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FUJIMORI S, MIZUHATA Y, TOKITOH N. Recent progress in the chemistry of heavy aromatics. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2023; 99:480-512. [PMID: 38072454 PMCID: PMC10822718 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.99.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The aromaticity and synthetic application of "heavy benzenes", i.e., benzenes containing a heavier Group 14 element (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) in place of skeletal carbon, have been the targets of many theoretical and synthetic studies. Although the introduction of a sterically demanding substituent enabled us to synthesize and isolate heavy aromatic species as a stable compound by suppressing their high reactivity and tendency to polymerize, the existence of a protection group is an obstruction to the development of functional materials based on heavy aromatics. This review will delineate the most recent topics in the chemistry of heavy aromatics, i.e., the chemistry of "metallabenzenyl anions", which are the heavier Group 14 element analogs of phenyl anions stabilized by taking advantage of charge repulsion instead of steric protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori FUJIMORI
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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McOnie SL, Özpınar GA, Bourque JL, Müller T, Baines KM. NH bond activation of ammonia and amines by ditetrelenes: key insights into the stereochemistry of nucleophilic addition. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17734-17750. [PMID: 34812813 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03739k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The NH bond activation of ammonia, primary and secondary amines by tetramesityldisilene and -digermene was investigated. In each case, a disilyl- or digermylamine was formed as the only product of amine addition. The mechanism of the addition of ammonia to tetramesityldisilene was computed and revealed a three-step reaction pathway: formation of the anti-ammonia-disilene adduct, inversion at the β-silicon, and syn-transfer of the proton to give the syn-product, where each step follows a distinct stereochemical course. Examination of the reaction landscape also revealed several additional insights: (a) that, in the initial step, the formation of the anti-oriented zwitterionic intermediate is kinetically more preferable than formation of the syn-oriented zwitterionic intermediate, (b) that intermolecular transfer of a proton is not energetically feasible in non-polar solvents, and (c) that the bulk of the substituents can have a profound effect on the stereochemical course of the reaction. With this detailed understanding, nucleophilic additions to ditetrelenes can be exploited in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L McOnie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7.
| | - Gül Altınbaş Özpınar
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union.
| | - Jeremy L Bourque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7.
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union.
| | - Kim M Baines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7.
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3
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1,2- and 1,1-Migratory Insertion Reactions of Silylated Germylene Adducts. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030686. [PMID: 32041130 PMCID: PMC7037258 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactions of the PMe3 adduct of the silylated germylene [(Me3Si)3Si]2Ge: with GeCl2·dioxane were found to yield 1,1-migratory insertion products of GeCl2 into one or two Ge–Si bonds. In a related reaction, a germylene was inserted with tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl and vinyl substituents into a Ge–Cl bond of GeCl2. This was followed by intramolecular trimethylsilyl chloride elimination to another cyclic germylene PMe3 adduct. The reaction of the GeCl2 mono-insertion product (Me3Si)3SiGe:GeCl2Si(SiMe3)3 with Me3SiC≡CH gave a mixture of alkyne mono- and diinsertion products. While the reaction of a divinylgermylene with GeCl2·dioxane only results in the exchange of the dioxane of GeCl2 against the divinylgermylene as base, the reaction of [(Me3Si)3Si]2Ge: with one GeCl2·dioxane and three phenylacetylenes gives a trivinylated germane with a chlorogermylene attached to one of the vinyl units.
