1
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Singh PP, Sharma U. Network pharmacology-guided therapeutic exploration of a new trihydroxy fatty ester isolated from rhizomes of Trillium govanianum. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-5. [PMID: 38979980 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2375318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
One new previously undescribed trihydroxy fatty ester (1) and three known aliphatic alkenes (2-4) have been isolated from the rhizomes of Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D.Don. The structures of isolated molecules were elucidated using extensive spectroscopic techniques including NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and FT-IR, respectively. This is the first report on the isolation of compounds 3 and 4 from the Trillium genus. Moreover, through a network pharmacology approach, the therapeutic potential of the isolated molecules was investigated. This analysis revealed that these fatty alkenes can be utilised for managing health conditions such as pneumonitis, inflammatory pain, and endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithvi Pal Singh
- C-H Activation & Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Upendra Sharma
- C-H Activation & Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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2
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Hazer B, Ashby RD. Synthesis Of Poly Vinyl Chloride/Chlorinated Polypropylene-Active Natural Substance Derivatives For Potential Packaging Materials Application. Tannic Acid, Menthol And Lipoic Acid. Food Chem 2022; 403:134475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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3
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Plunkett A, Kampferbeck M, Bor B, Sazama U, Krekeler T, Bekaert L, Noei H, Giuntini D, Fröba M, Stierle A, Weller H, Vossmeyer T, Schneider GA, Domènech B. Strengthening Engineered Nanocrystal Three-Dimensional Superlattices via Ligand Conformation and Reactivity. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11692-11707. [PMID: 35760395 PMCID: PMC9413410 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystal assembly into ordered structures provides mesostructural functional materials with a precise control that starts at the atomic scale. However, the lack of understanding on the self-assembly itself plus the poor structural integrity of the resulting supercrystalline materials still limits their application into engineered materials and devices. Surface functionalization of the nanobuilding blocks with organic ligands can be used not only as a means to control the interparticle interactions during self-assembly but also as a reactive platform to further strengthen the final material via ligand cross-linking. Here, we explore the influence of the ligands on superlattice formation and during cross-linking via thermal annealing. We elucidate the effect of the surface functionalization on the nanostructure during self-assembly and show how the ligand-promoted superlattice changes subsequently alter the cross-linking behavior. By gaining further insights on the chemical species derived from the thermally activated cross-linking and its effect in the overall mechanical response, we identify an oxidative radical polymerization as the main mechanism responsible for the ligand cross-linking. In the cascade of reactions occurring during the surface-ligands polymerization, the nanocrystal core material plays a catalytic role, being strongly affected by the anchoring group of the surface ligands. Ultimately, we demonstrate how the found mechanistic insights can be used to adjust the mechanical and nanostructural properties of the obtained nanocomposites. These results enable engineering supercrystalline nanocomposites with improved cohesion while preserving their characteristic nanostructure, which is required to achieve the collective properties for broad functional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Plunkett
- Institute
of Advanced Ceramics, Hamburg University
of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kampferbeck
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Büsra Bor
- Institute
of Advanced Ceramics, Hamburg University
of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uta Sazama
- Institute
of Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, University
of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Krekeler
- Electron
Microscopy Unit, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lieven Bekaert
- Research
Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heshmat Noei
- Center
for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diletta Giuntini
- Institute
of Advanced Ceramics, Hamburg University
of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Fröba
- Institute
of Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, University
of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Stierle
- Center
for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbreich
Physik, University of Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Horst Weller
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer-CAN, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Vossmeyer
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerold A. Schneider
- Institute
of Advanced Ceramics, Hamburg University
of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berta Domènech
- Institute
of Advanced Ceramics, Hamburg University
of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Lipid Peroxidation Produces a Diverse Mixture of Saturated and Unsaturated Aldehydes in Exhaled Breath That Can Serve as Biomarkers of Lung Cancer-A Review. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060561. [PMID: 35736492 PMCID: PMC9229171 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids is a widely recognized metabolic process that creates a complex mixture of volatile organic compounds including aldehydes. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species in cancer cells promote random lipid peroxidation, which leads to a variety of aldehydes. In the case of lung cancer, many of these volatile aldehydes are exhaled and are of interest as potential markers of the disease. Relevant studies reporting aldehydes in the exhaled breath of lung cancer patients were collected for this review by searching the PubMed and SciFindern databases until 25 May 2022. Information on breath test results, including the biomarker collection, preconcentration, and quantification methods, was extracted and tabulated. Overall, 44 studies were included spanning a period of 34 years. The data show that, as a class, aldehydes are significantly elevated in the breath of lung cancer patients at all stages of the disease relative to healthy control subjects. The type of aldehyde detected and/or deemed to be a biomarker is highly dependent on the method of exhaled breath sampling and analysis. Unsaturated aldehydes, detected primarily when derivatized during preconcentration, are underrepresented as biomarkers given that they are also likely products of lipid peroxidation. Pentanal, hexanal, and heptanal were the most reported aldehydes in studies of exhaled breath from lung cancer patients.
