1
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Rather IA, Ali R. Indicator displacement assays: from concept to recent developments. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5926-5981. [PMID: 34143168 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00518a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Overcoming the synthetic burden related to covalently connected receptors with appropriate indicators for sensing various analytes via an indicator spacer receptor (ISR) approach, the indicator displacement assay (IDA) seems to be a very sophisticated and versatile supramolecular sensing paradigm, and it has taken the phenomenon of molecular recognition to the next level in the realm of host-guest chemistry. Due to the unavailability of a comprehensive report on what has been done in the last decade in relation to IDAs, we decided to set down this account illustrating diverse indicator displacement assays (IDAs) in detail from the concept stage to recent developments relating to the detection of cationic, anionic, and neutral analytes. The authors conclude this account with future perspectives and highlight the limitations and challenges relating to IDAs which need to be overcome in order to realize the full potential of this popular sensing phenomenon. While we were finalizing our account for publication, a tutorial review by the research groups of Anslyn, Sessler, and Sun was published, which focuses mainly on diverse aspects of the chemistry related to IDAs. As can be seen, our review, besides discussing various basic IDA concepts, has a vast collection of information published in the past decade and hence, hopefully, will be very informative for the supramolecular community. We believe that this work will offer new insights for the construction of novel sensors operating through the IDA approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Ahmad Rather
- Organic and Supramolecular Functional Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Rashid Ali
- Organic and Supramolecular Functional Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi 110025, India.
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2
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Patenall BL, Williams GT, Gwynne L, Stephens LJ, Lampard EV, Hathaway HJ, Thet NT, Young AE, Sutton MJ, Short RD, Bull SD, James TD, Sedgwick AC, Jenkins ATA. Reaction-based indicator displacement assay (RIA) for the development of a triggered release system capable of biofilm inhibition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:15129-15132. [PMID: 31788680 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07759f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, a reaction-based indicator displacement hydrogel assay (RIA) was developed for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via the oxidative release of the optical reporter Alizarin Red S (ARS). In the presence of H2O2, the RIA system displayed potent biofilm inhibition for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), as shown through an in vitro assay quantifying antimicrobial efficacy. This work demonstrated the potential of H2O2-responsive hydrogels containing a covalently bound diol-based drug for controlled drug release.
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3
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Han J, Wang B, Bender M, Seehafer K, Bunz UHF. Poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)-based tongues discriminate fruit juices. Analyst 2018; 142:537-543. [PMID: 28112310 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02387h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple optoelectronic tongue, consisting of a positively charged, fluorescent poly(para-phenyleneethynylene), P2, that reacts to fruit juices, when employed at three different pH-values (pH 3, 7, 13). This minimal tongue identifies and discriminates 14 different commercially available apple juices, 6 different grape juices and 5 different black currant juices from each other. A similar, negatively charged fluorescent polymer, P1, also achieved discrimination, but the analyte concentration had to be increased by a factor of 50. A mixture of black currant juice and red grape juice is identified as red grape juice, for specific combinations of grape and black currant juices. A mixture of red and green grape juice passes as red grape juice in our sensing system when it contains more than 70% of red grape juice. The data were obtained by fluorescence quenching of the conjugated polymers and processed by linear discriminant analysis of the collected data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Han
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benhua Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Bender
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Seehafer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany and CAM, Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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4
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Tanwar A, Iyer PK. Fluorescence "Turn-On" Indicator Displacement Assay-Based Sensing of Nitroexplosive 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol in Aqueous Media via a Polyelectrolyte and Dye Complex. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:4424-4430. [PMID: 31457734 PMCID: PMC6641684 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A water-soluble nonfluorescent cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte poly(1,1'-((1,4-phenylenebis(oxy))bis(propane-3,1-diyl))bis(pyridin-1-ium)bromide) (PPPy) was specifically synthesized via an economical method of oxidative coupling polymerization in high yields. PPPy selectively recognized nitroexplosive picric acid (PA) by fluorescence "turn-on" in the presence of closely related nitroexplosive compounds, namely, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 4-nitrophenol via fluorescence indicator displacement assay (IDA) technique in water at pH 7.0. The polymer PPPy was characterized by NMR spectroscopy, gel permeable chromatography, UV-vis spectroscopy. The polymer PPPy forms an electrostatic complex with uranine dye. This ensemble scheme was utilized to detect PA with a limit of detection value of 295 nM (solution state) and 0.22 ppm (vapor state) through IDA, a phenomenon that is very different from the widely reported Förster resonance energy transfer, photoinduced electron transfer, ground-state charge transfer and inner filter effect based probes used for nitroexplosive PA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin
Sain Tanwar
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute
