1
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Gupta V, Justyniak I, Chwojnowska E, Szejko V, Lewiński J. Multinuclear Zinc-Magnesium Hydroxide Carboxylates: A Predesigned Model System for Copolymerization of CO 2 with Epoxides. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16274-16279. [PMID: 37712907 PMCID: PMC10565889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Among numerous catalysts in the ring-opening copolymerization of epoxides with carbon dioxide (CO2), zinc dicarboxylate complexes are the most common type, and in the family of metal-based homogeneous catalysts, zinc and magnesium complexes have attracted widespread attention. We report on the synthesis and structural characterization of a zinc-magnesium benzoate framework templated by the central hydroxide anion with μ3-κ2:κ2:κ2 coordination mode, [ZnMg2(μ3-OH)(O2CPh)5]n (n = 1 or 2). The resulting heterometallic system forms stable Lewis acid-base adducts with tetrahydrofuran (THF) and cyclohexene oxide (CHO), which crystallize as the hexanuclear zinc-magnesium hydroxide carboxylate cluster [ZnMg2(μ3-OH)(O2CPh)5(L)2]2 (L = THF or CHO). Their X-ray crystal structure analysis revealed that the Zn center prefers 4-fold coordination and the Mg centers demonstrated the ability to accommodate higher coordination numbers, and as a result, the heterocyclic molecules are exclusively bonded to 6-fold Mg atoms. The heteronuclear carboxylate aggregates appeared active in the copolymerization reaction at elevated temperatures to produce an alternating poly(cyclohexene carbonate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Gupta
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Chwojnowska
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vadim Szejko
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Eze VC, Rehman A, Patel M, Ahmad S, Harvey AP. Synthesis of cyclic α-pinane carbonate - a potential monomer for bio-based polymers. RSC Adv 2022; 12:17454-17465. [PMID: 35765421 PMCID: PMC9192141 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07943c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports the first known synthesis of α-pinane carbonate from an α-pinene derivative. Pinane carbonate is potentially useful as a monomer for poly(pinane carbonate), which would be a sustainable bio-based polymer. α-Pinene is a major waste product from the pulp and paper industries and the most naturally abundant monoterpene in turpentine oil. α-Pinene is routinely converted to pinene oxide and pinanediol, but no study has yet demonstrated the conversion of pinanediol into α-pinane carbonate. Here, α-pinane carbonate was synthesised via carboxylation of α-pinanediol with dimethyl carbonate under base catalysis using triazabicyclodecene guanidine (TBD). 81.1 ± 2.8% α-pinane carbonate yield was achieved at 98.7% purity. The produced α-pinane carbonate was a white crystalline solid with a melting point of 86 °C. It was characterised using FTIR, NMR, GCMS and a quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer. The FTIR exhibited a C
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O peak at 1794 cm−1 confirming the presence of a cyclic carbonate. GCMS showed that the α-pinane carbonate fragments with loss of CO2, forming pinene epoxide. Base hydrolysis of the α-pinane carbonate using NaOH/ethanol/water regenerated the pinanediol with formations of Na2CO3. Synthesis of α-pinane carbonate from an α-pinene derivative.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine C Eze
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Abdul Rehman
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK.,Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore Faisalabad Campus Pakistan
| | - Manthan Patel
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore Faisalabad Campus Pakistan
| | - Adam P Harvey
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
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3
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Chattopadhyay K, Datta S, Dhara S, Bertolasi V, Ray D. Exploration of varying coordination reactivity of Schiff base H3L toward CdII, ZnII and MgII: Hydroxido-bridged dimer, acetato-directed chain and live cell-imaging. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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4
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Plajer AJ, Williams CK. Heterotrimetallic Carbon Dioxide Copolymerization and Switchable Catalysts: Sodium is the Key to High Activity and Unusual Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Plajer
- Oxford Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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5
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Plajer AJ, Williams CK. Heterotrimetallic Carbon Dioxide Copolymerization and Switchable Catalysts: Sodium is the Key to High Activity and Unusual Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13372-13379. [PMID: 33971064 PMCID: PMC8251569 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A challenge in polymer synthesis using CO2 is to precisely control CO2 placement in the backbone and chain end groups. Here, a new catalyst class delivers unusual selectivity and is self-switched between different polymerization cycles to construct specific sequences and desirable chain-end chemistries. The best catalyst is a trinuclear dizinc(II)sodium(I) complex and it functions without additives or co-catalysts. It shows excellent rates across different ring-opening (co)polymerization catalytic cycles and allows precise control of CO2 incorporation within polyesters and polyethers, thereby allowing access to new polymer chemistries without requiring esoteric monomers, multi-reactor processes or complex post-polymerization procedures. The structures, kinetics and mechanisms of the catalysts are investigated, providing evidence for intermediate speciation and uncovering the factors governing structure and composition and thereby guiding future catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Plajer
- Oxford ChemistryChemical Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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6
