eV (193.0 kcal/mol)), being assumed to be accessible during irradiation, is lower than that of the Stone-Wales rearrangement on the sp2 network. The binding of the defected fullerene to the nanotube is preferential, orthogonal bonds relative to the tube axis being slightly preferred. Because of the covalent bonds formed between the guest and host, the carbon network on the nanotube is locally perturbed in the vicinity of the binding site. As a result of the new bonds, bisnorcaradiene-like as well as quinonoid-like patterns appear near the binding site. These results are interpreted using orbital interaction and Clar diagram arguments. The changes in the bonding pattern on the nanotube should be significant in further functionalization of carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yumura
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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26
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Galano A. On the influence of diameter and length on the properties of armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes: A theoretical chemistry approach. Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Tian Y, He Q, Cui Y, Tao C, Li J. Assembly of Nanotubes of Poly(4-vinylpyridine) and Poly(acrylic acid) through Hydrogen Bonding. Chemistry 2006; 12:4808-12. [PMID: 16604567 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nanotubes of poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were fabricated by hydrogen bonding based on layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. The uniform and flexible tubular structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements confirm the formation of hydrogen bonds in the assembled nanotubes. PAA can be released from the assembled PAA/PVP nanotubes in a basic aqueous solution to give the walls of the tubes a porous structure. Such assembled nanotubes can be considered as carriers for catalysts or drugs, especially in aqueous solution against capillary force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Science, Center for Molecular Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhong Guan Cun, Beijing 100080, China
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28
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Wang JL, Mezey PG. The Electronic Structures and Properties of Open-Ended and Capped Carbon Nanoneedles. J Chem Inf Model 2006; 46:801-7. [PMID: 16563011 DOI: 10.1021/ci050402w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The existence of a family of very thin carbon needlelike nanostructures is predicted: the geometry and stability of several carbon nanoneedles (CNNs) formed by C4 and C6 units have been studied by quantum chemistry computational modeling methods. The structures of carbon nanoneedles are tighter than even the smallest single wall nanotubes (SWNTs) based on (4, 0) naphthacene. The electronic properties, energetic stability of geometrical structures with various terminal units are investigated. The relatively large band gaps, the strong bonding, and additional orbital interactions within the C4 rings and between the C4 layers make the H4(C4)(n)H4 type molecules nonmetallic. We have found indications that if the CNN (3, 0) structures are very long (in the limit of infinite-length), then they are likely to have semiconducting properties and could possibly be used as actual semiconductors. The studied families of CNNs can be considered as carbon nanostructures with unique structural and chemical properties and with possible potential for unusual electronic properties, with likely practical applications as nanomaterials and nanostructure devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Wang
- Scientific Modeling and Simulation Laboratory (SMSL), Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3X7
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29
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Yumura T, Nozaki D, Hirahara K, Bandow S, Iijima S, Yoshizawa K. Quantum-size effects in capped and uncapped carbon nanotubes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b419102c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Tian WQ, Liu LV, Wang YA. Electronic properties and reactivity of Pt-doped carbon nanotubes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:3528-39. [PMID: 16871342 DOI: 10.1039/b604032m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structures of the (5,5) single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) segments with hemispheric carbon cages capped at the ends (SWCNT rod) and the Pt-doped SWCNT rods have been studied within density functional theory. Our theoretical studies find that the hemispheric cages introduce localized states on the caps. The cap-Pt-doped SWCNT rods can be utilized as sensors because of the sensitivity of the doped Pt atom. The Pt-doped SWCNT rods can also be used as catalysts, where the doped Pt atom serves as the enhanced and localized active center on the SWCNT. The adsorptions of C(2)H(4) and H(2) on the Pt atom in the Pt-doped SWCNT rods reveal different adsorption characteristics. The adsorption of C(2)H(4) on the Pt atom in all of the three Pt-doped SWCNT rods studied (cap-end-doped, cap-doped, and wall-doped) is physisorption with the strongest interaction occurring in the middle of the sidewall of the SWCNT. On the other hand, the adsorption of H(2) on the Pt atom at the sidewall of the SWCNT is chemisorption resulting in the decomposition of H(2), and the adsorption of H(2) at the hemispheric caps is physisorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Quan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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31
