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Gonzalez JA, Ogba OM, Morehouse GF, Rosson N, Houk KN, Leach AG, Cheong PHY, Burke MD, Lloyd-Jones GC. MIDA boronates are hydrolysed fast and slow by two different mechanisms. Nat Chem 2016; 8:1067-1075. [PMID: 27768100 PMCID: PMC5115273 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MIDA boronates (N-methylimidodiacetic boronic acid esters) serve as an increasingly general platform for building-block-based small molecule construction, largely due to the dramatic and general rate differences with which they are hydrolysed under various basic conditions. Yet the mechanistic underpinnings of these rate differences have remained unclear, hindering efforts to address current limitations of this chemistry. Here we show that there are two distinct mechanisms for this hydrolysis: one is base-mediated and the other neutral. The former can proceed more than three orders of magnitude faster, and involves rate-limiting attack at a MIDA carbonyl carbon by hydroxide. The alternative ‘neutral’ hydrolysis does not require an exogenous acid/base and involves rate-limiting B-N bond cleavage by a small water cluster, (H2O)n. The two mechanisms can operate in parallel, and their relative rates are readily quantified by 18O incorporation. Whether hydrolysis is ‘fast’ or ‘slow’ is dictated by the pH, the water activity (aw), and mass-transfer rates between phases. These findings stand to rationally enable even more effective and widespread utilisation of MIDA boronates in synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Gonzalez
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - O Maduka Ogba
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Gregory F Morehouse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 454 RAL, Box 52-5 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Nicholas Rosson
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Andrew G Leach
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Paul H-Y Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Martin D Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 454 RAL, Box 52-5 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
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2
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Pillersdorf A, Katzhendler J. Dipolar Micelles. 9. The Mechanism of Hydrolysis of Cationic Long Chained Benzoate Esters in Choline and Homocholine-type Micelles. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.197900051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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3
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Robins LI, Meisenheimer KM, Fogle EJ, Chaplan CA, Redman RL, Vacca JT, Tellier MR, Collins BR, Duong DH, Schulz K, Marlier JF. A Kinetic Isotope Effect and Isotope Exchange Study of the Nonenzymatic and the Equine Serum Butyrylcholinesterase-Catalyzed Thioester Hydrolysis. J Org Chem 2013; 78:12029-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402063k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lori I. Robins
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - Kristen M. Meisenheimer
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - Emily J. Fogle
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - Cory A. Chaplan
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - Richard L. Redman
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - Joseph T. Vacca
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - Michelle R. Tellier
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - Brittney R. Collins
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - Dorothea H. Duong
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - Kathrin Schulz
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - John F. Marlier
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
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Ganguly B, Kesharwani MK, Matković M, Basarić N, Singh A, Mlinarić-Majerski K. Hydrolysis and retro-aldol cleavage of ethyl threo-2-(1-adamantyl)-3-hydroxybutyrate: competing reactions. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Nummert V, Piirsalu M, Koppel IA. Influence of solvent on the ortho
substituent effect in the alkaline hydrolysis of phenyl esters of substituted benzoic acids. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Nummert V, Piirsalu M, Koppel IA. Variation of the temperature-dependent substituent effects with solvent in alkaline hydrolysis of substituted phenyl and alkyl benzoates and phenyl tosylates. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Marlier JF, Campbell E, Lai C, Weber M, Reinhardt LA, Cleland WW. Multiple Isotope Effect Study of the Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Formamide. J Org Chem 2006; 71:3829-36. [PMID: 16674056 DOI: 10.1021/jo060223t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple isotope effects were measured at the reactive center of formamide during acid-catalyzed hydrolysis in water at 25 degrees C. The mechanism involves a rapid pre-equilibrium protonation of the carbonyl oxygen, followed by the formation of at least one tetrahedral intermediate, which does not appreciably exchange its carbonyl oxygen with the solvent (kh/kex = 55). The pKa for formamide was determined by 15N NMR and found to be about -2.0. The formyl-hydrogen kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is indicative of a transition state that is highly tetrahedral (Dkobs = 0.79); the carbonyl-carbon KIE (13kobs = 1.031) is in agreement with this conclusion. The small leaving-nitrogen KIE (15kobs = 1.0050) is consistent with some step prior to breaking the C-N bond as rate-determining. The carbonyl-oxygen KIE (18kobs = 0.996) points to attack of water as the rate-determining step. On the basis of these results, a mechanism is proposed in which attachment of the nucleophile to a protonated formamide molecule is rate determining.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Marlier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA.