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Geeson MB, Transue WJ, Cummins CC. Identification of Reactive Intermediates Relevant to Dimethylgermylene Group Transfer Reactions of an Anthracene-Based Precursor. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Geeson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wesley J. Transue
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher C. Cummins
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Duffy IR, Leigh WJ. Photochemical Generation and Characterization of Di- tert-butylsilylene (Si tBu 2) in Solution. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Duffy
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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Böserle J, Jambor R, Erben M, Horký F, Štěpnička P, Růžička A, Dostál L. Reactivity of an N
,N
-Chelated Germylene Toward Substituted Alkynes, Alkenes, and Allenes. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Böserle
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Studentská 573 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Studentská 573 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Milan Erben
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Studentská 573 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Filip Horký
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Hlavova 2030 128 40 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpnička
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University; Hlavova 2030 128 40 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Studentská 573 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Studentská 573 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
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Fujimori S, Mizuhata Y, Tokitoh N. Stannabenzenylpotassium: The First Isolable Tin‐Containing Benzene Derivative. Chemistry 2018; 24:17039-17045. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Fujimori
- Institute for Chemical ResearchKyoto University Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mizuhata
- Institute for Chemical ResearchKyoto University Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical ResearchKyoto University Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
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Duffy IR, Leigh WJ. Fast kinetics studies of the Lewis acid-base complexation of transient stannylenes with σ- and π-donors in solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:20555-20570. [PMID: 30052251 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03580f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Lewis acid-base complexation chemistry of dimethyl- and diphenylstannylene (SnMe2 and SnPh2, respectively) in hexanes solution has been studied by laser photolysis methods. Complexation of the two stannylenes with a series of nine O-, S-, and N-donors (including cyclic and acyclic dialkyl ethers and sulfides, a primary, secondary, and tertiary amine, ethyl acetate and acetone), two alkenes, and an alkyne proceeds rapidly and reversibly to generate the corresponding stannylene-donor Lewis pairs, which have been detected in each case by time-resolved UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The complexes exhibit UV-vis absorption maxima in the range of λmax ∼ 310-405 nm depending on the donor and substitution at tin. Bimolecular rate constants for complexation (kC), which could be determined for 14 of the 24 Lewis pairs that were studied, were found to fall within a factor of four of the diffusional limit in all cases, with SnMe2 showing consistently higher reactivity than SnPh2. Equilibrium constants for complexation (KC) could be measured for all but one of the stannylene-π- and O-donor pairs, the values corresponding to (gas phase) binding free energies in the range of +1.1 to -3.9 kcal mol-1. Comparison of the experimental equilibrium constants for complexation of SnMe2 and SnPh2 with methanol and diethyl ether to those measured previously for the homologous silylenes and germylenes indicates that Lewis acidity decreases in the order SiR2 > SnR2 > GeR2 for both the dimethyl- and diphenyltetrylene series, the diphenyl derivatives exhibiting significantly stronger Lewis acidity in all three cases. The experimental trends in the binding energies and UV-vis spectra of the complexes are reproduced well by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which have been carried out at the (TD)ωB97XD/def2-TZVP level of theory. The experimental data also show evidence of a reaction between tetramethyldistannene (Me2Sn[double bond, length as m-dash]SnMe2, 4a) and amine donors, which is suggested to afford the corresponding amine-stabilized stannylidenestannylene structure. The mechanistic proposal is supported by DFT calculations of the complexation of 4a and SnMe2 with model O-, S- and N-donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Duffy
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1.