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Besley NA, Titman JJ, Wright MD. Theoretical Study of the 13C NMR Spectroscopy of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:17948-53. [PMID: 16351126 DOI: 10.1021/ja055888b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 13C NMR spectroscopy of armchair and zigzag single-walled carbon nanotubes has been investigated theoretically. Spectra for (4,4), (5,5), (6,6), (6,0), (9,0), and (10,0) nanotubes have been simulated based on ab initio calculations of model systems. The calculations predict a dominant band arising from the carbon atoms in the "tube" with smaller peaks at higher chemical shifts arising from the carbon atoms of the caps. The dominant band lies in the range of 128 and 138 ppm. Its position depends weakly on the length, width, and chirality of the tubes. The calculations demonstrate how structural information may be gleaned from relatively low-resolution nanotube 13C NMR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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32
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Electronic structure properties of carbon nanotubes obtained by density functional calculations. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Yumura T, Nozaki D, Bandow S, Yoshizawa K, Iijima S. End-Cap Effects on Vibrational Structures of Finite-Length Carbon Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:11769-76. [PMID: 16104755 DOI: 10.1021/ja0522579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational structures of C60-related finite-length nanotubes, C(40+20n) and C(42+18n) (1 < or = n < or = 4), in which n is, respectively, the number of cyclic cis- and trans-polyene chains inserted between fullerene hemispheres, are analyzed from density functional theory (DFT) calculations. To illuminate the end-cap effects on their vibrational structures, the corresponding tubes terminated by H atoms C(20n)H20 and C(18n)H18 (1 < or = n < or = 5) are also investigated. DFT calculations show a broad range of vibrational frequencies for the finite-size nanotubes: high-frequency modes (1100-1600 cm(-1)) containing oscillations along tangential directions (tangential modes), medium-frequency modes (700-850 cm(-1)) whose oscillations are located on the edges or end caps, and low-frequency modes (300-600 cm(-1)) involving oscillations along the radial directions (radial modes). Broadening of the calculated frequencies is due to the number of nodes in the standing waves of normal modes in the finite-size tubes. In the capped tubes, calculated vibrational frequencies are insensitive to the number of chains (n), whereas in the uncapped tubes, most vibrational frequencies change significantly with an increase in tube length. The discrepancy in the size dependency is reasonably understood by their C-C bonding networks; the capped tubes have similar bond-length alternation patterns within the polyene chains irrespective of n, whereas the uncapped tubes have various bond-deformation patterns. Thus, DFT calculations illuminate that the edge effects have strong impacts on the vibrational frequencies in the finite-size nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yumura
- Research Center for Advanced Carbon Materials, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
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34
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Budyka M, Zyubina T, Ryabenko A, Lin S, Mebel A. Bond lengths and diameters of armchair single wall carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Jarowski PD, Diederich F, Houk KN. Structures and stabilities of diacetylene-expanded polyhedranes by quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics. J Org Chem 2005; 70:1671-8. [PMID: 15730286 DOI: 10.1021/jo0479819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structures, heats of formation, and strain energies of diacetylene (buta-1,3-diynediyl) expanded molecules have been computed with ab initio and molecular mechanics calculations. Expanded cubane, prismane, tetrahedrane, and expanded monocyclics and bicyclics were optimized at the HF/6-31G(d) and B3LYP/6-31G(d) levels. The heats of formation of these systems were obtained from isodesmic equations at the HF/6-31G(d) level. Heats of formation were also calculated from Benson group equivalents. The strain energies of these expanded molecules were estimated by several independent methods. An adapted MM3 molecular mechanics force field, specifically parametrized to treat conjugated acetylene units, was employed for one measure of strain energy and as an additional method for structural analysis. Expanded dodecahedrane and icosahedrane were calculated by this method. Expanded molecules were considered structurally in the context of their potential material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Jarowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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36