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8
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Adler M, Adler S, Boche G. Tetrahedral intermediates in reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives with nucleophiles. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Marlier JF, Frey TG, Mallory JA, Cleland WW. Multiple Isotope Effect Study of the Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Methyl Formate. J Org Chem 2005; 70:1737-44. [PMID: 15730296 DOI: 10.1021/jo0402733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple isotope effects have been measured for the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of methyl formate in 0.5 M HCl at 20 degrees C. The isotope effects in the present investigation include the carbonyl carbon (13k = 1.028 +/- 0.001), the carbonyl oxygen (18k = 0.9945 +/- 0.0009), the nucleophile oxygen (18k = 0.995 +/- 0.001), and the formyl hydrogen ((D)k = 0.81 +/- 0.02). Determination of the carbonyl carbon, carbonyl oxygen, and formyl hydrogen isotope effects was performed via isotopic analysis of residual substrate. However, determination of the oxygen nucleophile isotope effect required analysis of the oxygen atoms of the product (formic acid), which exchange with the solvent (water) under acid conditions. This necessitated measurement of the rate of exchange of these oxygen atoms under the conditions for hydrolysis (k(ex) = 0.0723 min(-1)) and correction of the raw isotope ratios measured during the nucleophile-O isotope effect experiment. These results, along with the previously reported isotope effect for the leaving oxygen (18k = 1.0009) and the ratio of the rate of hydrolysis to that of exchange of the carbonyl oxygen with water (k(h)/k(ex) = 11.3), give a detailed picture of the transition-state structure for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Marlier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA.
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10
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Hilal S, Karickhoff S, Carreira L, Shrestha B. Estimation of Carboxylic Acid Ester Hydrolysis Rate Constants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200330836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Waterman KC, Adami RC, Alsante KM, Antipas AS, Arenson DR, Carrier R, Hong J, Landis MS, Lombardo F, Shah JC, Shalaev E, Smith SW, Wang H. Hydrolysis in pharmaceutical formulations. Pharm Dev Technol 2002; 7:113-46. [PMID: 12066569 DOI: 10.1081/pdt-120003494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This literature review presents hydrolysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients as well as the effects on dosage form stability due to hydrolysis of excipients. Mechanisms and measurement methods are discussed and recommendations for formulation stabilization are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Waterman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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12
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Zhan CG, Landry DW. Theoretical Studies of Competing Reaction Pathways and Energy Barriers for Alkaline Ester Hydrolysis of Cocaine. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0023157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Medicine, College of Physician & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Donald W. Landry
- Department of Medicine, College of Physician & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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13
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Zhan CG, Landry DW, Ornstein RL. Energy Barriers for Alkaline Hydrolysis of Carboxylic Acid Esters in Aqueous Solution by Reaction Field Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp001459i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Medicine, College of Physician & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Battelle-Northwest, Environmental Technology Division, Mailstop K2-21, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Donald W. Landry
- Department of Medicine, College of Physician & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Battelle-Northwest, Environmental Technology Division, Mailstop K2-21, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Rick L. Ornstein
- Department of Medicine, College of Physician & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Battelle-Northwest, Environmental Technology Division, Mailstop K2-21, Richland, Washington 99352
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14
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Guthrie JP. Hydration of Carbonyl Compounds, an Analysis in Terms of Multidimensional Marcus Theory. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja992992i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Peter Guthrie
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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15
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Štrajbl M, Florián J, Warshel A. Ab Initio Evaluation of the Potential Surface for General Base- Catalyzed Methanolysis of Formamide: A Reference Solution Reaction for Studies of Serine Proteases. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja992441s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Štrajbl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062
| | - Jan Florián
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062
| | - Arieh Warshel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062
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16