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Secara AM, Binder JF, Swidan A, Macdonald CL. Synthesis and structural characterization of new polyether complexes of germanium(II) and tin(II). CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of germanium(II) and tin(II) bromide polyether complexes have been synthesized. Specifically, [GeBr([15]crown-5)][GeBr3], [GeBr([18]crown-6)][GeBr3], [GeBr(triglyme)][GeBr3], [GeBr(tetraglyme)][GeBr3], [SnBr([18]crown-6)][SnBr3], [Sn([15]crown-5)2][SnBr3]2, [SnBr(triglyme)][SnBr3], and [SnBr(tetraglyme)][SnBr3] have been fully characterized including by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The synthesis of [GeBr(dibenzo[24]crown-8)][GeBr3] and [GeCl(dibenzo[24]crown-8)][GeCl3] are also reported, along with the crystal structure of the latter’s water adduct, which features a water molecule adjacent to the GeCl+ ion within the cavity of the crown ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina M. Secara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Justin F. Binder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Ala’aeddeen Swidan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Charles L.B. Macdonald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
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Komanduri SP, Schrick AC, Daley CJ, Rheingold AL, Weinert CS. Synthesis, structure and decomposition of the digermane Ph3GeGePh2H. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-170238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron C. Schrick
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Christopher J.A. Daley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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11
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Böserle J, Zhigulin G, Štěpnička P, Horký F, Erben M, Jambor R, Růžička A, Ketkov S, Dostál L. Facile activation of alkynes with a boraguanidinato-stabilized germylene: a combined experimental and theoretical study. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:12339-12353. [PMID: 28891560 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01950e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A boraguanidinato-stabilized germylene, [(i-Pr)2NB(N-2,6-Me2C6H3)2]Ge, reacts with alkynes RC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CR selectively in a 2 : 1 molar ratio to afford 3,4-R,R'-1,2-digermacyclobut-3-enes 1a-e as the products of formal [2 + 2 + 2] cyclization [R/R' = Me/Me (1a), Ph/Ph (1b), Ph/H (1c), t-Bu/H (1d) and Cy/H (1e)]. Ferrocenyl-substituted alkynes react similarly, yielding the corresponding ferrocenylated 3,4-R,R'-1,2-digermacyclobut-3-enes 2a-d [where R/R' = Fc/H (2a), Fc/Me (2b), Fc/Ph (2c), and Fc/Fc (2d); Fc = ferrocenyl]. By contrast, only one of the triple bonds available in conjugated diynes RC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CR is activated with the germylene, while the second one remains intact even in the presence of an excess of the germylene. The exclusive formation of 3,4-R,(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CR)-1,2-digermacyclobut-3-enes 3a-c [R = Ph (3a), t-Bu(3b), and Fc (3c)] was ascribed to a steric repulsion around the second triple bond. On the other hand, the reaction of the germylene with more flexible dialkyne fc(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CPh)2 (fc = ferrocene-1,1'-diyl) proceeded in the expected manner, producing compound 4, where both triple bonds are transformed into 1,2-digermacyclobut-3-ene rings by reaction with four equivalents of the germylene. All compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, Raman and IR spectroscopy, and in the case of 1a-c, 2a, 2c, 3a, 3b and 4, also by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The ferrocenyl substituted compounds were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Finally, the plausible reaction pathway was studied for a model reaction of [(i-Pr)2NB(N-2,6-Me2C6H3)2]Ge with MeC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CMe using DFT computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Böserle
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Grigory Zhigulin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS, 49 Tropinin St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation.
| | - Petr Štěpnička
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, CZ-12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Horký
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, CZ-12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Erben
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Sergey Ketkov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS, 49 Tropinin St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation.
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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12
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Walewska M, Baumgartner J, Marschner C, Albers L, Müller T. Alkyne Addition and Insertion Reactions of [(Me 3 Si) 3 Si] 2 Ge⋅PMe 3. Chemistry 2016; 22:18512-18521. [PMID: 27862421 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Silylated germylene-PMe3 adducts exchange their phosphane moiety smoothly for an N-heterocyclic carbene or isocyanide species to form their respective base adducts. Reaction of the silylated germylene-PMe3 adducts with monosubstituted alkynes produce germylene adducts with the alkyne inserted into a Ge-Si bond. A computational study of this process provides evidence for the initial formation of a germirene, which rearranges to a vinylgermylene species. The thermodynamic driving force for this reaction is provided by subsequent adduct formation with PMe3 . Reaction of the PMe3 adduct of bis[(trimethylsilyl)silyl]germylene with disubstituted alkynes leads to the formation of stable germirenes, which can be isomerized further to silagermetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Walewska
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Judith Baumgartner
