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Auer M, Diab F, Eichele K, Schubert H, Wesemann L. Reactivity of organogermanium and organotin trihydrides. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5950-5961. [PMID: 35348165 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00681b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The organogermanium and organotin trihydrides (TbbEH3) [E = Ge (3), Sn (7)] with the Tbb substituent were synthesized by hydride substitution (Tbb = 2,6-[CH(SiMe3)2]2-4-(t-Bu)C6H2). Deprotonation of the organoelement trihydrides 3 and 7 was studied in reaction with bases MeLi, BnK and LDA (Bn = benzyl, LDA = lithium diisopropylamide) to yield the deprotonation products (8-11) as lithium or potassium salts. Hydride abstraction from TbbSnH3 using the trityl salt [Ph3C][Al(OC{CF3}3)4] gives the salt [TbbSnH2][Al(OC{CF3}3)4] (12) which was stabilized by thf donor ligands [TbbSnH2(thf)2][Al(OC{CF3}3)4] (13). Tintrihydride 7 reacts with trialkylamine Et2MeN to give as the product of a reductive elimination of hydrogen the distannane (TbbSnH2)2 (14). Transfer of hydrogen was observed in reaction of trihydrides TbbEH3 (E = Ge, Sn) and Ar*GeH3 with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC). The NHC adduct TbbSnH(iPrNHC) (15) was synthesized at rt and the germanium hydrides exhibit hydrogen transfer at higher temperatures to give Ar*GeH(MeNHC) (16) and TbbGeH(MeNHC) (17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Auer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Fatima Diab
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Eichele
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Maudrich J, Diab F, Weiß S, Zweigart M, Eichele K, Schubert H, Müller R, Kaupp M, Wesemann L. Tetryl-Tetrylene Addition to Phenylacetylene. Chemistry 2021; 27:4691-4699. [PMID: 33332670 PMCID: PMC7986144 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenylacetylene adds [Ar*GeH2 -SnAr'], [Ar*GeH2 -PbAr'] and [Ar'SnH2 -PbAr*] at rt in a regioselective and stereoselective reaction. The highest reactivity was found for the stannylene, which reacts immediately upon addition of one equivalent of alkyne. However, the plumbylenes exhibit addition to the alkyne only in reaction with an excess of phenylacetylene. The product of the germylplumbylene addition reacts with a second equivalent of alkyne and the product of a CH-activation, a dimeric lead acetylide, were isolated. In the case of the stannylplumbylene the trans-addition product was characterized as the kinetically controlled product which isomerizes at rt to yield the cis-addition product, which is stabilized by an intramolecular Sn-H-Pb interaction. NMR chemical shifts of the olefins were investigated using two- and four-component relativistic DFT calculations, as spin-orbit effects can be large. Hydride abstraction was carried out by treating [Ar'SnPhC=CHGeH2 Ar*] with the trityl salt [Ph3 C][Al(OC{CF3 })4 ] to yield a four membered ring cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob‐Jonathan Maudrich
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Fatima Diab
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Sebastian Weiß
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Magda Zweigart
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Klaus Eichele
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Robert Müller
- Institut für ChemieTheoretische Chemie/QuantenchemieSekr. C7Technische Universität BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 13510623BerlinGermany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut für ChemieTheoretische Chemie/QuantenchemieSekr. C7Technische Universität BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 13510623BerlinGermany
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
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Talavera M, Meißner G, Rachor SG, Braun T. C–F activation reactions at germylium ions: dehydrofluorination of fluoralkanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4452-4455. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01420f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The germylium ions [GeR3]+ catalyze dehydrodefluorination reactions of fluorinated alkanes when germanes are used as hydrogen source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Talavera
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Gisa Meißner
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Simon G. Rachor
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
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Dimitrievska M, Wu H, Stavila V, Babanova OA, Skoryunov RV, Soloninin AV, Zhou W, Trump BA, Andersson MS, Skripov AV, Udovic TJ. Structural and Dynamical Properties of Potassium Dodecahydro-monocarba- closo-dodecaborate: KCB 11H 12. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 33:10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c05038. [PMID: 38868723 PMCID: PMC11167872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c05038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
MCB11H12 (M: Li, Na) dodecahydro-monocarba-closo-dodecaborate salt compounds are known to have stellar superionic Li+ and Na+ conductivities in their high-temperature disordered phases, making them potentially appealing electrolytes in all-solid-state batteries. Nonetheless, it is of keen interest to search for other related materials with similar conductivities while at the same time exhibiting even lower (more device-relevant) disordering temperatures, a key challenge for this class of materials. With this in mind, the unknown structural and dynamical properties of the heavier KCB11H12 congener were investigated in detail by x-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, neutron vibrational spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, quasielastic neutron scattering, and AC impedance measurements. This salt indeed undergoes an entropy-driven, reversible, order-disorder transformation and with a lower onset temperature (348 K upon heating) in comparison to the lighter LiCB11H12 and NaCB11H12 analogues. The K+ cations in both the low- T ordered monoclinic ( P 2 1 / c ) and high- T disordered cubic (Fm-3m) structures occupy octahedral interstices formed by theCB 11 H 12 - anions. In the low- T structure, the anions orient themselves so as to avoid close proximity between their highly electropositive C-H vertices and the neighboring K+ cations. In the high- T structure, the anions are orientationally disordered, although to best avoid the K+ cations, the anions likely orient themselves so that their C-H axes are aligned in one of eight possible directions along the body diagonals of the cubic unit cell. Across the transition, anion reorientational jump rates change from 6.2×106 s-1 in the low- T phase (332 K) to 2.6×1010 s-1 in the high- T phase (341 K). In tandem, K+ conductivity increases by about thirty-fold across the transition, yielding a high- T phase value of 3.2×10-4 S cm-1 at 361 K. Yet, this is still about one to two orders of magnitude lower than that observed for LiCB11H12 and NaCB11H12, suggesting that the relatively larger K+ cation is much more sterically hindered than Li+ and Na+ from diffusing through the anion lattice via the network of smaller interstitial sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Dimitrievska