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Zhan CG, Landry DW, Ornstein RL. Reaction Pathways and Energy Barriers for Alkaline Hydrolysis of Carboxylic Acid Esters in Water Studied by a Hybrid Supermolecule-Polarizable Continuum Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9937932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Guo Zhan
- Contribution from the Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Battelle-Northwest, Environmental Technology Division, Mailstop K2-21, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Donald W. Landry
- Contribution from the Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Battelle-Northwest, Environmental Technology Division, Mailstop K2-21, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Rick L. Ornstein
- Contribution from the Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Battelle-Northwest, Environmental Technology Division, Mailstop K2-21, Richland, Washington 99352
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17
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Zhan CG, Landry DW, Ornstein RL. Theoretical Studies of Fundamental Pathways for Alkaline Hydrolysis of Carboxylic Acid Esters in Gas Phase. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja993311m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Guo Zhan
- Contribution from the Department of Medicine, College of Physician & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Battelle-Northwest, Environmental Technology Division, Mailstop K2−21, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Donald W. Landry
- Contribution from the Department of Medicine, College of Physician & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Battelle-Northwest, Environmental Technology Division, Mailstop K2−21, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Rick L. Ornstein
- Contribution from the Department of Medicine, College of Physician & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Battelle-Northwest, Environmental Technology Division, Mailstop K2−21, Richland, Washington 99352
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18
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Bauerová I, Ludwig M. Substituent Effects on the Base-Catalysed Hydrolysis of Phenyl Esters of para-Substituted Benzoic Acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20001777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen model phenyl esters of 4-substituted benzoic acids were synthesised by the reaction of substituted benzoyl chlorides with phenol in aqueous alkaline solutions (Schotten-Baumann reaction), in pyridine (Einhorn reaction), or by the reaction of substituted benzoic acids with phosphorus oxychloride. Structures and purity of the model compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as by HPLC and elemental analysis. Phenyl 4-aminobenzoate was synthesised by reduction of phenyl 4-nitrobenzoate in methanol on palladium. Kinetics of base-catalysed hydrolysis of model phenyl esters occurring by the BAc2 mechanism were measured by UV spectrophotometry in 50% (v/v) aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide solutions at 25 °C under pseudo-first-order conditions, (c[NaOH] = 0.001-1.0 mol l-1). The addition of OH- to phenyl benzoates was used to establish the kinetic J-E acidity scale. Linear relation between J-E and log kobs with the slope near unity was found for all the model compounds. The kinetic constants of hydrolysis of phenyl esters of 4-substituted benzoic acids precisely obey the Hammett relationship (σp) with ρ = 2.44. Quantitatively comparable results have been obtained by application of Alternative Interpretation of Substituent Effects theory (AISE) using the σi set of substituent constants.
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19
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Haas GW, Giblin DE, Gross ML. The mechanism and thermodynamics of transesterification of acetate-ester enolates in the gas phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1176(97)83245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Lee JP, Bembi R, Fife TH. Steric Effects in the Hydrolysis Reactions of N-Acylimidazoles. Effect of Aryl Substitution in the Leaving Group. J Org Chem 1997; 62:2872-2876. [PMID: 11671650 DOI: 10.1021/jo960508d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic and mechanistic effects of aryl substitution in the leaving group have been determined in the hydrolysis reactions of N-acylimidazoles. N-Acyl derivatives of 2,4,5-triphenylimidazole hydrolyze rapidly in OH(-) and water reactions. The latter reactions are pH independent from pH 4 to 9. The N-acetyl derivative hydrolyzes with rate constants similar to those of N-acetylimidazole in the OH(-) reaction but 40-fold larger in the pH-independent reaction. N-(trimethylacetyl)-2,4,5-triphenylimidazole hydrolyzes at 15 degrees C with k(OH), the second-order rate constant for the OH(-) reaction, 26-fold larger than the rate constant for alkaline hydrolysis of the corresponding N-acetyl derivative, even though steric hindrance to approach of a nucleophile is extreme in the former reaction. The pH-independent reaction of the N-trimethylacetyl compound is 4-fold faster than that of the N-acetyl derivative and is characterized by a D(2)O solvent isotope effect (k(H)2(O)/k(D)2(O)) of 2.0. A phenyl substituent in the 2-position of the imidazole ring exerts a small rate-retarding effect in the hydrolysis reactions. N-(Trimethylacetyl)-4,5-diphenylimidazole hydrolyzes 10- and 55-fold faster in the OH(-) and water reactions, respectively, at 15 degrees C, than N-(trimethylacetyl)benzimidazole at 30 degrees C, although the pK(a) of the leaving group is identical in the two cases. The additive nature of the steric rate-accelerating effects in the acyl group and the leaving group indicates an effect on the ease of C-N bond breaking; the hydrolysis reactions very likely proceed in a concerted manner without the formation of a stable tetrahedral intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