- Institut für Chemie, Karl Franzens Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Lena Albers
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 1-3, 26211, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 1-3, 26211, Oldenburg, Germany
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Walewska M, Hlina J, Baumgartner J, Müller T, Marschner C. Basic Reactivity Pattern of a Cyclic Disilylated Germylene. Organometallics 2016; 35:2728-2737. [PMID: 27570360 PMCID: PMC4997532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to estimate the reactivity of disilylated germylene phosphine adducts, a cyclic version of this compound class was reacted with a number of different reagents. Reactions with the chalcogens sulfur, selenium, and tellurium led to dimers of the heavy ketone analogues. Reactions with water and ethyl bromide proceeded to give the respective oxidized germanol and germyl bromide. Two different reactions with alkynes were observed which led either to a germacyclopropene, by addition of tolane to the germylene, or to a silagermacyclobutene, likely formed by addition of the alkyne across a silagermene. Reaction via the silagermene was also observed in the reaction with benzophenone. Reaction of a germylene phosphine adduct with GeCl2·(dioxane) provided insertion of the silylated germylene into a Ge-Cl bond, leading to a germylated chlorogermylene phosphine adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Walewska
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Technische
Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johann Hlina
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Technische
Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Judith Baumgartner
- Institut
für Chemie, Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut
für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 1-3, 26211 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Technische
Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Komanduri SP, Schrick AC, Feasley CL, Dufresne CP, Weinert CS. Photodecompostion of the Oligogermanes nBu3GeGePh2GenBu3 and nBu3GeGePh3: Identification of the Photoproducts by Spectroscopic and Spectrometric Methods. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron C. Schrick
- Department of ChemistryOklahoma State University74078StillwaterOklahomaUSA
| | - Christa L. Feasley
- Thermo Fisher Scientific1400 Northpoint Parkway Suite 1033407West Palm BeachFloridaUSA
| | - Craig P. Dufresne
- Thermo Fisher Scientific1400 Northpoint Parkway Suite 1033407West Palm BeachFloridaUSA
| | - Charles S. Weinert
- Department of ChemistryOklahoma State University74078StillwaterOklahomaUSA
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15
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Böserle J, Alonso M, Jambor R, Růžička A, Dostál L. Synthesis and reactivity of a germylene stabilized by a boraguanidinate ligand. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01187j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivity of a germylene stabilized by a boraguanidinate ligand with various reagents is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Böserle
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Technology
- University of Pardubice
- Pardubice 53210
- Czech Republic
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- B-1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Technology
- University of Pardubice
- Pardubice 53210
- Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Technology
- University of Pardubice
- Pardubice 53210
- Czech Republic
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Technology
- University of Pardubice
- Pardubice 53210
- Czech Republic
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16
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Duffy IR, Leigh WJ. Direct Detection, Dimerization, and Chemical Trapping of Dimethyl- and Diphenylstannylene from Photolysis of Stannacyclopent-3-enes in Solution. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Duffy
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1
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17
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Su MD. Excited-State Photolytic Mechanism of Cyclopentene Containing a Group 14 Element: An MP2-CAS//CASSCF Study. J Phys Chem A 2015. [PMID: 26204240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b04304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The potential energy surfaces corresponding to the photolytic reactions of 1,2-dimethyl-cyclopentene, 3,4-dimethyl-silacyclopent-3-ene, and 3,4-dimethyl-germacyclopent-3-ene were investigated by employing the CAS(6,6)/6-311G(d) and MP2-CAS-(6,6)/6-311++G(3df,3pd)//CAS(6,6)/6-311G(d) methods. Also, six kinds of substituted germacyclopent-3-ene were used as model reactants by way of the CASSCF and MP2-CAS methods to study their photolytic mechanisms. The theoretical findings indicate that the photolysis of the above reactants all adopt the same reaction path as follows: reactant → Franck-Condon region → conical intersection → germylene and 1,3-butadiene. However, the theoretical results demonstrate that no photolysis ((1)(π →π*)) can be observed in the 1,2-dimethyl-cyclopentene system. Above all, the theoretical investigations strongly suggest that both steric effects, originating from the bulky substituents, and the atomic radius of the group 14 element (C, Si, and Ge) play a crucial role in determining the cis/trans selectivity of the conformation of 1,3-butadiene during their photolytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Der Su
- †Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.,‡Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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18