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Zurek E, Autschbach J. Density functional calculations of the 13C NMR chemical shifts in (9,0) single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 126:13079-88. [PMID: 15469306 DOI: 10.1021/ja047941m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure and (13)C NMR chemical shift of (9,0) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are investigated theoretically. Shielding tensor components are also reported. Density functional calculations were carried out for C(30)-capped and H-capped fragments which serve as model systems for the infinite (9,0) SWNT. Based on the vanishing HOMO-LUMO gap, H-capped nanotube fragments are predicted to exhibit "metallic" behavior. The (13)C chemical shift approaches a value of approximately 133 ppm for the longest fragment studied here. The C(30)-capped SWNT fragments of D(3d)/D(3h) symmetry, on the other hand, are predicted to be small-gap semiconductors just like the infinite (9,0) SWNT. The differences in successive HOMO-LUMO gaps and HOMO and LUMO energies, as well as the (13)C NMR chemical shifts, converge slightly faster with the fragment's length than for the H-capped tubes. The difference between the H-capped and C(30)-capped fragments is analyzed in some detail. The results indicate that (at least at lengths currently accessible to quantum chemical computations) the H-capped systems represent less suitable models for the (9,0) SWNT because of pronounced artifacts due to their finite length. From our calculations for the C(30)-capped fragments, the chemical shift of a carbon atom in the (9,0) SWNT is predicted to be about 130 ppm. This value is in reasonably good agreement with experimental estimates for the (13)C chemical shift in SWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Zurek
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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37
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Jensen L, Åstrand PO, Mikkelsen KV. The Static Polarizability and Second Hyperpolarizability of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes†. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp049109+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Yumura T, Bandow S, Yoshizawa K, Iijima S. The Role of Fullerene Hemispheres in Determining Structural Features of Finite-Length Carbon Nanotubes. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0491010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yumura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Meijo University, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Shunji Bandow
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Meijo University, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Meijo University, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Sumio Iijima
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Meijo University, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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39
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Matsuo Y, Tahara K, Sawamura M, Nakamura E. Creation of Hoop- and Bowl-Shaped Benzenoid Systems by Selective Detraction of [60]Fullerene Conjugation. [10]Cyclophenacene and Fused Corannulene Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:8725-34. [PMID: 15250725 DOI: 10.1021/ja048683w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective penta-addition of a methylcopper reagent followed by addition of a phenylcopper reagent to a suitably modified synthetic intermediate results in creation of 40pi-electron systems-hoop- and bowl-shaped cyclic benzenoid compounds, [10]cyclophenacene, and dibenzo-fused corannulene derivatives. The 40pi-electron cyclophenacene derivatives have been found to be chemically stable, yellow-colored, luminescent (560 nm), and EPR-silent. X-ray crystallographic analysis provided precision structural data sets. The dibenzo-fused corannulene derivatives exhibit blue-green (460 nm) to red (649 nm) fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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40
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Nomura Y, Fujita H, Narita S, Shibuya TI. Polarization-dependent optical properties of open (N,N) carbon tubules. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Lukovits I, Janezic D. Enumeration of conjugated circuits in nanotubes. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2004; 44:410-4. [PMID: 15032519 DOI: 10.1021/ci034240k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The resonance energy of (1,1)n "armchair" carbon nanotubes and (n,n)1 nanoribbons was determined by enumerating the conjugated circuits (CC) and the Kekulé structures. The lower indices denote the number of hexagon layers. It was found that the resonance energy per carbon atom is equal to 0.160 eV in (1,1)n tubes and 0.142 eV in (n,n)1 tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Lukovits
- Chemical Research Center, H-1525 Budapest, P.O.B. 17, Hungary.