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Tran DK, Rashad AZ, Darensbourg DJ, Wooley KL. Sustainable synthesis of CO 2-derived polycarbonates from d-xylose. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00784j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic transformation of d-xylose into a four-membered cyclic ether allows for reactions with CO2 leading to linear polycarbonates by either ring-opening copolymerisation directly or by isolation of a six-membered cyclic carbonate followed by ring-opening polymerisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Ahmed Z. Rashad
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | | | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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7
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Abbina S, Chidara VK, Bian S, Ugrinov A, Du G. Synthesis of ChiralC2-Symmetric Bimetallic Zinc Complexes of Amido-Oxazolinates and Their Application in Copolymerization of CO2and Cyclohexene Oxide. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Abbina
- Department of Chemistry; University of North Dakota; Address 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024 Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
| | - Vamshi K. Chidara
- Department of Chemistry; University of North Dakota; Address 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024 Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
| | - Shi Bian
- Department of Chemistry; University of North Dakota; Address 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024 Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
| | - Angel Ugrinov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; North Dakota State University; 1231 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND 58102 USA
| | - Guodong Du
- Department of Chemistry; University of North Dakota; Address 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024 Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
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8
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Effect of supercritical CO2on the copolymerization behavior of cyclohexene oxide/CO2and copolymer properties with DMC/Salen-Co(III) catalyst system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Borren ES, Fitchett CM, Fulton JR. (β-Diketiminato)cadmium Bis(trimethylsilyl)amide: Facile Access to Low-Coordinate Cadmium Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elliot S. Borren
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences; Victoria University of Wellington; P. O. Box 600 6012 Wellington New Zealand
| | | | - J. Robin Fulton
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences; Victoria University of Wellington; P. O. Box 600 6012 Wellington New Zealand
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10
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He G, Shynkaruk O, Lui MW, Rivard E. Small Inorganic Rings in the 21st Century: From Fleeting Intermediates to Novel Isolable Entities. Chem Rev 2014; 114:7815-80. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400547x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Olena Shynkaruk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Melanie W. Lui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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11
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Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Several Potential Chemical Commodities Following Different Pathways - A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.764.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the literature related to the direct uses of CO2and its conversion into various value added chemicals including high energy density liquid fuels such as methanol. The increase in the direct uses of CO2and its conversion into potential chemical commodities is very important as it directly contributes to the mitigation of CO2related global warming problem. The method being followed at present in several countries to reduce the CO2associated global warming is capturing of CO2at its major outlets using monoethanolamine based solution absorption technique followed by storing it in safe places such as, oceans, depleted coal seams, etc., (i.e., carbon dioxide capturing and storing in safe places, CCS process). This is called as CO2sequestration. Although, the CCS process is the most understood and immediate option to mitigate the global warming problem, it is considerably expensive and has become a burden for those countries, which are practicing this process. The other alternative and most beneficial way of mitigating this global warming problem is to convert the captured CO2into certain value added bulk chemicals instead of disposing it. Conversion of CO2into methanol has been identified as one of such cost effective ways of mitigating global warming problem. Further, if H2is produced from exclusively water using only solar energy instead of any fossil fuel based energy, and is used to convert CO2into methanol there are three major benefits: i) it contributes greatly to the global warming mitigation problem, ii) it greatly saves fossil fuels as methanol production from CO2could be an excellent sustainable and renewable energy resource, and iii) as on today, there is no better process than this to store energy in a more convenient and highly usable form of high energy density liquid fuel. Not only methanol, several other potential chemicals and value added chemical intermediates can be produced from CO2. In this article, i) synthesis of several commodity chemicals including poly and cyclic-carbonates, sodium carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, carbamates, urea, vicinal diamines, 2-arylsuccinic acids, dimethyl ether, methanol, various hydrocarbons, acetic acid, formaldehyde, formic acid, lower alkanes, etc., from CO2, ii) the several direct uses of CO2, and iii) the importance of producing methanol from CO2using exclusively solar energy are presented, discussed and summarized by citing all the relevant and important references.