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5
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Li P, Zhu X, Kong M, Lv Y, Huang Y, Yang Q, Li G. Fully biodegradable polylactide foams with ultrahigh expansion ratio and heat resistance for green packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:222-234. [PMID: 33930441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Long chain branching (LCB) structures are efficiently introduced into polylactide (PLA) by employing sustainable soybean oil (SO) under the initiation of trace amount of cyclic peroxide, which displays robust foamability and heat resistance. It is discovered that with the introduction of 0.6 wt% SO, the expansion ratio and Vicat softening temperature of LCB PLA are sharply raised to 75.2-fold and 155.8 °C, respectively, which is about 17.9 and 2.6 times those of linear PLA. This is because that the amounts of LCB structures are significantly increased in LCB PLA by the addition of SO with low reactivity of internal CC bonds, which can avoid the oligomerization reaction, resulting in more dramatically improved melting strength and crystallization performance of LCB PLA. Moreover, the hydrolytic degradation of LCB PLA is largely expedited as compared to linear PLA, owing to the more rapid water permeation caused by the loose packing of LCB structures. Finally, the PLA foam tray with light weight and good heat resistance is successfully developed by using LCB PLA with 0.6 wt% SO through extrusion foaming with supercritical carbon oxide and thermoforming techniques. Hence, this research offers a green route to produce eco-friendly light-weight and high-heat-resistance LCB-PLA foam with full biodegradability, which is an ideal alternative to the non-degradable oil-based plastics in the field of disposable packaging products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Miqiu Kong
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| | - Yadong Lv
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Yajiang Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
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6
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Quirino RL, Monroe K, Fleischer CH, Biswas E, Kessler MR. Thermosetting polymers from renewable sources. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael L Quirino
- Chemistry Department Georgia Southern University Statesboro GA USA
| | - Khristal Monroe
- Chemistry Department Georgia Southern University Statesboro GA USA
| | - Carl H Fleischer
- Chemistry Department Georgia Southern University Statesboro GA USA
| | - Eletria Biswas
- Chemistry Department Georgia Southern University Statesboro GA USA
| | - Michael R Kessler
- Department of Mechanical Engineering North Dakota State University Fargo ND USA
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7
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Reactive Sterol Electrophiles: Mechanisms of Formation and Reactions with Proteins and Amino Acid Nucleophiles. CHEMISTRY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 2:390-417. [PMID: 35372835 PMCID: PMC8976181 DOI: 10.3390/chemistry2020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Radical-mediated lipid oxidation and the formation of lipid hydroperoxides has been a focal point in the investigation of a number of human pathologies. Lipid peroxidation has long been linked to the inflammatory response and more recently, has been identified as the central tenet of the oxidative cell death mechanism known as ferroptosis. The formation of lipid electrophile-protein adducts has been associated with many of the disorders that involve perturbations of the cellular redox status, but the identities of adducted proteins and the effects of adduction on protein function are mostly unknown. Both cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), which is the immediate biosynthetic precursor to cholesterol, are oxidizable by species such as ozone and oxygen-centered free radicals. Product mixtures from radical chain processes are particularly complex, with recent studies having expanded the sets of electrophilic compounds formed. Here, we describe recent developments related to the formation of sterol-derived electrophiles and the adduction of these electrophiles to proteins. A framework for understanding sterol peroxidation mechanisms, which has significantly advanced in recent years, as well as the methods for the study of sterol electrophile-protein adduction, are presented in this review.
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Honzíček
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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9
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Yamanashi H, Boeglin WE, Morisseau C, Davis RW, Sulikowski GA, Hammock BD, Brash AR. Catalytic activities of mammalian epoxide hydrolases with cis and trans fatty acid epoxides relevant to skin barrier function. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:684-695. [PMID: 29459481 PMCID: PMC5880498 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m082701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenase (LOX)-catalyzed oxidation of the essential fatty acid, linoleate, represents a vital step in construction of the mammalian epidermal permeability barrier. Analysis of epidermal lipids indicates that linoleate is converted to a trihydroxy derivative by hydrolysis of an epoxy-hydroxy precursor. We evaluated different epoxide hydrolase (EH) enzymes in the hydrolysis of skin-relevant fatty acid epoxides and compared the products to those of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. In the absence of enzyme, exposure to pH 5 or pH 6 at 37°C for 30 min hydrolyzed fatty acid allylic epoxyalcohols to four trihydroxy products. By contrast, human soluble EH [sEH (EPHX2)] and human or murine epoxide hydrolase-3 [EH3 (EPHX3)] hydrolyzed cis or trans allylic epoxides to single diastereomers, identical to the major isomers detected in epidermis. Microsomal EH [mEH (EPHX1)] was inactive with these substrates. At low substrate concentrations (<10 μM), EPHX2 hydrolyzed 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) at twice the rate of the epidermal epoxyalcohol, 9R,10R-trans-epoxy-11E-13R-hydroxy-octadecenoic acid, whereas human or murine EPHX3 hydrolyzed the allylic epoxyalcohol at 31-fold and 39-fold higher rates, respectively. These data implicate the activities of EPHX2 and EPHX3 in production of the linoleate triols detected as end products of the 12R-LOX pathway in the epidermis and implicate their functioning in formation of the mammalian water permeability barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruto Yamanashi
- Departments of Pharmacology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - William E Boeglin
- Departments of Pharmacology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Robert W Davis
- Chemistry and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Gary A Sulikowski
- Chemistry and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Alan R Brash
- Departments of Pharmacology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232.