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6102, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - Hui Wu
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6102, United States
| | - Vitalie Stavila
- Energy Nanomaterials, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551, United States
| | - Olga A. Babanova
- Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russia
| | - Roman V. Skoryunov
- Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russia
| | - Alexei V. Soloninin
- Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russia
| | - Wei Zhou
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6102, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Trump
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6102, United States
| | - Mikael S. Andersson
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6102, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Alexander V. Skripov
- Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russia
| | - Terrence J. Udovic
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6102, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2115, United States
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Balasubramaniam S, Kumar S, Andrews AP, Varghese B, Jemmis ED, Venugopal A. A Dicationic Bismuth(III) Lewis Acid: Catalytic Hydrosilylation of Olefins. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Balasubramaniam
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; 695551 Vithura Thiruvananthapuram India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; 560012 Bangalore India
| | - Alex P. Andrews
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; 695551 Vithura Thiruvananthapuram India
| | - Babu Varghese
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; 600036 Chennai India
| | - Eluvathingal D. Jemmis
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; 560012 Bangalore India
| | - Ajay Venugopal
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; 695551 Vithura Thiruvananthapuram India
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6
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Díaz-Tinoco M, Ortiz J. Carborane superhalide bases and their conjugate Brønsted-Lowry Superacids: Electron binding energies and Dyson orbitals. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Diab F, Aicher FSW, Sindlinger CP, Eichele K, Schubert H, Wesemann L. Reductive Elimination and Oxidative Addition of Hydrogen at Organostannylium and Organogermylium Cations. Chemistry 2019; 25:4426-4434. [PMID: 30706972 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Diab
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Frederik S. W. Aicher
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Christian P. Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Klaus Eichele
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
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8
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Riddlestone IM, Kraft A, Schaefer J, Krossing I. Die Schöne (WCA) und das (kationische) Biest: Neues aus der Chemie von und mit schwach koordinierenden Anionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Julia Schaefer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
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9
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Riddlestone IM, Kraft A, Schaefer J, Krossing I. Taming the Cationic Beast: Novel Developments in the Synthesis and Application of Weakly Coordinating Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13982-14024. [PMID: 29266644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This Review gives a comprehensive overview of the most topical weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) and contains information on WCA design, stability, and applications. As an update to the 2004 review, developments in common classes of WCA are included. Methods for the incorporation of WCAs into a given system are discussed and advice given on how to best choose a method for the introduction of a particular WCA. A series of starting materials for a large number of WCA precursors and references are tabulated as a useful resource when looking for procedures to prepare WCAs. Furthermore, a collection of scales that allow the performance of a WCA, or its underlying Lewis acid, to be judged is collated with some advice on how to use them. The examples chosen to illustrate WCA developments are taken from a broad selection of topics where WCAs play a role. In addition a section focusing on transition metal and catalysis applications as well as supporting electrolytes is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Schaefer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Olaru M, Duvinage D, Lork E, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Schwere Carbenhomologe: donorfreie Bismutenium- und Stibenium-Ionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Daniel Duvinage
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik; Freie Universität Berlin; Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
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11
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Olaru M, Duvinage D, Lork E, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Heavy Carbene Analogues: Donor-Free Bismuthenium and Stibenium Ions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10080-10084. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Daniel Duvinage
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik; Freie Universität Berlin; Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