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12
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Fang J, Walshe A, Maron L, Baker RJ. Ring-Opening Polymerization of Epoxides Catalyzed by Uranyl Complexes: An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Reaction Mechanism. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:9132-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ic3015942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fang
- College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000,
China
- LPCNO, INSA Toulouse, 137 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse,
France
| | - Aurora Walshe
- School
of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, INSA Toulouse, 137 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse,
France
| | - Robert J. Baker
- School
of Chemistry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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13
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Sarkar A, Bertolasi V, Ray D. Fluorometric sensing of thiocyanate ions and competitive binding of anions in a family of CdII complexes of a phenol based ligand showing diverse structures. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Synthesis of two-coordinate iron aryloxides and their reactions with organic azide: Intramolecular C–H bond amination. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Li Z, Qin Y, Zhao X, Wang F, Zhang S, Wang X. Synthesis and stabilization of high-molecular-weight poly(propylene carbonate) from ZnCo-based double metal cyanide catalyst. Eur Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Lu H, Qin Y, Wang X, Yang X, Zhang S, Wang F. Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide under inorganic oxide supported rare earth ternary catalyst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Darensbourg DJ. Chemistry of Carbon Dioxide Relevant to Its Utilization: A Personal Perspective. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:10765-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ic101800d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald J. Darensbourg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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18
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Ng JJ, Durr CB, Lance JM, Bunge SD. A Family of 1,1,3,3‐Tetraalkylguanidine (H‐TAG) Solvated Zinc Aryloxide Precatalysts for the Ring‐Opening Polymerization of
rac
‐Lactide. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200900986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia J. Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA, Fax: +1‐330‐6723816
| | - Christopher B. Durr
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA, Fax: +1‐330‐6723816
| | - Jacob M. Lance
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA, Fax: +1‐330‐6723816
| | - Scott D. Bunge
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA, Fax: +1‐330‐6723816
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19
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Cantalupo SA, Lum JS, Buzzeo MC, Moore C, DiPasquale AG, Rheingold AL, Doerrer LH. Three-coordinate late transition metal fluorinated alkoxide complexes. Dalton Trans 2010:374-83. [DOI: 10.1039/b911758j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Decortes A, Martínez Belmonte M, Benet-Buchholz J, Kleij AW. Efficient carbonate synthesis under mild conditions through cycloaddition of carbon dioxide to oxiranes using a Zn(salphen) catalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:4580-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c000493f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Das UK, Bobak J, Fowler C, Hann SE, Petten CF, Dawe LN, Decken A, Kerton FM, Kozak CM. Synthesis and structure of mono-, bi- and trimetallic amine-bis(phenolate) cobalt(ii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:5462-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c002843f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Darensbourg DJ, Fitch SB. Copolymerization of Epoxides and Carbon Dioxide. Evidence Supporting the Lack of Dual Catalysis at a Single Metal Site. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:8668-77. [DOI: 10.1021/ic900780a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shawn B. Fitch
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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23
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Monegan JD, Bunge SD. Structurally Characterized 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine Solvated Magnesium Aryloxide Complexes: [Mg(μ-OEt)(DBP)(H-TMG)]2, [Mg(μ-OBc)(DBP)(H-TMG)]2, [Mg(μ-TMBA)(DBP)(H-TMG)]2, [Mg(μ-DPP)(DBP)(H-TMG)]2, [Mg(BMP)2(H-TMG)2], [Mg(O-2,6-Ph2C6H3)2 (H-TMG)2]. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:3248-56. [DOI: 10.1021/ic8022776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie D. Monegan
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001
| | - Scott D. Bunge
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001