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10
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Zheng JL, Tolvanen P, Taouk B, Eränen K, Leveneur S, Salmi T. Synthesis of carbonated vegetable oils: Investigation of microwave effect in a pressurized continuous-flow recycle batch reactor. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of lipid peroxidation, a degenerative process that is believed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, are highlighted. In particular, the factors that control the kinetics and regio-/stereochemical outcomes of the autoxidation of both polyunsaturated fatty acids and sterols and the subsequent decomposition of the hydroperoxide products to cytotoxic derivatives are discussed. These advances promise to help clarify the role of lipid peroxidation in cell death and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zosia A M Zielinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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12
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Llevot A. Sustainable Synthetic Approaches for the Preparation of Plant Oil-Based Thermosets. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-016-2932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Freemont JA, Littler SW, Hutt OE, Mauger S, Meyer AG, Winkler DA, Kerr MG, Ryan JH, Cole HF, Duggan PJ. Molecular Markers for Pyrethrin Autoxidation in Stored Pyrethrum Crop: Analysis and Structure Determination. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7134-41. [PMID: 27599033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethrum is a natural insecticide extracted from Tanacetum cinerariifolium. Six esters, the pyrethrins, are responsible for the extract's insecticidal activity. The oxidative degradation of pyrethrins through contact with aerial oxygen is a potential cause of pyrethrin losses during pyrethrum manufacture. Described here is the first investigation of the autoxidation chemistry of the six pyrethrin esters isolated from pyrethrum. It was found that pyrethrins I and II, the major pyrethrin esters present in pyrethrum, undergo autoxidation more readily than the minor pyrethrin esters, the jasmolins and cinerins. Chromatographic analysis of pyrethrin I and II autoxidation mixtures showed some correlation with a similar analysis performed on extracts from T. cinerariifolium crop, which had been stored for 12 weeks without added antioxidants. Two pyrethrin II autoxidation products were isolated, characterized, and shown to be present in extracts of stored T. cinerariifolium crop, confirming that autoxidation of pyrethrin esters does occur during crop storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Freemont
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Stuart W Littler
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Oliver E Hutt
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Stephanie Mauger
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, CNRS - Chimie ParisTech , 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adam G Meyer
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - David A Winkler
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University , Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Maurice G Kerr
- Botanical Resources Australia , 44-46 Industrial Drive, Ulverstone, Tasmania 7315, Australia
| | - John H Ryan
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Helen F Cole
- Botanical Resources Australia , 44-46 Industrial Drive, Ulverstone, Tasmania 7315, Australia
| | - Peter J Duggan
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University , Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
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14
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Márquez-Ruiz G, Holgado F, Ruiz-Méndez MV, Velasco J, García-Martínez MC. Oxidation of a functional, CLA-rich oil: determination of volatile and non-volatile compounds. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Herstad G, Molesworth PP, Miller CM, Benneche T, Tius MA. Ring-closing metathesis in an enantioselective synthesis of the macrocyclic core of crassin acetate. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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17
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Efficiency of Gold Nano Particles on the Autoxidized Soybean Oil Polymer: Fractionation and Structural Analysis. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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18
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Ekorong FJAA, Zomegni G, Desobgo SCZ, Ndjouenkeu R. Optimization of drying parameters for mango seed kernels using central composite design. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-015-0036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The combined effect of drying temperature and time was evaluated on residual water content, yield of oil extraction, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of seed kernel from a Cameroonian local variety of mango (Local Ngaoundere). Response surface methodology (RSM) using central composite design (CCD) as tool, was used to develop, validate and optimize statistical models in order to establish the impact of the drying parameters (temperature and time) either alone or in combination.
Results
It was shown that drying temperature individually in its first order (X
1) contributed 30.81, 21.11, 41.28 and 33.24% while drying time individually in its first order (X
2) contributed 39.91, 15.12, 29.92 and 25.87% for residual water content, yield of oil extraction, total phenolic components and antioxidant activity respectively. The increase of drying temperature increased antioxidant activity while the other physicochemical characteristics such as water content, yield of oil extraction and total phenolic components decreased. Concerning drying time, only water content was reduced with an increase of that factor. The synergetic effect of drying temperature and time was effective only for antioxidant activity. A compromise for optimization were then fixed for water content ≤ 10% w/w; oil content ≥ 9% w/w; total polyphenols ≥ 1 mg/g and antioxidant activity ≥ 1000 mg AAE/100 g DM. A simulation for optimization gave, for 60 H and 60°C for drying time and temperature respectively permitted to obtain 4.10% w/w, 9.53% w/w, 1340.28 mg AAE/100 g DM and 1.16 mg/g for water content, oil content, antioxidant activity and total polyphenols respectively.
Conclusions
The physicochemical characteristics studied was globally influenced by the chosen factors (drying time and temperature).