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12
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Beyond carbocations: Synthesis, structure and reactivity of heavier Group 14 element cations. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Shen Y, Pan Y, Zhang K, Liang X, Liu J, Spingler B, Duttwyler S. B–H functionalization of the monocarba-closo-dodecaborate anion by rhodium and iridium catalysis. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:3135-3140. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00269f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The regioselective derivatization of the monocarba-closo-dodecaborate anion via catalytic B–H bond activation is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Shen
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- 310027 Hangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Yani Pan
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- 310027 Hangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- 310027 Hangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Xuewei Liang
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- 310027 Hangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- 310027 Hangzhou
- P.R. China
| | | | - Simon Duttwyler
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- 310027 Hangzhou
- P.R. China
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15
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Wahab A, Kaleta J, Wen J, Valášek M, Polášek M, Michl J, Ludvík J. Electrochemical Oxidation of [1-X-12-I-CB 11Me 10-] Anions: Formation of Borenium Ylides [12-Dehydro-1-X-CB 11Me 10] and Iodonium Ylide Anions [{12-(1-X-CB 11Me 10-)} 2I +]. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:12815-12821. [PMID: 27989211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammograms of 12-iodinated icosahedral carborane anions [1-X-12-I-CB11Me10-] (X = H, CH3, C2H5, C3H7, C4H9, C6H13, and COOCH3) show two one-electron anodic oxidation peaks at the Pt electrode in liquid SO2. Oddly, the first is irreversible and the second partially reversible. Mass spectrometry of the principal anionic product of preparative anodic oxidation of [1-H-12-I-CB11Me11-], identical with the anionic product of its reaction with [Et3Si-H-SiEt3]+ and/or Et3Si+, allows it to be identified as the iodonium ylide anion [{12-(1-H-CB11Me10-)}2I+]. Its reversible oxidation to a neutral ylide radical [{12-(1-H-CB11Me10•)}{12-(1-H-CB11Me10-)}I+] is responsible for the second peak. A DFT geometry optimization suggests that both the ylide anion and the ylide radical are very crowded and have an unusually large C-I-C valence angle of ∼132°; they are the first compounds with two bulky highly methylated CB11 cages attached to the same atom. Molecular iodine is another product of the electrolysis. We propose an electrode mechanism in which initial one-electron oxidation of [1-X-12-I-CB11Me10-] is followed by a transfer of an iodine atom from the B-I bond to SO2 to yield a weakly bound radical ISO2• which disproportionates into SO2 and I2. The other product is the borenium ylide [12-dehydro-1-X-CB11Me10], which has a strongly Lewis acidic naked vertex in position 12 that rapidly adds to another [1-X-12-I-CB11Me10-] anion to form the observed stable ylide anion [{12-(1-X-CB11Me10-)}2I+]. In acetonitrile, where it presumably exists as a solvent adduct, [12-dehydro-1-X-CB11Me10] has been trapped with H2O and, to a small extent, with MeOH, but not with several other potential trapping agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahab
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kaleta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jin Wen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Michal Valášek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Polášek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Jiří Ludvík
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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Wahab A, Douvris C, Klíma J, Šembera F, Ugolotti J, Kaleta J, Ludvík J, Michl J. Anodic Oxidation of 18 Halogenated and/or Methylated Derivatives of CB 11H 12. Inorg Chem 2016; 56:269-276. [PMID: 27936641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anodic oxidation of [CB11H12]- and 18 of its halogenated and/or methylated derivatives was examined. Reversible oxidation was found for four of the anions in liquid SO2 and for four more in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol. The oxidation occurred at ∼1 V (for [CB11Me12]-) up to more than 4 V (for [1-H-(2-6)-F5-(7-12)-(CF3)6-CB11]-) relative to ferrocene/ferricinium. The anodic peak potentials are reproduced by a set of additive position-sensitive substituent increments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahab
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Christos Douvris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Jiří Klíma
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Šembera
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Juri Ugolotti
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kaleta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Ludvík
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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17
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Bertocco P, Bolli C, Derendorf J, Jenne C, Klein A, Stirnat K. The Me3NB12Cl11.Radical: A Strong One-Electron Oxidizing Agent. Chemistry 2016; 22:16032-16036. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Bertocco
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Anorganische Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstrasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Christoph Bolli
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Anorganische Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstrasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Janis Derendorf
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Anorganische Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstrasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Anorganische Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstrasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Axel Klein
- EPR Spectroscopy,Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Department für Chemie; Universität zu Köln; Greinstrasse 6 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Kathrin Stirnat