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24
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Zhang XH, Chen S, Wu XM, Sun XK, Liu F, Qi GR. Highly active double metal cyanide complexes: Effect of central metal and ligand on reaction of epoxide/CO2. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Darensbourg DJ. Making Plastics from Carbon Dioxide: Salen Metal Complexes as Catalysts for the Production of Polycarbonates from Epoxides and CO2. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2388-410. [PMID: 17447821 DOI: 10.1021/cr068363q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1173] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Darensbourg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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26
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Kim M, Zakharov LN, Rheingold AL, Doerrer LH. Synthesis and structural characterization of Groups 10 and 11 mononuclear fluoroaryloxide complexes. Polyhedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Xiao Y, Wang Z, Ding K. Copolymerization of Cyclohexene Oxide with CO2 by Using Intramolecular Dinuclear Zinc Catalysts. Chemistry 2005; 11:3668-78. [PMID: 15827981 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200401159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecular dinuclear zinc complexes generated in situ from the reaction of multidentate semi-azacrown ether ligands with Et(2)Zn, followed by treatment with an alcohol additive, were found to promote the copolymerization of CO(2) and cyclohexene oxide (CHO) with completely alternating polycarbonate selectivity and high efficiency. With this type of novel initiator, the copolymerization could be accomplished under mild conditions at 1 atm pressure of CO(2), which represents a significant advantage over most catalytic systems developed for this reaction so far. The copolymerization reaction was demonstrated to be a living process as a result of the narrow polydispersities and the linear increase in the molecular weight with conversion of CHO. In addition, the solid-state structure of the dinuclear zinc complex was characterized by X-ray crystal structural analysis and can be considered as a model of the active catalyst. On the basis of the various efforts made to understand the mechanisms of the catalytic reaction, including MALDI-TOF mass analysis of the copolymers' end-groups, the effect of alcohol additives on the catalysis and CO(2) pressure on the conversion of CHO, as well as the kinetic data gained from in situ IR spectroscopy, a plausible catalytic cycle for the present reaction system is outlined. The copolymerization is initiated by the insertion of CO(2) into the Zn--OEt bond to afford a carbonate-ester-bridged complex. The dinuclear zinc structure of the catalyst remains intact throughout the copolymerization. The bridged zinc centers may have a synergistic effect on the copolymerization reaction; one zinc center could activate the epoxide through its coordination and the second zinc atom may be responsible for carbonate propagation by nucleophilic attack by the carbonate ester on the back side of the cis-epoxide ring to afford the carbonate. The mechanistic implication of this is particularly important for future research into the design of efficient and practical catalysts for the copolymerization of epoxides with CO(2.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Youli Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Chisholm MH, Gallucci JC, Yin H, Zhen H. Arylzinc Alkoxides: [ArZnOCHP ]2 and Ar2Zn3(OCHP )4 When Ar = C6H5, p-CF3C6H4, 2,4,6-Me3C6H2, and C6F5. Inorg Chem 2005; 44:4777-85. [PMID: 15962986 DOI: 10.1021/ic048332i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
From the reactions between diarylzinc compounds (Ar2Zn) and the alcohol (Pr(i)2CHOH) in toluene, the compounds [ArZn(OCHPr(i)2)]2 (Ar = C6H5, C6F5, p-CF3C6H4, and 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) have been isolated and shown to exist in equilibra with the trinuclear complexes Ar2Zn3(OCHPr(i)2)4 and Ar2Zn when Ar = C6H5, C6F5, and p-CF3C6H4. The trinuclear complexes have also been prepared from reactions of the Ar2Zn compounds with the alcohol, which reveals that the ease of Zn-C(aryl) bond cleavage is sensitive to the nature of the Ar group: C6H5 > 4-CF3C6H4 > C6F5. The molecular structures of Ar2Zn3(OCHPr(i)2)4 where Ar = p-CF3C6H4 and C6F5 and [ArZn(OCHPr(i)2)]2 where Ar = C6F5, p-CF3C6H4, and 2,4,6-Me3C6H2 are reported based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The X-ray structure of Zn(p-CF3C6H4)2 is also reported. The reactivity of these new compounds toward the polymerization of propylene oxide (PO) and the copolymerization of PO and CO2 have been investigated along with related reactions involving the partial hydrolysis of the Ar2Zn and R2Zn compounds, where R = t-Bu, n-Bu, and n-Oct. These results are compared with the previous studies employing Et2Zn as an organozinc precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm H Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185, USA.