of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Parameswar Krishnan Iyer
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute
of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- E-mail: . Fax: (+) 91 361 2582314
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5
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Han J, Wang B, Bender M, Pfisterer J, Huang W, Seehafer K, Yazdani M, Rotello VM, Rotello CM, Bunz UHF. Fingerprinting antibiotics with PAE-based fluorescent sensor arrays. Polym Chem 2017; 8:2723-2732. [PMID: 29081844 DOI: 10.1039/c7py00227k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We outline an evolution process for tongue elements composed of poly(p-aryleneethynylene)s (PAE) and detergents, resulting in a chemical tongue (24 elements) that discerns antibiotics. Cross-breeding of this new tongue with tongue elements that consist of simple poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s (PPE) at different pH-values leads to an enlarged sensor array, composed of 30 elements. This tongue was pruned, employing principal component analysis. We find that a filial tongue featuring three elements from each original array (i.e. a six element tongue) is superior to either of the prior tongues and the composite tongue in the discrimination of structurally different antibiotics. Such a selection process should be general and give an idea how to successfully generate powerful low-selectivity sensor elements and configure them into discriminative chemical tongues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Han
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benhua Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Bender
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Pfisterer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wei Huang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Seehafer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mahdieh Yazdani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Vincent M Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Caren M Rotello
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,CAM, Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Lautrette G, Wicher B, Kauffmann B, Ferrand Y, Huc I. Iterative Evolution of an Abiotic Foldamer Sequence for the Recognition of Guest Molecules with Atomic Precision. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10314-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lautrette
- University of Bordeaux, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie Biologie, 2 rue Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
- CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Barbara Wicher
- University of Bordeaux, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie Biologie, 2 rue Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
- CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Brice Kauffmann
- University of Bordeaux, IECB, UMS3033, 2 rue Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
- CNRS, UMS3033, 2 rue Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
- INSERM, US001, IECB, 2 rue Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Yann Ferrand
- University of Bordeaux, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie Biologie, 2 rue Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
- CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Ivan Huc
- University of Bordeaux, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie Biologie, 2 rue Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
- CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, 33600 Pessac, France
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7
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Kushida Y, Shigeno M, Yamaguchi M. Concentration Threshold and Amplification Exhibited by a Helicene Oligomer during Helix-Dimer Formation: A Proposal on How a Cell Senses Concentration Changes of a Chemical. Chemistry 2015; 21:13788-92. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Tony D. James
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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9
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Wu J, Kwon B, Liu W, Anslyn EV, Wang P, Kim JS. Chromogenic/Fluorogenic Ensemble Chemosensing Systems. Chem Rev 2015; 115:7893-943. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500553d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Bomi Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Weimin Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Eric V. Anslyn
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th,
Street-Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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10
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Curiel D, Más-Montoya M, Sánchez G. Complexation and sensing of dicarboxylate anions and dicarboxylic acids. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Qian S, Lin H. A facile approach to cross-reactive colorimetric sensor arrays: an application in the recognition of the 20 natural amino acids. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05004e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A very facile approach for the design and fabrication of a colorimetric sensor array, by using only a single indicator–receptor couple at various ratios and concentrations, is described for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihua Qian
- Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Hengwei Lin
- Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201, China
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12
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Huynh T, Sun B, Li L, Nichols KP, Koyner JL, Ismagilov RF. Chemical analog-to-digital signal conversion based on robust threshold chemistry and its evaluation in the context of microfluidics-based quantitative assays. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14775-83. [PMID: 24060606 DOI: 10.1021/ja4062882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we describe a nonlinear threshold chemistry based on enzymatic inhibition and demonstrate how it can be coupled with microfluidics to convert a chemical concentration (analog input) into patterns of ON or OFF reaction outcomes (chemical digital readout). Quantification of small changes in concentration is needed in a number of assays, such as that for cystatin C, where a 1.5-fold increase in concentration may indicate the presence of acute kidney injury or progression of chronic kidney disease. We developed an analog-to-digital chemical signal conversion that gives visual readout and applied it to an assay for cystatin C as a model target. The threshold chemistry is based on enzymatic inhibition and gives sharper responses with tighter inhibition. The chemistry described here uses acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and produces an unambiguous color change when the input is above a predetermined threshold concentration. An input gives a pattern of ON/OFF responses when subjected to a monotonic sequence of threshold concentrations, revealing the input concentration at the point of transition from OFF to ON outcomes. We demonstrated that this threshold chemistry can detect a 1.30-fold increase in concentration at 22 °C and that it is robust to experimental fluctuations: it provided the same output despite changes in temperature (22-34 °C) and readout time (10-fold range). We applied this threshold chemistry to diagnostics by coupling it with a traditional sandwich immunoassay for serum cystatin C. Because one quantitative measurement comprises several assays, each with its own threshold concentration, we used a microfluidic SlipChip device to process 12 assays in parallel, detecting a 1.5-fold increase (from 0.64 (49 nM) to 0.96 mg/L (74 nM)) of cystatin C in serum. We also demonstrated applicability to analysis of patient serum samples and the ability to image results using a cell phone camera. This work indicates that combining developments in nonlinear chemistries with microfluidics may lead to development of user-friendly diagnostic assays with simple readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toan Huynh
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago , 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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13
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Zamora-Olivares D, Kaoud TS, Dalby KN, Anslyn EV. In-situ generation of differential sensors that fingerprint kinases and the cellular response to their expression. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14814-20. [PMID: 23991633 DOI: 10.1021/ja407397z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are responsible for many cellular functions, and their malfunction manifests itself in several human diseases. Usually, monitoring the phosphorylation states of MAP kinases in vitro requires the preparation and purification of the proteins or Western blotting. Herein, we report an array sensing approach for the differentiation of MAP kinases and their phosphorylated counterparts in vitro. This technique utilizes a library of differential receptors created in situ containing peptides known for affinity to MAP kinases, and a Zn(II)-dipicolylamine complex that binds phosphate groups on proteins. An indicator-displacement assay signals the binding of the individual receptors to the kinases, while chemometrics is used to create a fingerprint for the kinases and their state of activity. For example, linear discriminant analysis correctly identified kinase activity with a classification accuracy of 97.5% in vitro, while the cellular response to kinase expression was classified with 100% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Zamora-Olivares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Division of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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14
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Feng L, Li H, Li X, Chen L, Shen Z, Guan Y. Colorimetric sensing of anions in water using ratiometric indicator-displacement assay. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 743:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Sakakibara K, Joyce LA, Mori T, Fujisawa T, Shabbir SH, Hill JP, Anslyn EV, Ariga K. A Mechanically Controlled Indicator Displacement Assay. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Sakakibara K, Joyce LA, Mori T, Fujisawa T, Shabbir SH, Hill JP, Anslyn EV, Ariga K. A mechanically controlled indicator displacement assay. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9643-6. [PMID: 22930528 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Sakakibara
- World Premier International Research Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan
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17
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Inorganic and organometallic hemicage podates and cage cryptates incorporating a benzene platform. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Torres DA, Azagarsamy MA, Thayumanavan S. Supramolecular displacement-mediated activation of a silent fluorescence probe for label-free ligand screening. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7235-7. [PMID: 22500607 DOI: 10.1021/ja301204z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a new approach for the rapid screening of analyte binding affinities for a target protein. We demonstrate that a molecular probe, with a pro-fluorophore substrate and ligand moieties, can be hindered from enzymatic access when bound to the target protein. When analytes displace the probe from the protein's binding pocket, a fluorescence profile is generated. This profile is used to discriminate analytes based on their relative binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Amado Torres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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19
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20
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Gallagher LT, Heo JS, Lopez MA, Ray BM, Xiao J, Umali AP, Zhang A, Dharmarajan S, Heymann H, Anslyn EV. Pattern-based discrimination of organic acids and red wine varietals by arrays of synthetic receptors. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2011.638379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren T. Gallagher
- a College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Jae Seok Heo
- a College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Matthew A. Lopez
- a College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Brenton M. Ray
- a College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Jennifer Xiao
- b College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Alona P. Umali
- d Chemical Threat Laboratory, Texas Department of State Health Services , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Anna Zhang
- a College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Sunanda Dharmarajan
- a College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Hildegarde Heymann
- e Department of Viticulture and Enology , University of California-Davis , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Eric V. Anslyn
- a College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