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19
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Xu L, Porter NA. Free radical oxidation of cholesterol and its precursors: Implications in cholesterol biosynthesis disorders. Free Radic Res 2014; 49:835-49. [PMID: 25381800 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.985219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Free radical oxidation of cholesterol and its precursors contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of a number of human diseases. This review intends to summarize recent developments and provide a perspective on the reactivities of sterols toward free radical oxidation, the free radical reaction mechanism, and the biological consequences of oxysterols derived from the highly oxidizable cholesterol precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol. We propose that the rigid structures, additional substituents on the double bonds, and the well-aligned reactive C-H bonds in sterols make them more prone to free radical oxidation than their acyclic analogs found in unsaturated fatty acids. The mechanism of sterol peroxidation follows some well-established reaction pathways found in the free radical peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, but sterols also undergo some reactions that are unique to these compounds. Peroxidation of 7-dehydrocholesterol gives arguably the most diverse set of oxysterol products that have been observed to date. The metabolism of these oxysterols in cells and the biological consequences of their formation will be discussed in the context of the pathophysiology of the human disease Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Considering the high reactivity of sterols, we propose that a number of other cholesterol biosynthesis disorders may be associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN , USA
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20
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Reisz JA, Bansal N, Qian J, Zhao W, Furdui CM. Effects of ionizing radiation on biological molecules--mechanisms of damage and emerging methods of detection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:260-92. [PMID: 24382094 PMCID: PMC4060780 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The detrimental effects of ionizing radiation (IR) involve a highly orchestrated series of events that are amplified by endogenous signaling and culminating in oxidative damage to DNA, lipids, proteins, and many metabolites. Despite the global impact of IR, the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue damage reveal that many biomolecules are chemoselectively modified by IR. RECENT ADVANCES The development of high-throughput "omics" technologies for mapping DNA and protein modifications have revolutionized the study of IR effects on biological systems. Studies in cells, tissues, and biological fluids are used to identify molecular features or biomarkers of IR exposure and response and the molecular mechanisms that regulate their expression or synthesis. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, chemical mechanisms are described for IR-induced modifications of biomolecules along with methods for their detection. Included with the detection methods are crucial experimental considerations and caveats for their use. Additional factors critical to the cellular response to radiation, including alterations in protein expression, metabolomics, and epigenetic factors, are also discussed. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Throughout the review, the synergy of combined "omics" technologies such as genomics and epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics is highlighted. These are anticipated to lead to new hypotheses to understand IR effects on biological systems and improve IR-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Reisz
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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21
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Ratnikov MO, Doyle MP. Dirhodium caprolactamate and tert-butyl hydro- peroxide – a universal system for selective oxidations. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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22
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Márquez‐Ruiz G. Volatile compounds in thermoxidized conjugated and unconjugated linoleic acids. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Márquez‐Ruiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y NutriciónSpanish National Research Council (ICTAN‐CSIC)MadridSpain
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23
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Dagousset G, Moriya K, Mose R, Berionni G, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Diastereoselective Synthesis of Open-Chain Secondary Alkyllithium Compounds and Trapping Reactions with Electrophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:1425-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Dagousset G, Moriya K, Mose R, Berionni G, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Diastereoselektive Synthese von offenkettigen sekundären Alkyllithiumverbindungen und Abfangreaktionen mit Elektrophilen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Porter NA. A perspective on free radical autoxidation: the physical organic chemistry of polyunsaturated fatty acid and sterol peroxidation. J Org Chem 2013; 78:3511-24. [PMID: 23445181 PMCID: PMC3674788 DOI: 10.1021/jo4001433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This Perspective describes advances from the author's laboratory on the free radical reactions of organic compounds with molecular oxygen. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and sterols are particularly prone to undergo radical chain oxidation, and evidence suggests that this process, known as lipid peroxidation, occurs in vivo under a variety of conditions that are the result of an oxidative stress. Cyclic peroxides, hydroperoxides, and epoxy alcohols are major products formed from peroxidation, and the basic mechanisms of product formation are now reasonably well understood. These mechanisms include reversible addition of oxygen to carbon radicals, rearrangement and cyclization of allyl and pentadienyl peroxyl radicals, and homolytic substitution of carbon radicals on the peroxide bond. A physical organic approach to the problem of free radicals in biology and medicine is highlighted in this Perspective with stereochemical, kinetic, and extrathermodynamic probes applied to the study of mechanism. A radical clock permits the determination of free radical propagation rate constants, and 7-dehydrocholesterol, the immediate biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol, is found by this clock to be one of the most oxidizable lipids known. The consequences of the extreme reactivity of 7-dehydrocholesterol on human health is the focus of a current research theme in the author's laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA.