- EPR Spectroscopy,Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Department für Chemie; Universität zu Köln; Greinstrasse 6 50939 Köln Germany
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18
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Tang WS, Unemoto A, Zhou W, Stavila V, Matsuo M, Wu H, Orimo SI, Udovic TJ. Unparalleled Lithium and Sodium Superionic Conduction in Solid Electrolytes with Large Monovalent Cage-like Anions. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2015; 8:3637-3645. [PMID: 26955398 PMCID: PMC4778258 DOI: 10.1039/c5ee02941d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Solid electrolytes with sufficiently high conductivities and stabilities are the elusive answer to the inherent shortcomings of organic liquid electrolytes prevalent in today's rechargeable batteries. We recently revealed a novel fast-ion-conducting sodium salt, Na2B12H12, which contains large, icosahedral, divalent B12H122- anions that enable impressive superionic conductivity, albeit only above its 529 K phase transition. Its lithium congener, Li2B12H12, possesses an even more technologically prohibitive transition temperature above 600 K. Here we show that the chemically related LiCB11H12 and NaCB11H12 salts, which contain icosahedral, monovalent CB11H12- anions, both exhibit much lower transition temperatures near 400 K and 380 K, respectively, and truly stellar ionic conductivities (> 0.1 S cm-1) unmatched by any other known polycrystalline materials at these temperatures. With proper modifications, we are confident that room-temperature-stabilized superionic salts incorporating such large polyhedral anion building blocks are attainable, thus enhancing their future prospects as practical electrolyte materials in next-generation, all-solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Si Tang
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6102, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2115, USA
| | - Atsushi Unemoto
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Wei Zhou
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6102, USA
| | - Vitalie Stavila
- Energy Nanomaterials, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Motoaki Matsuo
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hui Wu
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6102, USA
| | - Shin-Ichi Orimo
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan; Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Terrence J Udovic
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6102, USA
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19
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Abstract
Once seldom encountered outside of a few laboratories, carboranes are now everywhere, playing a role in the development of a broad range of technologies encompassing organic synthesis, radionuclide handling, drug design, heat-resistant polymers, cancer therapy, nanomaterials, catalysis, metal-organic frameworks, molecular machines, batteries, electronic devices, and more. This perspective highlights selected examples in which the special attributes of carboranes and metallacarboranes are being exploited for targeted purposes in the laboratory and in the wider world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell N Grimes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA.
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20
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Douvris C, Michl J. Update 1 of:Chemistry of the Carba-closo-dodecaborate(−) Anion, CB11H12–. Chem Rev 2014; 113:PR179-233. [PMID: 23944158 DOI: 10.1021/cr400059k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Douvris
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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21
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Boeré RT, Bolli C, Finze M, Himmelspach A, Knapp C, Roemmele TL. Quantum-Chemical and Electrochemical Investigation of the Electrochemical Windows of Halogenated Carborate Anions. Chemistry 2012; 19:1784-95. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Alferova AA, Kochina TA, Avrorin VV, Sinotova EN. Synthesis of diethylditritiumstannane Et2SnT2, a generator of stannylium cations. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363212110308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Kaleta J, Tarábek J, Akdag A, Pohl R, Michl J. The 16 CB11(CH3)n(CD3)12–n• Radicals with 5-Fold Substitution Symmetry: Spin Density Distribution in CB11Me12•. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:10819-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ic301236s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kaleta
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610
Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Tarábek
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610
Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Akin Akdag
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610
Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610
Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610
Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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24
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Antoniotti P, Benzi P, Bottizzo E, Operti L, Rabezzana R, Borocci S, Giordani M, Grandinetti F. Gaseous germyl cations: A theoretical investigation on the structure, properties, and mechanism of formation of and (n=0–2). COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Wahab A, Stepp B, Douvris C, Valášek M, Štursa J, Klı́ma J, Piqueras MC, Crespo R, Ludvı́k J, Michl J. Measured and Calculated Oxidation Potentials of 1-X-12-Y-CB11Me10– Anions. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:5128-37. [DOI: 10.1021/ic2026939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahab
- J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova
3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Brian Stepp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215,
United States
| | - Christos Douvris
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215,
United States
| | - Michal Valášek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Štursa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřı́ Klı́ma
- J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova
3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Mari-Carmen Piqueras
- Departament de Quı́mica Fı́sica, Universitat de València, Dr.
Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Raül Crespo
- Departament de Quı́mica Fı́sica, Universitat de València, Dr.
Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jiřı́ Ludvı́k
- J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova
3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215,
United States
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26
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Antoniotti P, Benzi P, Operti L, Rabezzana R, Borocco S, Giordani M, Grandinetti F. Germyl cations with Ge-S bond: an experimental and theoretical study on the gaseous F(n)Ge(SH)(3-n)+ (n=0-2). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2012; 18:447-456. [PMID: 23221118 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The germyl cations F(2)Ge(SH)(+), FGe(SH)(2)(+) and Ge(SH)(3)(+) were obtained from ionized mixtures of GeF(4) and H(2)S. Ion trap mass spectrometry revealed the occurrence of three consecutive addition-HF elimination reactions between GeF(3)(+), F(2)Ge(SH)(+) and FGe(SH)(2)(+) and H(2)S. The structure and the mechanism of formation of the observed F(n)Ge(SH)(3-n)(+) (n = 0-2) were investigated by ab initio calculations performed at the MP2 and coupled cluster level of theory. It was also possible to note regular trends in the geometries and Lewis acidities of the F(n)Ge(SH)(3-n)(+) (n= 0-3).
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27
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Schäfer A, Saak W, Haase D, Müller T. Persistent dialkyl(silyl)stannylium ions. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:14562-5. [PMID: 21838280 DOI: 10.1021/ja206338u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of dialkyl(silyl)stannylium borates 2[B(C(6)F(5))(4)] by reaction of a stable β-silyl-substituted stannylene 3 with silylarenium borates 4[B(C(6)F(5))(4)] is reported. The stannylium borates 2[B(C(6)F(5))(4)] are characterized by NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, supported by the results of quantum mechanical calculations. The accumulated experimental and theoretical data indicate that the stannylium ions 2 are not stabilized by β-silyl hyperconjugation and that intramolecular C-H/Sn(+) interactions are not important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Schäfer
- Institut für Reine und Angewandte Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, D-26111 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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28
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Schäfer A, Winter F, Saak W, Haase D, Pöttgen R, Müller T. Stannylium Ions, a Tin(II) Arene Complex, and a Tin Dication Stabilized by Weakly Coordinating Anions. Chemistry 2011; 17:10979-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Wright JH, Mueck GW, Tham FS, Reed CA. R3E+ Carborane Salts of the Heavier Group 14 Elements: E = Ge, Sn, and Pb. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100662r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James H. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403
| | - Gabriel W. Mueck
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403
| | - Fook S. Tham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403
| | - Christopher A. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403
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30
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Lipping L, Leito I, Koppel I, Koppel IA. Gas-Phase Brønsted Superacidity of Some Derivatives of Monocarba-closo-Borates: a Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:12972-8. [PMID: 19807147 DOI: 10.1021/jp905449k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Lipping
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 2 Jakobi St. 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 2 Jakobi St. 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivar Koppel
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 2 Jakobi St. 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ilmar A. Koppel
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 2 Jakobi St. 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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31
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Puga A, Teixidor F, Sillanpää R, Kivekäs R, Arca M, Barberà G, Viñas C. From Mono- to Poly-Substituted Frameworks: A Way of Tuning the Acidic Character of CcH ino-Carborane Derivatives. Chemistry 2009; 15:9755-63. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Vacek J, Caskey DC, Horinek D, Shoemaker RK, Stang PJ, Michl J. Pyridine ligand rotation in self-assembled trigonal prisms. Evidence for intracage solvent vapor bubbles. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:7629-38. [PMID: 18491897 DOI: 10.1021/ja801341m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rate of interconversion of the two inequivalent edges of the pyridine rings in the trigonal prism 3c, self-assembled from 3 equiv of the star connector, tetrakis[4-(4-pyridylethynyl)phenyl]cyclobutadienecyclopentadienylcobalt, and 6 equiv of a platinum linker, cis-(Me3P)2Pt(2+) 2 TfO(-), was determined by DNMR in nitromethane. It exhibits a highly unusual bilinear Eyring plot. In the low temperature regime, the activation enthalpy DeltaH(double dagger) is approximately 12 kcal/mol and an activation entropy DeltaS(double dagger) ranges from approximately -15 to approximately 0 cal/mol x K as a function of the nature and concentration of the anions present. The reaction is attributed to hindered rotation of the pyridine rings about the Pt-N bond, facilitated by a tight pairing with a counterion. Above a counterion-dependent limiting temperature, DeltaH(double dagger) and DeltaS(double dagger) change abruptly to approximately 35 kcal/mol and approximately 60 cal/mol x K, respectively. The changes largely compensate, such that