- c Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
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21
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Leung D, Kang SO, Anslyn EV. Rapid determination of enantiomeric excess: a focus on optical approaches. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:448-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15135e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Delgado-Pinar E, Rotger C, Costa A, Piña MN, Jiménez HR, Alarcón J, García-España E. Grafted squaramide monoamine nanoparticles as simple systems for sulfate recognition in pure water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:2609-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc17798f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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23
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Zhang X, You L, Anslyn EV, Qian X. Discrimination and classification of ginsenosides and ginsengs using bis-boronic acid receptors in dynamic multicomponent indicator displacement sensor arrays. Chemistry 2011; 18:1102-10. [PMID: 22213109 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are complex natural products with a diverse array of biological activities, but their molecular recognition and sensing is challenging. A library of simple bis-boronic acid-based receptors with various spacers was synthesized for the sensing of ginsenosides. The incorporation of two boronic acids allowed the pairing of two indicators, which can simultaneously bind the receptors or two saccharides within the ginsenosides. A cross-reactive sensing array was therefore constructed using the receptors in conjunction with different pairs of indicators. LDA plots created from the colorimetric response of the hosts and indicator pairs reveal excellent classification of the ginsenosides, and the corresponding loading plots reveal the cross-reactivity of the receptors. In addition, several commercial ginseng extracts were unambiguously classified using the same sensing array. The assay reported here should be applicable to the analysis of other large saccharide-based natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
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24
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Shen Z, Li H, Feng L. Using ratiometric indicator-displacement assays in semi-quantitative colorimetric determination of chloride, bromide, and iodide anions. Analyst 2011; 136:5025-9. [PMID: 21991579 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15679a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A ratiometric indicator-displacement assay (RIDA) array has been developed for the semi-quantitative colorimetric determination of chloride, bromide, and iodide anions. Determinations of these halide anions follow the displacement reaction using the chelate compound of (2-(3,5-dibromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-(diethylamino)phenol) (3,5-Br2-PADAP) and heavy metal salts as colorimetric reagent. Different from regular silver nitrate titrations, the chloride, bromide, and iodide anions compete with the 3,5-Br2-PADAP ligand and change the colour of the 3,5-Br2-PADAP-metal chelate compound dramatically. These clearer colour changes make the semi-quantitative colorimetric determination of chloride, bromide, and iodide anions possible. The colour changes are imaged using a conventional flatbed scanner, and digitized. After statistical analysis, these colour changes in the RIDA array provide facile identification of chloride, bromide, and iodide anions at a wide concentration range (10 μM to 10 mM) without any misclassification. The RIDA array is able to discriminate without misclassifications among seven concentrations of chloride, bromide, and iodide anions. No shelf life issue exists because the chelating compounds react with halide anions directly without any pre-immobilizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Shen
- Laboratory of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
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Going Beyond Continuous Glucose Monitoring with Boronic Acid-Appended Bipyridinium Salts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9672-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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26
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DI L, WANG C, WU J, WAN LS, XU ZK. Progress in Boric acid Based Saccharide Sensors. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(10)60435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Ariga K, Richards GJ, Ishihara S, Izawa H, Hill JP. Intelligent chiral sensing based on supramolecular and interfacial concepts. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 10:6796-820. [PMID: 22163577 PMCID: PMC3231122 DOI: 10.3390/s100706796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Of the known intelligently-operating systems, the majority can undoubtedly be classed as being of biological origin. One of the notable differences between biological and artificial systems is the important fact that biological materials consist mostly of chiral molecules. While most biochemical processes routinely discriminate chiral molecules, differentiation between chiral molecules in artificial systems is currently one of the challenging subjects in the field of molecular recognition. Therefore, one of the important challenges for intelligent man-made sensors is to prepare a sensing system that can discriminate chiral molecules. Because intermolecular interactions and detection at surfaces are respectively parts of supramolecular chemistry and interfacial science, chiral sensing based on supramolecular and interfacial concepts is a significant topic. In this review, we briefly summarize recent advances in these fields, including supramolecular hosts for color detection on chiral sensing, indicator-displacement assays, kinetic resolution in supramolecular reactions with analyses by mass spectrometry, use of chiral shape-defined polymers, such as dynamic helical polymers, molecular imprinting, thin films on surfaces of devices such as QCM, functional electrodes, FET, and SPR, the combined technique of magnetic resonance imaging and immunoassay, and chiral detection using scanning tunneling microscopy and cantilever technology. In addition, we will discuss novel concepts in recent research including the use of achiral reagents for chiral sensing with NMR, and mechanical control of chiral sensing. The importance of integration of chiral sensing systems with rapidly developing nanotechnology and nanomaterials is also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan.