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26
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Oger C, Balas L, Durand T, Galano JM. Are alkyne reductions chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective enough to provide pure (Z)-olefins in polyfunctionalized bioactive molecules? Chem Rev 2012. [PMID: 23194255 DOI: 10.1021/cr3001753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR CNRS 5247, Université Montpellier 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 av. Charles Flahault, Bât. D, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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27
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Abe M, Niibayashi R, Koubori S, Moriyama I, Miyoshi H. Molecular Mechanisms for the Induction of Peroxidase Activity of the Cytochrome c–Cardiolipin Complex. Biochemistry 2011; 50:8383-91. [DOI: 10.1021/bi2010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Abe
- Division of Applied Life Sciences,
Graduate School
of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku,
Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryota Niibayashi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences,
Graduate School
of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku,
Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shinya Koubori
- Division of Applied Life Sciences,
Graduate School
of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku,
Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ikuko Moriyama
- Division of Applied Life Sciences,
Graduate School
of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku,
Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideto Miyoshi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences,
Graduate School
of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku,
Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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28
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Yin H, Xu L, Porter NA. Free Radical Lipid Peroxidation: Mechanisms and Analysis. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5944-72. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200084z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1195] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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29
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Pratt DA, Tallman KA, Porter NA. Free radical oxidation of polyunsaturated lipids: New mechanistic insights and the development of peroxyl radical clocks. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:458-67. [PMID: 21486044 DOI: 10.1021/ar200024c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The peroxidation of lipids in biological membranes has been implicated in both the onset and development of most degenerative diseases. The primary products of this autoxidation process are usually lipid hydroperoxides. They form as a consequence of a free radical chain reaction: lipid peroxyl radicals propagate the chain by rate-limiting H-atom abstraction from another lipid. Studies of the mechanism of lipid peroxidation are a specific part of a wider effort to understand the more general phenomenon of hydrocarbon autoxidation, which dates back some 70 years. However, the autoxidation of lipids is generally much more complicated than that of other hydrocarbons because of additional reaction pathways afforded by a variety of uniquely positioned unsaturated bonds. Indeed, polyunsaturation is an important aspect of many of the most relevant of physiological lipids, such as linoleate and arachidonate. In this Account, we present our current understanding of the mechanism of unsaturated lipid peroxidation, effectively updating our Account on the same topic published 25 years ago. Our more recent work has, in large part, been stimulated by the discovery of the nonconjugated linoleate hydroperoxide as a product under certain autoxidation conditions. The identification of this long-elusive bis-allylic hydroperoxide prompted our kinetic characterization of the reaction leading to its formation. The product distributions obtained from autoxidations of newly synthesized model compounds, which vary in either the substitution of the bis-allylic moiety or the configuration of the double bonds, have provided key insights into the overall mechanism. These insights have in turn been reinforced by the results of theoretical calculations. The picture that emerges is one wherein the delocalized carbon-centered radicals, which arise as intermediates in these reactions, first associate with dioxygen to form pre-reaction complexes. These complexes then collapse through transition state structures that maximize the orbital interactions between the delocalized radical SOMO and dioxygen. The energies of these transition states are influenced by steric effects; thus, there are distinct changes in product distribution in the autoxidation of dienes having different substitution patterns. The radical-dioxygen complexes are also intermediates in the isomerization of allylperoxyl and pentadienylperoxyls, helping explain the high regio- and stereochemical fidelity of these processes. We have taken advantage of the rapid fragmentation of nonconjugated peroxyl radicals to develop a powerful peroxyl radical clock methodology, which can be used to determine rate constants for reactions of peroxyl radicals with molecules having rate constants ranging from 1 to 10(7) M(-1) s(-1). We can make use of this methodology to address various questions, both fundamental and applied, relating to lipid peroxidation and its inhibition by radical-trapping antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Keri A. Tallman
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Tosatti P, Campbell AJ, House D, Nelson A, Marsden SP. Catalyst Control in Sequential Asymmetric Allylic Substitution: Stereodivergent Access to N,N-Diprotected Unnatural Amino Acids. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5495-501. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200720c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tosatti
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K
| | | | - David House
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, SG1 2NY Stevenage, U.K
| | - Adam Nelson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K
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31
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Selim KB, Nakanishi H, Matsumoto Y, Yamamoto Y, Yamada KI, Tomioka K. Chiral N-heterocyclic carbene-copper(I)-catalyzed asymmetric allylic arylation of aliphatic allylic bromides: steric and electronic effects on γ-selectivity. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1398-408. [PMID: 21265531 DOI: 10.1021/jo102386s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chiral N-heterocyclic carbene ligands were electronically and sterically tuned to improve γ-selectivity in copper(I)-catalyzed asymmetric allylic arylation of aliphatic allylic bromides with several aryl Grignard reagents. High γ-selectivity was realized when either the aryl group of the Grignard reagent or the aryl group on the N-substituent of the carbene ligand was electron-deficient or when either the carbene ligand or allylic bromide was bulky. The results indicated that electron deficiency and steric hindrance of the initially formed σ-allyl copper intermediate enhance the rate of the reductive elimination to give γ-products as major isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid B Selim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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32