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Kostina SS, Leigh WJ. A combined kinetic and computational study of the reactions of transient germylenes with oxiranes and thiiranes in solution. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of dimethyl- and diphenylgermylene (GeMe2 and GePh2, respectively) with cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and propylene sulfide (PrS) have been studied in hydrocarbon solvents at 25 °C by laser flash and steady-state photolysis methods using appropriately substituted germacyclopent-3-ene derivatives as germylene precursors. GeMe2 reacts with CHO and PrS with rate constants in the range of 1.2–1.7 × 1010 M−1 s−1 in hexanes at 25 °C to form new transient products that are assigned to the corresponding Lewis acid-base complexes of the germylene with the substrates. The complexation reactions were found to be reversible and are characterized by equilibrium constants of KC = (3.7 ± 0.8) × 103 M−1 and (3 ± 1) × 104 M−1 for complexation of GeMe2 with CHO and PrS, respectively. The complexes decay over approximately 10 μs with the concomitant formation of tetramethyldigermene (Ge2Me4), identifiable by its characteristic UV-vis spectrum centered at λmax = 370 nm. Diphenylgermylene behaves analogously, reacting rapidly and reversibly with the two substrates to form the corresponding Lewis acid-base complexes (λmax ≈ 355 nm) that decay over several tens of microseconds with the concomitant growth of the characteristic UV-vis spectrum of tetraphenyldigermene (Ge2Ph4) (λmax = 440 nm). Steady-state photolysis of the germylene precursors in the presence of CHO afforded germanium-containing oligomers but showed no evidence of oxygen abstraction or the formation of substrate-derived product(s). Similar photolyses in the presence of PrS also afforded germanium-containing oligomers, but as well yielded propene in 20%–30% yield and (in the case of the GePh2 precursor) minor amounts of low molecular weight compounds that appear to be derived from the corresponding germanethione. Density functional theory calculations of the chalcogen abstraction reactions of GeMe2 with oxirane and thiirane in the gas phase have been carried out at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory and are in good qualitative agreement with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S. Kostina
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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19
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Becerra R, Cannady JP, Walsh R. Reaction of Germylene with Sulfur Dioxide: Gas-Phase Kinetic and Theoretical Studies. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500842v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Becerra
- Instituto
de Quimica-Fisica “Rocasolano”, CSIC, C/Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Pat Cannady
- Dow Corning Corporation, 2200 West Salzburg Road, Midland, Michigan 48641, United States
| | - Robin Walsh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 224, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
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20
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Hanson MA, Terskikh VV, Baines KM, Huang Y. Chlorine-35 Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy as an Indirect Probe of Germanium Oxidation State and Coordination Environment in Germanium Chlorides. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:7377-88. [DOI: 10.1021/ic500728w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Victor V. Terskikh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Kim M. Baines
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Yining Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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21
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Braunschweig H, Maier J, Radacki K, Wahler J. Ring Expansion of 7-Boranorbornadienes by Coordination with an N-Heterocyclic Carbene. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400708y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Maier
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Wahler
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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22
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Hlina J, Baumgartner J, Marschner C. Cyclic Disilylated and Digermylated Germylenes. Organometallics 2013; 32:3404-3410. [PMID: 23874054 PMCID: PMC3714166 DOI: 10.1021/om400365v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of triethylphosphine adducts of cyclic disilylated or digermylated germylenes was achieved by reaction of 1,4-dipotassio-1,1,4,4-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)tetramethyltetrasilane with GeBr2·(dioxane) and PEt3. Phosphine abstraction with B(C6F5)3 allowed formation of the base-free germylenes, which undergo 1,2-trimethylsilyl shifts to the germylene atom to form the respective silagermene or digermene, which further dimerize in [2 + 2] cycloadditions to tricyclic compounds. The reasons responsible for the germylenes' completely different reactivities in comparison to the previously studied analogous stannylenes and plumbylenes were elucidated in a theoretical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Hlina
- Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität
Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Judith Baumgartner
- Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität
Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität
Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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23
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Hlina J, Baumgartner J, Marschner C, Zark P, Müller T. Coordination Chemistry of Disilylated Germylenes with Group 4 Metallocenes. Organometallics 2013; 32:3300-3308. [PMID: 23874053 PMCID: PMC3714165 DOI: 10.1021/om400215v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the PEt3 adduct of a disilylated five-membered cyclic germylene with group 4 metallocene dichlorides in the presence of magnesium led to the formation of the respective germylene metallocene phosphine complexes of titanium, zirconium, and hafnium. Attempts to react the related NHC adduct of a disilylated four-membered cyclic germylene under the same conditions with Cp2TiCl2 did not give the expected germylene NHC titanocene complex. This complex was, however, obtained in the reaction of Cp2Ti(btmsa) with the NHC germylene adduct. A computational analysis of the structure of the group 4 metallocene germylene complexes revealed the multiple-bond character of the M-Ge(II) linkage, which can be rationalized with the classical σ-donor/π-acceptor interaction. The strength of the M-Ge(II) bond increases descending group 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Hlina