the reactions have comparable rates in the two regimes, both amenable to DNMR measurement, but their mechanisms clearly differ. Several kinetic models for the involvement of ion pairing equilibria fit the observed data nearly equally well, and they all contain a reaction step with high DeltaH(double dagger) and DeltaS(double dagger) values in the high-temperature regime. Its mechanism is proposed to involve a counterion-assisted reversible dissociation of one or two adjacent Pt-N bonds, followed by nearly free rotation of the terminal pyridine ring or rings and subsequent bond reclosure, which is similar to the last presumed step in the initial prism assembly. An interpretation of the very high DeltaS(double dagger) value is suggested by molecular dynamics calculations: at equilibrium, there is a bubble of gaseous nitromethane solvent inside the prism, and it collapses when the prism opens as the transition state is reached. A simple calculation of the entropy of cavitation provides quantitative support for this tentative proposal. The presence of such voids might be generally important for the formation and properties of self-assembled cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Vacek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA.
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33
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Abstract
After a brief introduction to the electronic structure of the three-dimensionally aromatic icosahedral closo-monocarbadodecaborate anion CB11H12-, some recent results for its permethylated version, CB11Me12- and three highly reactive electroneutral analogs are presented and discussed. These are the radical CB11Me12·, the boronium ylide CB11Me11 with a naked boron vertex, and the isomeric carbonium ylide with a naked carbon vertex. These ylides are probably better viewed as unusual types of singlet borylene and carbene, respectively.
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34
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Vyakaranam K, Körbe S, Michl J. Air-Initiated Radical Polymerization of Lithium Salts of omega-(Undecamethylcarba-closo-dodecaboran-1'-yl)alk-1-enes, CH2=CH(CH2)(n-2)C(BMe)11- Li+. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:5680-6. [PMID: 16637634 DOI: 10.1021/ja054967k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report an easy access to the salts of the LiC(BMe)11- anion, which greatly simplifies the synthesis of compounds carrying the -C(BMe)11- substituent, including the title anions. The previously recognized and puzzling spontaneous oligomerization of the solid lithium salts CH2=CH(CH2)(n-2)C(BMe)11- Li+ upon storage under ambient conditions is now shown to proceed by a radical mechanism, with the "naked" Li+ cation acting as a catalyst. The degree of polymerization is higher in solution, especially when azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) is used as initiator (up to approximately 50). Initiation by the thermal decomposition of AIBN is also catalyzed by naked Li+, and this initiator is effective at room temperature. Di-tert-butyl peroxide and UV irradiation can also be used. The observation of Li+ catalysis agrees with a prior prediction from ab initio calculations, according to which Li+ complexation of ethylene strongly lowers the activation energy for methyl radical addition. The results bear on the current discussion of the possible sensitivity of radical clocks to their molecular environment and suggest that naked Li+ will catalyze the radical polymerization of simple terminal alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamesh Vyakaranam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA
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35
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King BT, Körbe S, Schreiber PJ, Clayton J, Němcová A, Havlas Z, Vyakaranam K, Fete MG, Zharov I, Ceremuga J, Michl J. The Sixteen CB11HnMe12-n- Anions with Fivefold Substitution Symmetry: Anodic Oxidation and Electronic Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:12960-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ja066247z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. King
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and the Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Stefanie Körbe
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and the Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Peter J. Schreiber
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and the Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Joshua Clayton
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and the Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Adriana Němcová
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and the Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Zdeněk Havlas
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and the Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Kamesh Vyakaranam
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and the Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Matthew G. Fete
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and the Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Ilya Zharov
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and the Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Jason Ceremuga
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and the Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Josef Michl
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and the Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
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36
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Molinos E, Brayshaw SK, Kociok-Köhn G, Weller AS. Sequential Dehydrogenative Borylation/Hydrogenation Route to Polyethyl-Substituted, Weakly Coordinating Carborane Anions. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om070043p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Molinos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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37