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Mihaljević B, Tartaro I, Ferreri C, Chatgilialoglu C. Linoleic acid peroxidation vs. isomerization: a biomimetic model of free radical reactivity in the presence of thiols. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3541-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05083d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Mukherjee A, Angeles-Boza AM, Huff GS, Roth JP. Catalytic mechanism of a heme and tyrosyl radical-containing fatty acid α-(di)oxygenase. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:227-38. [PMID: 21166399 DOI: 10.1021/ja104180v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The steady-state catalytic mechanism of a fatty acid α-(di)oxygenase is examined, revealing that a persistent tyrosyl radical (Tyr379(•)) effects O(2) insertion into C(α)-H bonds of fatty acids. The initiating C(α)-H homolysis step is characterized by apparent rate constants and deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) that increase hyperbolically upon raising the concentration of O(2). These results are consistent with H(•) tunneling, transitioning from a reversible to an irreversible regime. The limiting deuterium KIEs increase from ∼30 to 120 as the fatty acid chain is shortened from that of the native substrate. In addition, activation barriers increase in a manner that reflects decreased fatty acid binding affinities. Anaerobic isotope exchange experiments provide compelling evidence that Tyr379(•) initiates catalysis by H(•) abstraction. C(α)-H homolysis is kinetically driven by O(2) trapping of the α-carbon radical and reduction of a putative peroxyl radical intermediate to a 2(R)-hydroperoxide product. These findings add to a body of work which establishes large-scale hydrogen tunneling in proteins. This particular example is novel because it involves a protein-derived amino acid radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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34
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Shchepin R, Möller MN, Kim HYH, Hatch DM, Bartesaghi S, Kalyanaraman B, Radi R, Porter NA. Tyrosine-lipid peroxide adducts from radical termination: para coupling and intramolecular Diels-Alder cyclization. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:17490-500. [PMID: 21090613 PMCID: PMC3677824 DOI: 10.1021/ja106503a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Free radical co-oxidation of polyunsaturated lipids with tyrosine or phenolic analogues of tyrosine gave rise to lipid peroxide-tyrosine (phenol) adducts in both aqueous micellar and organic solutions. The novel adducts were isolated and characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as by mass spectrometry (MS). The spectral data suggest that the polyunsaturated lipid peroxyl radicals give stable peroxide coupling products exclusively at the para position of the tyrosyl (phenoxy) radicals. These adducts have characteristic (13)C chemical shifts at 185 ppm due to the cross-conjugated carbonyl of the phenol-derived cyclohexadienone. The primary peroxide adducts subsequently undergo intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) cyclization, affording a number of diastereomeric tricyclic adducts that have characteristic carbonyl (13)C chemical shifts at ~198 ppm. All of the NMR HMBC and HSQC correlations support the structure assignments of the primary and Diels-Alder adducts, as does MS collision-induced dissociation data. Kinetic rate constants and activation parameters for the IMDA reaction were determined, and the primary adducts were reduced with cuprous ion to give a phenol-derived 4-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dienone. No products from adduction of peroxyls at the phenolic ortho position were found in either the primary or cuprous reduction product mixtures. These studies provide a framework for understanding the nature of lipid-protein adducts formed by peroxyl-tyrosyl radical-radical termination processes. Coupling of lipid peroxyl radicals with tyrosyl radicals leads to cyclohexenone and cyclohexadienone adducts, which are of interest in and of themselves since, as electrophiles, they are likely targets for protein nucleophiles. One consequence of lipid peroxyl reactions with tyrosyls may therefore be protein-protein cross-links via interprotein Michael adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Shchepin
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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35
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Liu W, Yin H, Akazawa YO, Yoshida Y, Niki E, Porter NA. Ex vivo oxidation in tissue and plasma assays of hydroxyoctadecadienoates: Z,E/E,E stereoisomer ratios. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:986-95. [PMID: 20423158 DOI: 10.1021/tx1000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The primary products from peroxidation of linoleate in biological tissues and fluids are the hydroperoxy octadecadienoates, and the products normally assayed, after reduction of the hydroperoxides, are the corresponding hydroxy octadecadienoates (HODEs). The HODEs are found in tissues and fluids as a mixture of Z,E and E,E stereoisomers. Two regioisomeric sets of Z,E and E,E stereoisomers are normally observed with substitution at the 9- and 13-positions of the 18-carbon chain. The Z,E/E,E product ratio has proved to be a useful means for assessing the reducing capacity of the medium undergoing peroxidation. The HODE Z,E/E,E product ratios previously reported for tissues such as liver and brain vary from 0.5 to 2.0, and plasma ratios are somewhat higher, between 2.0 and 3.0. The reported literature protocols for HODE assay in tissues involve homogenization, reduction with sodium borohydride in the presence of BHT, and ester hydrolysis with KOH to give the free HODEs. This is followed by either reverse-phase HPLC of the free acid HODEs or by conversion to TMS derivatives and GC-MS. When sodium borohydride is replaced in the protocol by triphenylphosphine, a gentler reducing agent, HODE Z,E/E,E product ratios are much higher, and lower total HODE levels of are found. It is proposed that inclusion of sodium borohydride in the isolation procedures leads to ex vivo reactions that are avoided if triphenylphosphine is used as the reducing agent. Modified protocols for HODE analyses (tissue and plasma methods #2) are described that should be used for assays of tissues and fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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36
