1
|
Schiros T, Nordlund D, Palova L, Zhao L, Levendorf M, Jaye C, Reichman D, Park J, Hybertsen M, Pasupathy A. Atomistic Interrogation of B-N Co-dopant Structures and Their Electronic Effects in Graphene. ACS Nano 2016; 10:6574-6584. [PMID: 27327863 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical doping has been demonstrated to be an effective method for producing high-quality, large-area graphene with controlled carrier concentrations and an atomically tailored work function. The emergent optoelectronic properties and surface reactivity of carbon nanostructures are dictated by the microstructure of atomic dopants. Co-doping of graphene with boron and nitrogen offers the possibility to further tune the electronic properties of graphene at the atomic level, potentially creating p- and n-type domains in a single carbon sheet, opening a gap between valence and conduction bands in the 2-D semimetal. Using a suite of high-resolution synchrotron-based X-ray techniques, scanning tunneling microscopy, and density functional theory based computation we visualize and characterize B-N dopant bond structures and their electronic effects at the atomic level in single-layer graphene grown on a copper substrate. We find there is a thermodynamic driving force for B and N atoms to cluster into BNC structures in graphene, rather than randomly distribute into isolated B and N graphitic dopants, although under the present growth conditions, kinetics limit segregation of large B-N domains. We observe that the doping effect of these BNC structures, which open a small band gap in graphene, follows the B:N ratio (B > N, p-type; B < N, n-type; B═N, neutral). We attribute this to the comparable electron-withdrawing and -donating effects, respectively, of individual graphitic B and N dopants, although local electrostatics also play a role in the work function change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theanne Schiros
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Fashion Institute of Technology/State University of New York , New York, New York 10001, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | | | - Mark Levendorf
- Chemistry Department, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 10065, United States
| | - Cherno Jaye
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | | | - Jiwoong Park
- Chemistry Department, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 10065, United States
| | - Mark Hybertsen
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Colabello DM, Camino FE, Huq A, Hybertsen M, Khalifah PG. Charge Disproportionation in Tetragonal La2MoO5, a Small Band Gap Semiconductor Influenced by Direct Mo–Mo Bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:1245-57. [DOI: 10.1021/ja511218g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane M. Colabello
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York 11794, United States
| | | | - Ashfia Huq
- Spallation
Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | | | - Peter G. Khalifah
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York 11794, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao L, Levendorf M, Goncher S, Schiros T, Pálová L, Zabet-Khosousi A, Rim KT, Gutiérrez C, Nordlund D, Jaye C, Hybertsen M, Reichman D, Flynn GW, Park J, Pasupathy AN. Local atomic and electronic structure of boron chemical doping in monolayer graphene. Nano Lett 2013; 13:4659-65. [PMID: 24032458 DOI: 10.1021/nl401781d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We use scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy to characterize the atomic and electronic structure of boron-doped and nitrogen-doped graphene created by chemical vapor deposition on copper substrates. Microscopic measurements show that boron, like nitrogen, incorporates into the carbon lattice primarily in the graphitic form and contributes ~0.5 carriers into the graphene sheet per dopant. Density functional theory calculations indicate that boron dopants interact strongly with the underlying copper substrate while nitrogen dopants do not. The local bonding differences between graphitic boron and nitrogen dopants lead to large scale differences in dopant distribution. The distribution of dopants is observed to be completely random in the case of boron, while nitrogen displays strong sublattice clustering. Structurally, nitrogen-doped graphene is relatively defect-free while boron-doped graphene films show a large number of Stone-Wales defects. These defects create local electronic resonances and cause electronic scattering, but do not electronically dope the graphene film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuyan Zhao
- Department of Physics, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang L, Cao B, Kang W, Hybertsen M, Maeda K, Domen K, Khalifah PG. Design of Medium Band Gap Ag–Bi–Nb–O and Ag–Bi–Ta–O Semiconductors for Driving Direct Water Splitting with Visible Light. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:9192-205. [DOI: 10.1021/ic400089s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton,
New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Bingfei Cao
- Department
of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton,
New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Wei Kang
- Center for Functional
Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Mark Hybertsen
- Center for Functional
Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Kazuhiko Maeda
- Department of Chemical System
Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho
Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kazunari Domen
- Department of Chemical System
Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Peter G. Khalifah
- Department
of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton,
New York 11973-5000, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400,
United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schneebeli S, Kamenetska M, Foss F, Vazquez H, Skouta R, Hybertsen M, Venkataraman L, Breslow R. The Electrical Properties of Biphenylenes. Org Lett 2010; 12:4114-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol1017036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Severin Schneebeli
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, and Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 735, Upton, New York 11973-5000
| | - Maria Kamenetska
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, and Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 735, Upton, New York 11973-5000
| | - Frank Foss
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, and Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 735, Upton, New York 11973-5000
| | - Hector Vazquez
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, and Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 735, Upton, New York 11973-5000
| | - Rachid Skouta
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, and Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 735, Upton, New York 11973-5000
| | - Mark Hybertsen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, and Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 735, Upton, New York 11973-5000
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, and Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 735, Upton, New York 11973-5000
| | - Ronald Breslow
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, and Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 735, Upton, New York 11973-5000
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stolyarova E, Stolyarov D, Bolotin K, Ryu S, Liu L, Rim KT, Klima M, Hybertsen M, Pogorelsky I, Pavlishin I, Kusche K, Hone J, Kim P, Stormer HL, Yakimenko V, Flynn G. Observation of graphene bubbles and effective mass transport under graphene films. Nano Lett 2009; 9:332-7. [PMID: 19105652 DOI: 10.1021/nl803087x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically exfoliated graphene mounted on a SiO2/Si substrate was subjected to HF/H(2)O etching or irradiation by energetic protons. In both cases gas was released from the SiO2 and accumulated at the graphene/SiO2 interface resulting in the formation of "bubbles" in the graphene sheet. Formation of these "bubbles" demonstrates the robust nature of single layer graphene membranes, which are capable of containing mesoscopic volumes of gas. In addition, effective mass transport at the graphene/SiO2 interface has been observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Stolyarova
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou Z, Steigerwald M, Hybertsen M, Brus L, Friesner RA. Electronic Structure of Tubular Aromatic Molecules Derived from the Metallic (5,5) Armchair Single Wall Carbon Nanotube. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:3597-607. [PMID: 15025489 DOI: 10.1021/ja039294p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
All-electron static and time-dependent DFT electronic calculations, with complete geometrical optimization, are performed on tubular molecules up to C(210)H(20) that are finite sections of the (5,5) metallic single wall carbon nanotube with hydrogen termination at the open ends. We find pronounced C-C bond reconstruction at the tube ends; this initiates bond alternation that propagates into the tube centers. For the especially low band gap molecules C(120)H(20), C(150)H(20), and C(180)H(20), alternation increases, and a second nearly isoenergic structural isomer of different alternation is found. A small residual C-C bond alternation and band gap may be present in the infinite tube. The van Hove band gap forms quickly with length, while the metallic Fermi point (at the crossing of linear bands) forms very slowly with length. There are no end-localized states at energies near the Fermi energy. The HOMO-LUMO gap and the lowest singlet excited state, whose energies show a periodicity with length as previously calculated, are optically forbidden. However, each molecule shows an intense visible "charge transfer" transition, not present in the infinite tube, whose energy varies smoothly with length; this transition should be an identifying signature for these molecules. The static axial polarizability per unit length increases rapidly with N as the "charge transfer" transition moves into the infrared; this indicates increasing metallic character. However, the ionization potential, electron affinity, chemical hardness, and relative energetic stability all show the length periodicity seen in the HOMO-LUMO gap, in contrast to the optical "charge transfer" transition and the static axial polarizability. These periodicities, due to a one-dimensional quantum size effect as originally modeled by Coulson in 1938, nevertheless cancel in the calculated Fermi energy, which varies smoothly toward a predicted bulk work function near 3.9 eV. A detailed study of C(190)H(20) with up to eight extra electrons or holes shows the total energy is closely fit by a simple classical charging model, as is commonly applied to metallic clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|