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Yoh SD, Cheong DY, Tsuno Y. Alkaline hydrolysis of substituted benzyl substituted benzoates. J PHYS ORG CHEM 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.610060105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Compadre CM, Hansch C, Klein TE, Petridou-Fischer J, Selassie CD, Smith RN, Steinmetz W, Yang CZ, Yang GZ. Separation of electronic and hydrophobic effects for the papain hydrolysis of substituted N-benzoylglycine esters. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1079:43-52. [PMID: 1888764 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90022-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of hydrophobic and electronic effects on the kinetic constants kcat and Km for the papain hydrolysis of a series of 22 substituted N-benzoylglycine pyridyl esters was investigated. The series studied comprises a wide variety of substituents on the N-benzoyl ring, with about a 300,000-fold range in their hydrophobicities, and 2.1-fold range in their electronic Hammet constants (sigma). It was found that the variation in the log kcat and log 1/Km constants could be explained by the following quantitative-structure activity relationships (QSAR): log 1/Km = 0.40 pi 4 + 4.40 and log 1/kcat = 0.45 sigma + 0.18. The substituent constant, pi 4, is the hydrophobic parameter for the 4-N-benzoyl substituents. QSAR analysis of two smaller sets of glycine phenyl and methyl esters produced similar results. A clear separation of the substituent effects indicates that in the case of these particular esters, acylation appears to be the rate limiting catalytic step.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Compadre
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
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24
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Cook RD, Rahhal-Arabi L. The kinetics of the alkaline hydrolysis of aryl diphenylphosphinothioates; the significance for the mechanism of displacement at phosphorus. Tetrahedron Lett 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)98642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
The rate-determining elementary reaction step, i.e. proton transfer from the chymotrypsin active centre to the scissile substrate bond had been studied in the present work. On the basis of our theoretical results a hypothesis was formulated to explain chymotrypsin enzymatic efficiency. After ES complex formation excited vibrational states are populated in the enzyme molecule. In the rate-determining elementary reaction step, the proton transfer takes place from the first excited vibrational state of the N-H bond in the imidazole group of His57. This proton transfer is realised by quantum mechanical tunneling mechanism.
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Stereoelectronic control in the cleavage of tetrahedral intermediates in the hydrolysis of esters and amides. Tetrahedron 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(75)80257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Umeyama H, Imamura A, Nagata C. A molecular orbital study on the enzymic reaction mechanism of alpha-chymotrypsin. J Theor Biol 1973; 41:485-502. [PMID: 4758115 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(73)90057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chapter 3 The Hydrolysis of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0069-8040(08)70345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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Kirby A. Chapter 2 Hydrolysis and Formation of Esters of Organic Acids. ESTER FORMATION AND HYDROLYSIS AND RELATED REACTIONS 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0069-8040(08)70344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Washkuhn RJ, Patel VK, Robinson JR. Linear free energy models for ester solvolysis with a critical examination of the alcohol and phenol dissociation model. J Pharm Sci 1971; 60:736-44. [PMID: 5125774 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600600516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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33
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Menger F, Smith J. Rate-determining collapse of a tetrahedral intermediate in ester aminolyses in aprotic solvents. Tetrahedron Lett 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)98693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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34
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Johnson S. General Base and Nucleophilic Catalysis of Ester Hydrolysis and Related Reactions. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(08)60312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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35
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Oxygen Isotope Exchange Reactions of Organic Compounds. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1965. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(08)60300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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