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz , Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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24
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Cozzolino AF, Elder PJ, Lee LM, Vargas-Baca I. The role of the Lewis acid−base properties in the supramolecular association of 1,2,5-chalcogenadiazoles. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2012-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The secondary bonding interactions that link the supramolecular structures assembled by 1,2,5-chalcogenadiazoles were analyzed through explicit orthogonalization of molecular orbitals (NBO), topological analysis of the electron density (AIM), and the electron localization function (ELF). The results of these analyses are consistent with a bonding description that attributes important covalent and electrostatic character to these interactions. Application of these analyses to the individual molecules highlighted the structural features from which each of those contributions originates, namely the polarity and modest strength of the E–N bond. Both of these effects increase along the series S, Se, Te. Perturbations to the heterocycle electronic structure that result in a weaker and more polar E–N bond cause an increase in the Lewis acidity at the chalcogen centre, which in turn leads to stronger secondary bonding interactions with Lewis bases. Additionally, the contribution of dispersion forces is not negligible and is most important in the case of sulfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony F. Cozzolino
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Philip J.W. Elder
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Lucia Myongwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Ignacio Vargas-Baca
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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25
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Kostina SS, Singh T, Leigh WJ. Electronic and Steric Effects on the Lewis Acidities of Transient Silylenes and Germylenes: Equilibrium Constants for Complexation with Chalcogen and Pnictogen Donors. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om3002558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S. Kostina
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Tishaan Singh
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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26
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Hardwick JA, Pavelka LC, Baines KM. The addition of amides to group 14 (di)-metallenes. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:609-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11450f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Kostina SS, Singh T, Leigh WJ. Kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of transient silylenes with amines. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S. Kostina
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Tishaan Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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28
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Billone PS, Beleznay K, Harrington CR, Huck LA, Leigh WJ. A Glimpse at the Chemistry of GeH2 in Solution. Direct Detection of an Intramolecular Germylene–Alkene π-Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10523-34. [PMID: 21639137 DOI: 10.1021/ja201190b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. Billone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Katie Beleznay
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Cameron R. Harrington
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Lawrence A. Huck
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON Canada L8S 4M1
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON Canada L8S 4M1
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29
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Huck LA, Leigh WJ. Kinetic and mechanistic studies of the reactions of diarylgermylenes and tetraaryldigermenes with carbon tetrachloride. CAN J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/v10-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the reactions of diphenylgermylene (GePh2) with CCl4 in hydrocarbon solvents and in THF solution have been studied, employing 3,4-dimethyl-1,1-diphenylgermacyclopent-3-ene (6a) and 1,1-diphenylgermacyclobutane (17) as photochemical precursors to GePh2. In hydrocarbon solvents, the reaction produces Ph2GeCl2 (10) and Ph2Ge(Cl)CCl3 (12) in a ratio of 10:12 ≈ 7, along with a variety of other radical-derived products and small amounts of Ph2GeH(D)Cl (11), which is formed partly by reaction of GePh2 with adventitious HCl. The reaction is much cleaner in THF, where 12 is formed as the major product (10:12 ≈ 0.8); a similar product distribution is obtained in hexanes containing 0.05 mol/L THF, while 12 is the exclusive product in hexanes containing 3 mmol/L NEt3. Rate constants for the reactions of CCl4 with GePh2 and five ring-substituted derivatives were determined by laser flash photolysis, as well as Arrhenius parameters for reaction of the parent (GePh2), in the two solvents. The reactions of GePh2 with CCl4 and CHCl3 have also been studied in 3-methylpentane solution at 78–90 K. Different reaction mechanisms are clearly operative in hydrocarbon and complexing solvents, but both involve modest charge donation from germanium to the substrate in the transition state for the rate-determining step. For the reaction in hydrocarbon solvents, the data are consistent with inner-sphere electron transfer following or in concert with weak Lewis acid–base complexation. A similar mechanism is proposed for the reaction in THF solution, in competition with a second involving nucleophilic attack of the germylene–THF complex at a chlorine atom of the substrate. Rate constants were also determined for reaction of CCl4 with the corresponding tetraaryldigermenes at low halocarbon concentrations in hexanes, along with Arrhenius parameters for the parent (Ge2Ph4). These reactions also proceed via initial Cl-atom abstraction, based on the identity of the products formed in the reaction of CCl4 with tetramesityldigermene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A. Huck