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Blum SA, Rivera VA, Ruck RT, Michael FE, Bergman RG. Synthetic and Mechanistic Studies of Strained Heterocycle Opening Reactions Mediated by Zirconium(IV) Imido Complexes. Organometallics 2005; 24:1647-1659. [PMID: 16508693 PMCID: PMC1383653 DOI: 10.1021/om049105r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of the bis(cyclopentadienyl)(tert-butylimido)zirconium complex (Cp(2)Zr=N-t-Bu)(THF) (1) with epoxides, aziridines, and episulfides were investigated. Heterocycles without accessible beta-hydrogens undergo insertion/protonation of the C-X bond to produce 1,2-amino alcohols (X = O) and 1,2-diamines (X = NR), whereas heterocycles with accessible beta-hydrogens undergo elimination/protonation to produce allylic alcohols (X = O) and allylic sulfides (X = S). Mechanistic investigations support a stepwise pathway with zwitterionic intermediates for the first reaction class and a concerted pathway for the second reaction class. Additionally, the feasibility of chirality transfer from the planar-chiral ebthi (ebthi = ethylenebis(tetrahydroindenyl)) ligand was demonstrated with a chiral analogue, (ebthi)-Zr=NAr(THF) (Ar = 2,6-dimethylphenyl), 2, through the diastereoselective ring opening of meso epoxides.
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Boyle TJ, Bunge SD, Alam TM, Holland GP, Headley TJ, Avilucea G. Cadmium Amido Alkoxide and Alkoxide Precursors for the Synthesis of Nanocrystalline CdE (E = S, Se, Te). Inorg Chem 2005; 44:1309-18. [PMID: 15732971 DOI: 10.1021/ic0485155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a family of alternative precursors for the production of CdE nanoparticles (E = S, Se, and Te) is reported. The reaction of Cd(NR2)2 where NR2 = N(SiMe3)2 with n HOR led to the isolation of the following: n = 1 [Cd(mu-OCH2CMe3)(NR2)(py)]2 (1, py = pyridine), Cd[(mu-OC6H3(Me)(2)-2,6)2Cd(NR2)(py)]2 (2), [Cd(mu-OC6H3(CHMe2)(2)-2,6)(NR2)(py)]2 (3), [Cd(mu-OC6H3(CMe3)(2)-2,6)(NR2)(py)]2 (4), [Cd(mu-OC6H2(NH2)(3)-2,4,6)(NR2)(py)]2 (5), and n = 2 [Cd(mu-OC6H3(Me)(2)-2,6)(OC6H3(Me)(2)-2,6)(py)2]2 (6), and [Cd(mu-OC6H3(CMe3)(2)-2,6)(OC6H3(CMe3)(2)-2,6)(THF)]2 (7). For all but 2, the X-ray crystal structures were solved as discrete dinuclear units bridged by alkoxide ligands and either terminal -NR2 or -OR ligands depending on the stoichiometry of the initial reaction. For 2, a trinuclear species was isolated using four mu-OR and two terminal -NR2 ligands. The coordination of the Cd metal center varied from 3 to 5 where the higher coordination numbers were achieved by binding Lewis basic solvents for the less sterically demanding ligands. These complexes were further characterized in solution by 1H, 13C, and 113Cd NMR along with solid-state 113Cd NMR spectroscopy. The utility of these complexes as "alternative precursors" for the controlled preparation of nanocrystalline CdS, CdSe, and CdTe was explored. To synthesize CdE nanocrystals, select species from this family of compounds were individually heated in a coordinating solvent (trioctylphosphine oxide) and then injected with the appropriate chalcogenide stock solution. Transmission electron spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to characterize the resultant particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Boyle
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, 1001 University Boulevard SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87105, USA.
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Coates GW, Moore DR. Discrete Metal-Based Catalysts for the Copolymerization of CO2 and Epoxides: Discovery, Reactivity, Optimization, and Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 43:6618-39. [PMID: 15558659 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200460442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 996] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Most synthetic polymers are made from petroleum feedstocks. Given the non-renewable nature of these materials, there is increasing interest in developing routes to polymeric materials from renewable resources. In addition, there is a growing demand for biodegradable polymeric materials. Polycarbonates made from CO(2) and epoxides have the potential to meet these goals. Since the discovery of catalysts for the copolymerization of CO(2) and epoxides in the late 1960's by Inoue, a significant amount of research has been directed toward the development of catalysts of improved activity and selectivity. Reviewed here are well-defined catalysts for epoxide-CO(2) copolymerization and related reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey W Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA.