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Chiral bis(amino amides) as chiral solvating agents for enantiomeric excess determination of α-hydroxy and arylpropionic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Su J, Sun YQ, Huo FJ, Yang YT, Yin CX. Naked-eye determination of oxalate anion in aqueous solution with copper ion and pyrocatechol violet. Analyst 2010; 135:2918-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00620c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kitamura M, Shabbir SH, Anslyn EV. Guidelines for Pattern Recognition Using Differential Receptors and Indicator Displacement Assays. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4479-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900433j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kitamura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Shagufta H. Shabbir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Eric V. Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Dai
- a Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences , Pace University , New York, USA
- b Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York, USA
| | - Nikhil Khosla
- a Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences , Pace University , New York, USA
| | - James W. Canary
- b Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York, USA
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Molecular recognition and self-assembly special feature: A general protocol for creating high-throughput screening assays for reaction yield and enantiomeric excess applied to hydrobenzoin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:10487-92. [PMID: 19332790 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0809530106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A general approach to high-throughput screening of enantiomeric excess (ee) and concentration was developed by using indicator displacement assays (IDAs), and the protocol was then applied to the vicinal diol hydrobenzoin. The method involves the sequential utilization of what we define herein as screening, training, and analysis plates. Several enantioselective boronic acid-based receptors were screened by using 96-well plates, both for their ability to discriminate the enantiomers of hydrobenzoin and to find their optimal pairing with indicators resulting in the largest optical responses. The best receptor/indicator combination was then used to train an artificial neural network to determine concentration and ee. To prove the practicality of the developed protocol, analysis plates were created containing true unknown samples of hydrobenzoin generated by established Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation reactions, and the best ligand was correctly identified.
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Coggins MK, Parker AM, Mangalum A, Galdamez GA, Smith RC. Dizinc Phosphohydrolase Model Built on am-Terphenyl Scaffold and Its Use in Indicator Displacement Assays for Pyrophosphate Under Physiological Conditions. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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35
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Leung D, Folmer-Andersen JF, Lynch VM, Anslyn EV. Using enantioselective indicator displacement assays to determine the enantiomeric excess of alpha-amino acids. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:12318-27. [PMID: 18714996 PMCID: PMC7811882 DOI: 10.1021/ja803806c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective indicator displacement assays (eIDAs) were used for the determination of enantiomeric excess (ee) of alpha-amino acids as an alternative to the labor-intensive technique of chromatography. In this study, eIDAs were implemented by the use of two chiral receptors [(Cu(II)(1)](2+), [Cu(II)(2)](2+)) in conjunction with the indicator chrome azurol S. The two receptors were able to enantioselectively discriminate 13 of the 17 analyzed alpha-amino acids. Enantiomeric excess calibration curves were made using both receptors and then used to analyze true test samples to check the system's ability to determine ee accurately. The proposed method uses a conventional UV-vis spectrophotometer to monitor the colorimetric signal, which allows for a potential high-throughput screening (HTS) method for determining ee. The techniques created consistently produced results accurate enough for rapid preliminary determination of ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Leung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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36
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Schiller A, Vilozny B, Wessling RA, Singaram B. Recognition of phospho sugars and nucleotides with an array of boronic acid appended bipyridinium salts. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 627:203-11. [PMID: 18809074 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The solution-phase sensor array of three cationic bis-boronic acid appended benzyl viologens (BBV) and the anionic fluorescent dye, 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (HPTS), is able to discriminate among five phospho sugars, four nucleotides and three neutral saccharides in aqueous buffered solution at low mM concentrations. Linear discriminant analysis, principal component analysis, and hierachical cluster analysis studies showed the "discrimination limit" (lowest analyte concentration where the discrimination is still 100%) to be 4mM. Calculated K(b) and F(max)/F(0) values from binding curves of the three BBVs with 1-12 were also used to perform multi-variate analyses with very good discrimination results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schiller
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstr. 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Buryak A, Zaubitzer F, Pozdnoukhov A, Severin K. Indicator Displacement Assays as Molecular Timers. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:11260-1. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8037118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Buryak
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), and Institut de Géomatique et d’Analyse du Risques, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Friederike Zaubitzer
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), and Institut de Géomatique et d’Analyse du Risques, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexei Pozdnoukhov
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), and Institut de Géomatique et d’Analyse du Risques, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), and Institut de Géomatique et d’Analyse du Risques, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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38