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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30
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Bancerz M, Huck LA, Leigh WJ, Mladenova G, Najafian K, Zeng X, Lee-Ruff E. Photochemical generation of thiophene analogs of 9-fluorenyl cations. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Bundhun A, Abdallah HH, Ramasami P, Schaefer HF. Germylenes: Structures, Electron Affinities, and Singlet−Triplet Gaps of the Conventional XGeCY3 (X = H, F, Cl, Br, and I; Y = F and Cl) Species and the Unexpected Cyclic XGeCY3 (Y = Br and I) Systems. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:13198-212. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1078955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Bundhun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Hassan H. Abdallah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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32
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Cozzolino AF, Whitfield PS, Vargas-Baca I. Supramolecular Chromotropism of the Crystalline Phases of 4,5,6,7-Tetrafluorobenzo-2,1,3-telluradiazole. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:17265-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ja107252f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony F. Cozzolino
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, and Institute for Chemical Process and Environmental Technology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pamela S. Whitfield
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, and Institute for Chemical Process and Environmental Technology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ignacio Vargas-Baca
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, and Institute for Chemical Process and Environmental Technology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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33
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Rupar PA, Staroverov VN, Baines KM. Reactivity Studies of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Germanium(II). Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100059z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Rupar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Viktor N. Staroverov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kim M. Baines
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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34
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Bundhun A, Blowers P, Ramasami P, Schaefer III HF. Quantum Mechanical Modeling for the GeX 2/GeHX + GeH 4 Reactions (X = H, F, Cl, and Br). J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:4210-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1006389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Bundhun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Paul Blowers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Henry F. Schaefer III
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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35
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Kaletina MV, Korolev VV. Re-examination of 7,7′-dimethyl-7-germanorbornadiene photocleavage in solution and in organic glasses. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-010-0136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Leigh WJ, Kostina SS, Bhattacharya A, Moiseev AG. Fast Kinetics Study of the Reactions of Transient Silylenes with Alcohols. Direct Detection of Silylene−Alcohol Complexes in Solution. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om9009747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Svetlana S. Kostina
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Adroha Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Andrey G. Moiseev
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1
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37
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Huck LA, Leigh WJ. Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies of the Formal (1+2)- and (1+4)-Cycloadditions of Germylenes to Conjugated Dienes. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900791e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A. Huck
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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38
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Nag M, Gaspar PP. A Computational Study of the Mechanism of Addition of Singlet Carbene Analogues to 1,3-Butadiene to Form 1,1-Dimethylmetallacyclopent-3-enes [MMe2C4H6, M = Si, Ge, Sn] and Their Reverse Retro-addition Reactions. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900369e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmoy Nag
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
| | - Peter P. Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
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39
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Moiseev AG, Coulais E, Leigh WJ. Photochemistry of Cyclic Trisilanes: “Spring-Loaded” Precursors to Methylphenylsilylene. Chemistry 2009; 15:8485-8491. [PMID: 19610002 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Moiseev
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1 (Canada), Fax: (+1) 905-522-2509
| | - Eugénie Coulais