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Xu L, Davis TA, Porter NA. Rate constants for peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and sterols in solution and in liposomes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:13037-44. [PMID: 19705847 DOI: 10.1021/ja9029076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Rate constants for autoxidation propagation of several unsaturated lipids in benzene solution at 37 degrees C and in phosphatidylcholine liposomes were determined by a linoleate radical clock. This radical clock is based on competition between hydrogen atom abstraction by an intermediate peroxyl radical derived from linoleic acid that leads to a trans,cis-conjugated hydroxyoctadecadienoic product and beta-fragmentation of the same peroxyl that gives the trans,trans-product hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid. Rate constants determined by this approach in solution relative to linoleic acid (k(p) = 62 M(-1) s(-1)) were: arachidonic acid (k(p) = 197 +/- 13 M(-1) s(-1)), eicosapentaenoic acid (k(p) = 249 +/- 16 M(-1) s(-1)), docosahexaenoic acid (k(p) = 334 +/- 37 M(-1) s(-1)), cholesterol (k(p)= 11 +/- 2 M(-1) s(-1)), and 7-dehydrocholesterol (k(p)= 2260 +/- 40 M(-1) s(-1)). Free radical oxidations of multilamellar and unilamellar liposomes of various mixtures of glycerophosphatidylcholine molecular species were also carried out. In some experiments, cholesterol or 7-dehydrocholesterol was incorporated into the lipid mixture undergoing oxidation. A phosphatidylcholine bearing a linoleate ester at sn-2 was a component of each liposome peroxidation reaction and the ratio of trans,cis/trans,trans (t,c/t,t)-conjugated diene oxidation products formed from this phospholipid was determined for each oxidation reaction. This t,c/t,t-product ratio from linoleate was used to "clock" liposome constituents as hydrogen atom donors in the lipid bilayer. Application of this lipid bilayer radical clock gives relative autoxidation propagation rate constants of arachidonate (20:4), eicosapentaenoate (20:5), docosahexaenoate (22:6), and 7-dehydrocholesterol to be 115 +/- 7, 145 +/- 8, 172 +/- 13, and 832 +/- 86, respectively, a reactivity trend that parallels the one in solution. We also conclude from the liposome oxidations that linoleate peroxyl radicals at different positions on the eighteen-carbon chain (at C-9 and C-13) have different kinetic properties. This is in contrast to the results of solution oxidations of linoleate in which the C-9 and C-13 peroxyl radicals have similar reactivities. We suggest that peroxyl radical beta-scission depends on solvent polarity and the polarity of the local environment of peroxyl radicals in liposomal oxidations depends on the position of the peroxyl radical on the 18-carbon chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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37
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Hu D, Pratt DA. Secondary orbital interactions in the propagation steps of lipid peroxidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:3711-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Öberg E, Schäfer B, Geng XL, Pettersson J, Hu Q, Kritikos M, Rasmussen T, Ott S. C,C-Diacetylenic Phosphaalkenes as Heavy Diethynylethene Analogues. J Org Chem 2009; 74:9265-73. [PMID: 19911774 DOI: 10.1021/jo901942u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Öberg
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bernhard Schäfer
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xue-Li Geng
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Pettersson
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Kritikos
- Department of Physical, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torben Rasmussen
- National Supercomputer Centre, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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Gnamm C, Brödner K, Krauter C, Helmchen G. A Configurational Switch Based on Iridium-Catalyzed Allylic Cyclization: Application in Asymmetric Total Syntheses of Prosopis, Dendrobate, and Spruce Alkaloids. Chemistry 2009; 15:10514-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gao Y, DeYonker NJ, Garrett EC, Wilson AK, Cundari TR, Marshall P. Enthalpy of Formation of the Cyclohexadienyl Radical and the C−H Bond Enthalpy of 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: An Experimental and Computational Re-Evaluation. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:6955-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jp901314y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yide Gao
- The Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle No. 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017
| | - Nathan J. DeYonker
- The Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle No. 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017
| | - E. Chauncey Garrett
- The Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle No. 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017
| | - Angela K. Wilson
- The Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle No. 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- The Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle No. 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017
| | - Paul Marshall
- The Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle No. 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017
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41
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Tallman KA, Rector CL, Porter NA. Substituent effects on regioselectivity in the autoxidation of nonconjugated dienes. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:5635-41. [PMID: 19331391 PMCID: PMC2889150 DOI: 10.1021/ja900040d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Free radical oxidation of several 1,4-dienes was carried out in the presence of variable concentrations of alpha-tocopherol to investigate the effect of diene structure on product distribution. Oxidations carried out at low tocopherol concentration gave only C-1 and C-5 conjugated diene hydroperoxides, while higher concentrations of the antioxidant resulted in formation of substantial amounts of the nonconjugated C-3 diene hydroperoxide. Increasing size of the substituents at C-1 and C-5 of the diene favors kinetic products arising from oxygen addition at the nonconjugated position, C-3, of the pentadienyl radical intermediate. Substituents at C-1 or C-5 of the pentadienyl radical also have a significant effect on the regioselectivity of the conjugated diene hydroperoxides formed, larger substituents directing oxygen addition to the pentadienyl radical at the site of least steric hindrance. This trend is also observed in oxidations of omega-3 and omega-6 linolenate fatty acid esters. Groups at C-1 and C-5 of the diene can influence product distribution based upon (a) steric demand in the oxygen-radical reaction and (b) the influence of substituents on the rearrangement of the C-3 peroxyl radical to give conjugated diene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri A. Tallman
- Department of Chemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Christopher L. Rector
- Department of Chemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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42