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Koo CK, Chow CF, Chiu BKW, Lei NY, Lam MHW, Wong WY. A Pair of Coordination Donor–Acceptor Ensembles for the Detection of Tartrate in Aqueous Media. Eur J Inorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200700931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Benzimidazole and thiourea conjugated fluorescent hybrid receptor for selective recognition of. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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Schiller A, Wessling RA, Singaram B. A fluorescent sensor array for saccharides based on boronic Acid appended bipyridinium salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:6457-9. [PMID: 17654643 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schiller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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41
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Buryak A, Pozdnoukhov A, Severin K. Pattern-based sensing of nucleotides in aqueous solution with a multicomponent indicator displacement assay. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:2366-8. [PMID: 17844748 DOI: 10.1039/b705250b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A multicomponent indicator displacement assay (MIDA) based on an organometallic receptor and three dyes can be used for the identification and quantification of nucleotides in aqueous solution at neutral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Buryak
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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42
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Schiller A, Wessling R, Singaram B. A Fluorescent Sensor Array for Saccharides Based on Boronic Acid Appended Bipyridinium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Linn MM, Poncio DC, Machado VG. An anionic chromogenic sensor based on the competition between the anion and a merocyanine solvatochromic dye for calix[4]pyrrole as a receptor site. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.04.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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44
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Use of the interaction of a boronic acid with a merocyanine to develop an anionic colorimetric assay. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Houston TA, Levonis SM, Kiefel MJ. Tapping into Boron/?-Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Interactions in Sensing and Catalysis. Aust J Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/ch07222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Whereas interaction of boron acids (boric and boronic) with diols and neutral sugar ligands has received much global research attention in recent years, the binding of simple α-hydroxycarboxylic and sugar acids by boron has received less attention. Applications of boron-based fluorescent sensors and chemoselective catalysts targeting this functional motif have appeared only in the past 5 years. The present synopsis will focus on rapid developments that have occurred in both areas during this half decade.
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46
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47
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Yang X, Lee MC, Sartain F, Pan X, Lowe CR. Designed Boronate Ligands for Glucose-Selective Holographic Sensors. Chemistry 2006; 12:8491-7. [PMID: 16906615 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 2-acrylamidophenylboronate (2-APB) was synthesised and its ability to bind with glucose was investigated both in solution and when integrated into a holographic sensor. Multiple forms of 2-APB, resulting from the neighbouring effect of the amido group with the boronic acid through an intramolecular B--O-coordinated interaction, were shown to exist in solution by using multinuclear NMR spectrometry. It was found that 2-APB predominantly adopts a zwitterionic tetrahedral form at physiological pH values. The complex formation of 2-APB with glucose and lactate was investigated in DMSO; 2-APB favours binding with glucose rather than lactate and generates a five-membered-ring complex. Furthermore, a 2-APB-based holographic sensor displayed a significant response to glucose with little interference from lactate, and with no dependence on pH in the physiological pH range. These features suggest that the new ligand 2-APB is a potential candidate for the development of glucose-selective sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, UK
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48
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Peña C, Alfonso I, Gotor V. Conformationally Biased Selective Alkylation oftrans-Cyclohexane-1,2-bis(sulfonamide) Assisted by Solvent-Tuned Protecting Groups: Applications to the Synthesis of a Large Optically Active Polyazamacrocycle. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Zaubitzer F, Buryak A, Severin K. Cp*Rh-Based Indicator-Displacement Assays for the Identification of Amino Sugars and Aminoglycosides. Chemistry 2006; 12:3928-34. [PMID: 16521137 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Indicator-displacement assays based on the organometallic complex [{Cp*RhCl2}2] (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) and the dye gallocyanine were used to sense amino sugars and aminoglycosides in buffered aqueous solution by conducting UV-visible spectroscopy. The data of three assays at pH 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0 were sufficient to distinguish between the amino sugars galactosamine, glucosamine, mannosamine and the aminoglycosides kanamycin A, kanamycin B, amikacin, apramycin, paromomycin, and streptomycin. Furthermore, the assays were used to characterize mixtures of aminoglycosides and obtain quantitative information about the respective analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Zaubitzer
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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50
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Abstract
Self-assembling and self-organizing methodologies are powerful tools for the "bottom-up" approach for the realization of complex structure with functional properties. Recently, this concept has been extended to the design of fluorescent chemosensors providing new exciting potentialities for the development of innovative sensing systems. This Concept Article deals mainly with this new approach and discusses its evolution, applications, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Mancin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Istituto CNR Tecnologia delle Membrane--Sezione di Padova, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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