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Coates GW, Moore DR. Diskrete Metallkatalysatoren zur Copolymerisation von CO2 mit Epoxiden: Entdeckung, Reaktivität, Optimierung, Mechanismus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200460442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Darensbourg DJ, Billodeaux DR, Perez LM. 113Cd NMR Determination of the Binding Parameters of Alicyclic Epoxides to [Hydrotris(3-phenylpyrazol-1-yl)borate]Cd(II) Acetate. Organometallics 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/om049761r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa M. Perez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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Heavy metal ion complexes with a simple phenolic ligand. Solid state and solution studies. Inorganica Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(03)00397-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Blum SA, Walsh PJ, Bergman RG. Epoxide-opening and group-transfer reactions mediated by monomeric zirconium imido complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:14276-7. [PMID: 14624566 PMCID: PMC1444912 DOI: 10.1021/ja037267t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-tert-Butylimidozirconocene (Cp2Zr=Nt-Bu) and its analogue (ebthi)Zr=NAr (ebthi = ethylenebis(tetrahydroindenyl), Ar = 2,6-dimethylphenyl) undergo overall cycloaddition reactions at ambient temperature with epoxides that lack accessible beta-hydrogens. The process results in addition of the Zr=N bond to an epoxide C-O bond, leading to azazirconacyclopentanes. The regio- and stereochemistry of the products implicate a stepwise mechanism, with the intermediacy of zwitterions having substantial carbocation character at the substituted carbon of the ring-opened epoxide-derived fragment. The azametallacycles undergo facile cleavage to beta-amino alcohols upon addition of mild acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A Blum
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Sugimoto H, Ohshima H, Inoue S. Alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide by manganese porphyrin: The first example of polycarbonate synthesis from 1-atm carbon dioxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Stepień M, Latos-Grazyński L. Core-Modified Porphyrin Incorporating a Phenolate Donor. Characterization of Pd(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Fe(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:6183-93. [PMID: 14514294 DOI: 10.1021/ic0345121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coordinating properties of acetoxybenziporphyrin, (TPBPOAc)H, have been investigated for a number of metal ions. Insertion of Ni, Pd, and Fe results in the cleavage of the acetoxy group leading to complexes (TPBPO)Ni(II), (TPBPO)Pd(II), and (TPBPO)Fe(III)X containing a M-O bond. No cleavage is observed with Zn(II) and Cd(II), which form complexes (TPBPOAc)M(II)Cl, where M = Zn, Cd. (TPBPO)Ni(II) can also be obtained from the dication of hydroxybenziporphyrin, [(TPBPOH)H(3)]Cl(2), which is prepared by acid hydrolysis of the acetoxy compound. The diamagnetic (TPBPO)Ni(II) can be transformed into the paramagnetic (TPBPOAc)Ni(II)Cl in a reaction with acetyl chloride. X-ray structures have been determined for (TPBPO)Pd(II) and (TPBPOAc)Zn(II)Cl. In the palladium species, the phenolate moiety forms a strong bond to the Pd ion and an unusual interaction geometry is observed, enforced by the macrocyclic environment. Association of a TFA molecule to the phenolic oxygen does not cause significant structural changes in the (TPBPO)Pd(II) molecule. In (TPBPOAc)Zn(II)Cl, the metal ion weakly interacts with the phenolic fragment. The paramagnetic Fe(III) complexes, (TPBPO)Fe(III)X, have been investigated with (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The observed spectral patterns are consistent with the presence of a high-spin Fe(III) center and pi delocalization of spin density onto the phenoxide fragment. Each of the compounds (TPBPO)Fe(III)X exists in solution as a mixture of two isomers, which for X = I are shown to remain in a temperature-dependent equilibrium. The observed isomerism results from two nonequivalent orientations of the axial halide with respect to the puckered macrocyclic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Stepień
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., Wrocław 50 383, Poland
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