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1 (Canada), Fax: (+1) 905-522-2509
| | - William J Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1 (Canada), Fax: (+1) 905-522-2509
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Mizuhata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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41
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Bundhun A, Ramasami P, Schaefer HF. Germylene Energetics: Electron Affinities and Singlet−Triplet Gaps of GeX2 and GeXY Species (X, Y = H, CH3, SiH3, GeH3, F, Cl, Br, I). J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:8080-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jp900735w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Bundhun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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42
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Lollmahomed F, Leigh WJ. Laser Flash Photolysis Studies of Some Dimethylgermylene Precursors. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om9000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Lollmahomed
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
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43
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Lollmahomed F, Huck LA, Harrington CR, Chitnis SS, Leigh WJ. Fast Kinetic Studies of the Reactivities of Transient Germylenes in Methanol and Tetrahydrofuran Solution. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om8010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Lollmahomed
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Lawrence A. Huck
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Cameron R. Harrington
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Saurabh S. Chitnis
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
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44
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Leigh WJ, Potter GD, Huck LA, Bhattacharya A. Competing Germene and Germylene Extrusion from Photolysis of 1,1-Diarylgermacyclobutanes. Substituent Effects on Germene Reactivity. Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om800574s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Gregory D. Potter
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Lawrence A. Huck
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Adroha Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
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45
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Moiseev AG, Leigh WJ. Direct Detection of Diphenylsilylene and Tetraphenyldisilene in Solution. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om7006584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G. Moiseev
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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46
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Hurni KL, Rupar PA, Payne NC, Baines KM. On the Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Tetramesityldigermene. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om7005358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krysten L. Hurni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Paul A. Rupar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Nicholas C. Payne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Kim M. Baines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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Abstract
The photolysis of dimesitylbis(trimethylsilyl)germane (3) in hexanes or THF, at low temperature, has been investigated as a potential method for the preparative-scale synthesis of tetramesityldigermene (5). A product mixture, consisting of hexamethyldisilane, mesitylene, 2-trimethylsilylmesitylene (7), a new germacyclobutene (8), and an unidentified polymer, was obtained. No evidence for the formation of tetramesityldigermene (5) was observed.Key words: diaryldisilylgermane, digermene, germylene, germacyclobutene, photolysis.
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48
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Wakasa M, Takamori Y, Takayanagi T, Orihara M, Kugita T. Re-examination of the photochemical reaction of octaisopropylcyclotetragermane. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Huck LA, Leigh WJ. Substituent Effects on the Reactions of Diarylgermylenes and Tetraaryldigermenes with Acetic Acid and Other Lewis Bases in Hydrocarbon Solution. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om0609362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A. Huck
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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50
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Kaletina MV, Plyusnin VF, Grivin VP, Korolev VV, Leshina TV. Fast processes and intermediates in photochemistry of 7-dimethyl-germanorbornadiene. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:13341-8. [PMID: 17165857 DOI: 10.1021/jp0604950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Laser pulse photolysis experiments have shown that the triplet excited-state of 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylnaphthalene (TPN) is one of the primary intermediates of the photochemical transformation of 7,7'-dimethylgerma-1,4,5,6-tetraphenyl-2,3-benzo-norbornadiene (GNB) in hexane solution. The molar absorption of T-T absorption and the quantum yield of the intersystem crossing of TPN were determined from the triplet-triplet energy transfer. The scheme of GNB photocleavage has been suggested where the triplet excited TPN originated from the triplet state of biradical through cleavage of the second C-Ge bond, the latter being generated from the excited singlet state of the initial GNB after the cleavage of the first C-Ge bond and the intersystem crossing. Other channels of GNB's chemical transformation have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita V Kaletina
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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