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Körbe S, Schreiber PJ, Michl J. Chemistry of the Carba-closo-dodecaborate(−) Anion, CB11H12-. Chem Rev 2006; 106:5208-49. [PMID: 17165686 DOI: 10.1021/cr050548u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Körbe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
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Kašná B, Jambor R, Dostál L, Císařová I, Holeček J, Štíbr B. Stabilization of Triaryltin(IV) Cations Containing an O,C,O-Coordinating Pincer-Type Ligand. Isolation of a New [Ag(1-CB11H12)3]2- Anion. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om060516c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Kašná
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Čs. legií 565, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Praha 2, Czech Republic, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 250 68, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Čs. legií 565, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Praha 2, Czech Republic, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 250 68, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Čs. legií 565, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Praha 2, Czech Republic, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 250 68, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Čs. legií 565, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Praha 2, Czech Republic, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 250 68, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Holeček
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Čs. legií 565, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Praha 2, Czech Republic, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 250 68, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Štíbr
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Čs. legií 565, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Praha 2, Czech Republic, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 250 68, Řež, Czech Republic
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39
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Sarazin Y, Coles SJ, Hughes DL, Hursthouse MB, Bochmann M. Cationic Brønsted Acids for the Preparation of Sn
IV
Salts: Synthesis and Characterisation of [Ph
3
Sn(OEt
2
)][H
2
N{B(C
6
F
5
)
3
}
2
],[Sn(NMe
2
)
3
(HNMe
2
)
2
][B(C
6
F
5
)
4
] and [Me
3
Sn(HNMe
2
)
2
][B(C
6
F
5
)
4
]. Eur J Inorg Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200600397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Sarazin
- Wolfson Materials and Catalysis Centre, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, University Plain, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK, Fax: +44‐01603‐592044
| | - Simon J. Coles
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - David L. Hughes
- Wolfson Materials and Catalysis Centre, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, University Plain, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK, Fax: +44‐01603‐592044
| | | | - Manfred Bochmann
- Wolfson Materials and Catalysis Centre, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, University Plain, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK, Fax: +44‐01603‐592044
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40
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Zharov I, Havlas Z, Orendt AM, Barich DH, Grant DM, Fete MG, Michl J. CB11Me11 Boronium Ylides: Carba-closo-dodecaboranes with a Naked Boron Vertex. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:6089-100. [PMID: 16669678 DOI: 10.1021/ja054256m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In pentane solution, 2 equiv of the icosahedral CB(11)Me(12)(*) radical cleaves the Si-Si bond of hexaalkyldisilanes by boron to silicon methyl transfer with formation of 2 equiv of methyltrialkylsilanes. The loss of a methyl radical converts the CB(11)Me(12)(*) radical into an internally charge-compensated "boronium ylide" CB(11)Me(11) with a naked vertex, which can be formally viewed as a deprotonated hypercloso carborane. It has been isolated as an air-sensitive solid, stable only below approximately -60 degrees C. The naked vertex appears to be in position 12 since the material reacts instantaneously with alcohols and ethers to form the 12-alkoxy anions 12-CB(11)Me(11)OR. It reacts with many other nucleophiles to yield more complex mixtures containing similar products. DFT calculations for the four CB(11)Me(11) isomers give closed-shell ground-state electronic structures. For the isomer with naked vertex 12, a DFT computational search failed to reveal any skeletal dimers, apparently due to excessive methyl-methyl repulsions, and only a cyclic dimer bound through weak interactions of one of the 7-methyl hydrogen atoms on each cage with the empty exocyclic orbitals on B12 of the other cage was found. Natural hybrid orbital populations suggest that the three possible isomers of monomeric boronium ylides are close to true singlet ylides, with triplet states approximately 50 kcal/mol higher. The calculated electronic structure of the carbonium ylide is close to a singlet carbene, with a triplet state approximately 16 kcal/mol higher. An attempted preparation of Me(3)C(+)CB(11)Me(12)(-) yielded neopentane and products consistent with a sequential loss of methyl groups from the carborane cage with a transient formation of similar boronium ylides. Probable mechanisms of these methyl transfer reactions are considered, and the possibly quite general role of "ylide" structures in Lewis acid induced substitution reactions on the boron vertices of carboranes and boranes is noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Zharov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA