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42
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Yumura T, Hirahara K, Bandow S, Yoshizawa K, Iijima S. A theoretical study on the geometrical features of finite-length carbon nanotubes capped with fullerene hemisphere. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2003.12.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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43
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Zhou Z, Steigerwald M, Hybertsen M, Brus L, Friesner RA. Electronic Structure of Tubular Aromatic Molecules Derived from the Metallic (5,5) Armchair Single Wall Carbon Nanotube. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:3597-607. [PMID: 15025489 DOI: 10.1021/ja039294p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
All-electron static and time-dependent DFT electronic calculations, with complete geometrical optimization, are performed on tubular molecules up to C(210)H(20) that are finite sections of the (5,5) metallic single wall carbon nanotube with hydrogen termination at the open ends. We find pronounced C-C bond reconstruction at the tube ends; this initiates bond alternation that propagates into the tube centers. For the especially low band gap molecules C(120)H(20), C(150)H(20), and C(180)H(20), alternation increases, and a second nearly isoenergic structural isomer of different alternation is found. A small residual C-C bond alternation and band gap may be present in the infinite tube. The van Hove band gap forms quickly with length, while the metallic Fermi point (at the crossing of linear bands) forms very slowly with length. There are no end-localized states at energies near the Fermi energy. The HOMO-LUMO gap and the lowest singlet excited state, whose energies show a periodicity with length as previously calculated, are optically forbidden. However, each molecule shows an intense visible "charge transfer" transition, not present in the infinite tube, whose energy varies smoothly with length; this transition should be an identifying signature for these molecules. The static axial polarizability per unit length increases rapidly with N as the "charge transfer" transition moves into the infrared; this indicates increasing metallic character. However, the ionization potential, electron affinity, chemical hardness, and relative energetic stability all show the length periodicity seen in the HOMO-LUMO gap, in contrast to the optical "charge transfer" transition and the static axial polarizability. These periodicities, due to a one-dimensional quantum size effect as originally modeled by Coulson in 1938, nevertheless cancel in the calculated Fermi energy, which varies smoothly toward a predicted bulk work function near 3.9 eV. A detailed study of C(190)H(20) with up to eight extra electrons or holes shows the total energy is closely fit by a simple classical charging model, as is commonly applied to metallic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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44
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Matsuo Y, Tahara K, Nakamura E. Theoretical studies on structures and aromaticity of finite-length armchair carbon nanotubes. Org Lett 2003; 5:3181-4. [PMID: 12943382 DOI: 10.1021/ol0349514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Depending on the exact length of the tube, the chemical structure of finite-length armchair [n,n] single-wall carbon nanotube (n = 5 and 6) falls into three different classes that may be referred to as Kekulé, incomplete Clar, and complete Clar networks. The C-C bond lengths, nucleus-independent chemical shift analysis, and orbital energies suggest that the chemical reactivities of the finite-length tube change periodically as the tube length is elongated by one-by-one layering of cyclic carbon array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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45
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Nomura Y, Fujita H, Narita S, Shibuya TI. Periodic n-dependence in the lowest excitation energies of the tube-like fullerenes C60+10n. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Nakamura E, Tahara K, Matsuo Y, Sawamura M. Synthesis, structure, and aromaticity of a hoop-shaped cyclic benzenoid [10]cyclophenacene. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:2834-5. [PMID: 12617624 DOI: 10.1021/ja029915z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first hoop-shaped cyclic benzenoid compounds, [10]cyclophenacene derivatives that contain 40 pi electrons, have been synthesized in three or four steps from [60]fullerene by rationally designed chemical modification. The compounds thus synthesized are chemically stable, yellow-colored, luminescent, and EPR-silent. X-ray crystallographic analysis provided high precision structural data sets. On the basis of these results and theoretical investigations, the new cyclic benzenoid molecules were proven to be aromatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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47
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Cioslowski J, Rao N, Pernal K, Moncrieff D. Endohedral motions inside capped single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1544733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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48
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Reiher M, Neugebauer J. A mode-selective quantum chemical method for tracking molecular vibrations applied to functionalized carbon nanotubes. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1523908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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