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García-Martínez M, Márquez-Ruiz G, Fontecha J, Gordon M. Volatile oxidation compounds in a conjugated linoleic acid-rich oil. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Schäfer B, Öberg E, Kritikos M, Ott S. Incorporating Phosphaalkenes into Oligoacetylenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:8228-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200802253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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Schäfer B, Öberg E, Kritikos M, Ott S. Incorporating Phosphaalkenes into Oligoacetylenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200802253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Jahn U, Galano JM, Durand T. Beyond prostaglandins--chemistry and biology of cyclic oxygenated metabolites formed by free-radical pathways from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:5894-955. [PMID: 18649300 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important constituents in all organisms. They fulfil many functions, ranging from modulating the structure of membranes to acting as precursors of physiologically important molecules, such as the prostaglandins, which for a long time were the most prominent cyclic PUFA metabolites. However, since the beginning of the 1990s a large variety of cyclic metabolites have been discovered that form under autoxidative conditions in vivo to a much larger extent than do prostaglandins. These compounds--isoprostanes, neuroprostanes, phytoprostanes, and isofurans--proved subsequently to be ubiquitous in nature. They display a wide range of biological activities, and isoprostanes have become the currently most reliable indicators of oxidative stress in humans. In a relatively short time, the structural variety, properties, and applications of the autoxidatively formed cyclic PUFA derivatives have been uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ullrich Jahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo namesti 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Lalevée J, Allonas X, Fouassier JP, Ingold KU. Absolute Rate Constants for Some Intermolecular Reactions of α-Aminoalkylperoxyl Radicals. Comparison with Alkylperoxyls. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6489-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800925g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Lalevée
- Département de Photochimie Générale, UMR 7525 CNRS, Université de Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France, and National Research Council, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Département de Photochimie Générale, UMR 7525 CNRS, Université de Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France, and National Research Council, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Jean-Pierre Fouassier
- Département de Photochimie Générale, UMR 7525 CNRS, Université de Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France, and National Research Council, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - K. U. Ingold
- Département de Photochimie Générale, UMR 7525 CNRS, Université de Haute Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France, and National Research Council, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
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Jahn U, Galano JM, Durand T. Jenseits von Prostaglandinen - Chemie und Biologie radikalisch gebildeter cyclischer oxygenierter Metabolite von mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200705122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Jacquot C, Wecksler AT, McGinley CM, Segraves EN, Holman TR, van der Donk WA. Isotope sensitive branching and kinetic isotope effects in the reaction of deuterated arachidonic acids with human 12- and 15-lipoxygenases. Biochemistry 2008; 47:7295-303. [PMID: 18547056 DOI: 10.1021/bi800308q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOs) catalyze lipid peroxidation and have been implicated in a number of human diseases connected to oxidative stress and inflammation. These enzymes have also attracted considerable attention due to large kinetic isotope effects (30-80) for the rate-limiting hydrogen abstraction step with linoleic acid (LA) as substrate. Herein, we report kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) in the reactions of three human LOs (platelet 12-hLO, reticulocyte 15-hLO-1, and epithelial 15-hLO-2) with arachidonic acid (AA). Surprisingly, the observed KIEs with AA were much smaller than the previously reported values with LA. Investigation into the origins for the smaller KIEs led to the discovery of isotope sensitive branching of the reaction pathways. Product distribution analysis demonstrated an inversion in the regioselectivity of 15-hLO-1, with hydrogen abstraction from C13 being the major pathway with unlabeled AA but abstraction from C10 predominating when the methylene group at position 13 was deuterated. Smaller but clear changes in regioselectivity were also observed for 12-hLO and 15-hLO-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Jacquot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Pajunen TI, Johansson MP, Hase T, Hopia A. Autoxidation of conjugated linoleic acid methyl ester in the presence of alpha-tocopherol: the hydroperoxide pathway. Lipids 2008; 43:599-610. [PMID: 18546029 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autoxidation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) methyl ester follows at least partly Farmer's hydroperoxide theory. A mechanism for this hydroperoxide pathway has been proposed based on autoxidation of 9-cis,11-trans-CLA methyl ester. This investigation aims at confirming and further clarifying the mechanism by analyzing the hydroperoxides produced from 10-trans,12-cis-CLA methyl ester and by theoretical calculations. Five methyl hydroxyoctadecadienoates were isolated by HPLC and characterized by UV, GC-MS, and 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques. In addition, an HPLC method for the separation of the intact hydroperoxides was developed. The autoxidation of 10-trans,12-cis-CLA methyl ester in the presence of high amount of alpha-tocopherol (20%) was diastereoselective in favor of one geometric isomer, namely Me 9-OOH-10t,12c, and produced new positional isomers 10- and 14-hydroperoxides (Me 10-OOH-11t,13t; Me 14-OOH-10t,12c; and Me 14-OOH-10t,12t). Importantly, one of these new isomers, which was characterized as an intact hydroperoxide, had an unusual cis,trans geometry where the cis double bond is adjacent to the hydroperoxyl-bearing methine carbon. Further insight to the mechanism was provided by calculating the relative energies for different conformations of the precursor lipid, the allylic carbon-hydrogen bond dissociation enthalpies, and the spin distributions on the intermediate pentadienyl radicals. As a result, a better understanding of the isomeric distribution of the product hydroperoxides was achieved and a modified mechanism that accounts for these calculations is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taina I Pajunen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.
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Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) thermoresponsive cross-linked conjugates containing polymeric soybean oil and/or polypropylene glycol. Eur Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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