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41
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Wrackmeyer B. Metallacyclopentadienes and related heterocycles via 1,1-organoboration of alkyn-1-ylmetal compounds. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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42
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Molinos E, Player TPH, Kociok-Köhn G, Ruggerio GD, Weller AS. [1-Me-1-closo-SnB11H11]− as a potential weakly coordinating anion: Synthesis of Rh(PPh3)2(1-Me-closo-SnB11H11) and comparisons with Rh(PR3)2 (1-H-closo-CB11 H11). HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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43
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Vyakaranam K, Janoušek Z, Eriksson L, Michl J. Preparation of undecamethylated and hexamethylated 1-halocarba-closo-dodecaborate anions. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Teixidor F, Barberà G, Vaca A, Kivekäs R, Sillanpää R, Oliva J, Viñas C. Are Methyl Groups Electron-Donating or Electron-Withdrawing in Boron Clusters? Permethylation ofo-Carborane. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:10158-9. [PMID: 16028913 DOI: 10.1021/ja052981r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
That methyl groups attached to carbon atoms are electron donors must not be generally assumed. In boron clusters, Me groups on boron are electron withdrawing. At the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory, it has been proven that the Mulliken charge on each boron after substitution of -H by -Me increases by +0.18 unit. This leads to a high build-up of positive charge upon permethylation, then hampering it. Experimentally, this is proven by the synthesis of 9-I0.707H0.293-12-Cl0.566H0.434-3,4,5,6,7,8,10,11-Me8-1,2-C2B10H2, in which positions 9 and 12 were first methylated and then attacked by nucleophiles. This is substantiated by the synthesis of 3,6,8,9,10,12-Me6-1,2-C2B10H6 under the same experimental conditions but with time control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Teixidor
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC), Campus U.A.B., E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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45
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47
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Choi N, Lickiss PD, McPartlin M, Masangane PC, Veneziani GL. Isolation and structure of a silicocationic species with 1,3-aryl bridging between silicon atoms: a bis-silylated benzenium ion or a bridging Ph group? Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:6023-5. [PMID: 16333515 DOI: 10.1039/b513203g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydride abstraction from (Me3Si)3CSiMePhH by Ph3C+ affords the cation [(Me3Si)2CSiMe2-Ph-SiMe2]+, which is shown by X-ray crystallography to contain the first structurally characterised example of a Ph group bridging between two silicon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Choi
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London, N7 8DB, UK
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48
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Molinos E, Kociok-Köhn G, Weller AS. Polyethyl substituted weakly coordinating carborane anions: a sequential dehydrogenative borylation–hydrogenation route. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:3609-11. [PMID: 16010340 DOI: 10.1039/b504630k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylated carborane monoanions based on [closo-CB11H12]- with up to five B-ethyl groups can be prepared by a sequential Rh-catalysed dehydrogenative borylation then hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Molinos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK BA2 7AY
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49
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Vyakaranam K, Körbe S, Divisová H, Michl J. A New Type of Intermediate, C+(BCH3)11- ↔ C(BCH3)11, in a Grob Fragmentation Coupled with Intramolecular Hydride Transfer. A Nonclassical Carbocation Ylide or a Carbenoid? J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:15795-801. [PMID: 15571404 DOI: 10.1021/ja0466558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In solvolysis of alkyl halides Hal-(CH(2))(n)-C(BCH(3))(11)(-) (n = 2, 5, 6, but not 3, 4, or 7) and protonation of alkenes CH(2)=CH-(CH(2))(n)(-)(2)-C(BCH(3))(11)(-) (n = 3, 6, 7, but not 4 or 5) carrying the icosahedral electrofuge -C(BCH(3))(11)(-) attached through its cage carbon atom, generation of incipient positive charge on C(alpha) (as shown in Scheme 1 in the article) leads to simultaneous cleavage of the C(beta)-C(BCH(3))(11)(-) bond. The products are a C(alpha)=C(beta) alkene and a postulated intermediate C(+)(BCH(3))(11)(-) <--> C(BCH(3))(11), trapped as the adduct Nu-C(BCH(3))(11)(-) by one of the nucleophiles (Nu(-)) present. The reaction kinetics is E1, first order in the haloalkylcarborane and zero order in [Nu(-)], and the elimination appears to be concerted, as in the usual E2 mechanism. The process is best viewed as a Grob fragmentation. The loss of the longer chains involves intrachain hydride transfer from the C(alpha)-H bond to an incipient carbocation on C(delta)(') or C(epsilon)(') via a five- or six-membered cyclic transition state, respectively. The electronic structure of the postulated intermediate is believed to lie between those of a nonclassical carbonium ylide C(+)(BCH(3))(11)(-) and a carbenoid C(BCH(3))(11) whose electronic ground state resembles the S(2) state of ordinary carbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamesh Vyakaranam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA
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