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Ming P, Li J, Yang L, Yu Y, Tang L, Zhou H, Zhang ZY, Zhang GJ. A Drug Molecule-Modified Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Nanosensor for Rapid, Label-Free, and Ultrasensitive Detection of Estrogen Receptor α Protein. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3454-3461. [PMID: 38359782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is an important biomarker in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. Sensitive and accurate detection of ERα protein expression is crucial in guiding selection of an appropriate therapeutic strategy to improve the effectiveness and prognosis of breast cancer treatment. Herein, we report a liquid-gated graphene field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor that enables rapid, sensitive, and label-free detection of the ERα protein by employing a novel drug molecule as a capture probe. The drug molecule was synthesized and subsequently immobilized onto the sensing surface of the fabricated graphene FET, which was able to distinguish the ERα-positive from the ERα-negative protein. The developed sensor not only demonstrated a low detection limit (LOD: 2.62 fM) but also achieved a fast response to ERα protein samples within 30 min. Moreover, depending on the relationship between the change of dirac point and the ERα protein concentrations, the dissociation constant (Kd) was estimated to be 7.35 ± 0.06 pM, indicating that the drug probe-modified graphene FET had a good affinity with ERα protein. The nanosensor was able to analyze ERα proteins from 36 cell samples lysates. These results show that the graphene FET sensor was able to differentiate between ERα-positive and ERα-negative cells, indicating a promising biosensor for the ultrasensitive and rapid detection of ERα protein without antibody labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinghong Ming
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan 430065, P. R. China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen 518109, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan 430065, P. R. China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou 646000, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan 430065, P. R. China
| | - Lina Tang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan 430065, P. R. China
| | - Haibing Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan 430065, P. R. China
- Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan 430065, P. R. China
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Mi X, Lucier EM, Turpeinen DG, Yeo ELL, Kah JCY, Heldt CL. Mannitol-induced gold nanoparticle aggregation for the ligand-free detection of viral particles. Analyst 2019; 144:5486-5496. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00830f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Addition of osmolytes causes viruses-coated AuNPs to aggregate and not protein-coated AuNPs. Ligand-free detection of virus was developed without the need for prior knowledge of the specific virus target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Mi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Michigan Technological University
- USA
| | | | | | - Eugenia Li Ling Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - James Chen Yong Kah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Caryn L. Heldt
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Michigan Technological University
- USA
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de la Escosura-Muñiz A, Chunglok W, Surareungchai W, Merkoçi A. Nanochannels for diagnostic of thrombin-related diseases in human blood. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 40:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Macrae MX, Schlamadinger D, Kim JE, Mayer M, Yang J. Using charge to control the functional properties of self-assembled nanopores in membranes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:2016-2020. [PMID: 21626687 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael X Macrae
- University of California-San Diego, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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Perera DNT, Nagasaka S, Ito T. pH-dependent voltammetric responses of microdisc gold electrodes modified with thiotic acid self-assembled monolayers. Supramol Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2010.483736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Liu G, Sun C, Li D, Song S, Mao B, Fan C, Tian Z. Gating of redox currents at gold nanoelectrodes via DNA hybridization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:2148-2150. [PMID: 20376817 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200903590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Laboratory of Physical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P. R. China
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Kathiresan M, Walder L, Ye F, Reuter H. Viologen-based benzylic dendrimers: selective synthesis of 3,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)benzylbromide and conformational analysis of the corresponding viologen dendrimer subunit. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Taffa DH, Kathiresan M, Walder L, Seelandt B, Wark M. Pore size and surface charge control in mesoporous TiO2 using post-grafted SAMs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:1473-82. [DOI: 10.1039/b921743f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Goswami TK, Roy M, Nethaji M, Chakravarty AR. Photoinduced DNA and Protein Cleavage Activity of Ferrocene-Appended l-Methionine Reduced Schiff Base Copper(II) Complexes of Phenanthroline Bases. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900012b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tridib K. Goswami
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Munirathinam Nethaji
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Akhil R. Chakravarty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Hu J, Zheng PC, Jiang JH, Shen GL, Yu RQ, Liu GK. Electrostatic Interaction Based Approach to Thrombin Detection by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2008; 81:87-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801431m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Hunan University, 410082 Changsha, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Hunan University, 410082 Changsha, China
| | - Jian-Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Hunan University, 410082 Changsha, China
| | - Guo-Li Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Hunan University, 410082 Changsha, China
| | - Ru-Qin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Hunan University, 410082 Changsha, China
| | - Guo-Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Hunan University, 410082 Changsha, China
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Rianasari I, Walder L, Burchardt M, Zawisza I, Wittstock G. Inkjet-printed thiol self-assembled monolayer structures on gold: quality control and microarray electrode fabrication. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:9110-7. [PMID: 18616305 DOI: 10.1021/la800711m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Laterally structured, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of different thiols (HS-R-X, R = (CH 2) 3-16, X = -CH 3, -COOH, -NH 2) on gold have been prepared by inkjet printing. The printer is a modified, low-cost desktop printer (Epson Stylus Photo R200), the ink is a 1 mM solution of the thiol in ethanol/glycerol (6:1). The quality of inkjet-printed large area SAMs obtained in this study is between that of a layer self-assembled from a thiol solution and that obtained by soft lithography, according to cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), and polarization-modulated Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM IRRAS). For the first time, simultaneous printing of two different thiols in a single print job as an alternative to sequential printing and backfilling is demonstrated. The smallest structures consisting of conductive disks of 40 microm diameter were analyzed as single spots by SECM and as random array electrodes with different average disk-disk distance. Conductive band electrodes with variable bandwidth (300 microm to 1 cm) are presented, as well as a pH switchable band structure. As compared to stamping, inkjet printing allows for simultaneous multiple thiol printing in a single print job with the resolution limited only by the droplet size and the precision of the translation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Rianasari
- Institute of Chemistry, Center of Interface Science, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, Osnabrück, Germany
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Blake S, Capone R, Mayer M, Yang J. Chemically Reactive Derivatives of Gramicidin A for Developing Ion Channel-Based Nanoprobes. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1614-24. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800180z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Blake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, and Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ricardo Capone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, and Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Michael Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, and Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jerry Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, and Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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13
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Hou Y, Gochin M. Artificial Ion Channel Biosensor in Human Immunodeficiency Virus gp41 Drug Sensing. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5924-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800511n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Hou
- Department of Basic Sciences, Touro University-California, Vallejo, California 94592, and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Miriam Gochin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Touro University-California, Vallejo, California 94592, and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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Asaftei S, Rosemeyer H, Walder L. Interaction of viologens with nucleic acid G-tetrades. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:5641-5643. [PMID: 18457430 DOI: 10.1021/la704001n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the tetrade-forming oligonucleotide 5'-d(T 4G 4T 4) and monoalkylated bipyridinium salts, such as 1-ethyl-4-pyridin-4-ylpyridinium bromide, is reported. The oligomer forms tetrades in the presence of K+ ions but not with Li+. Additionally, the interaction of the thrombin-binding aptamer 5'-d(GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG) (TBA) with a dialkylated bipyridinium salt, viologen, was studied by cyclic voltammetry. This was performed either on a TiO2 electrode, derivatized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS), using [Fe(CN)6](4-) as a marker ion or without a marker ion on an electrostatically TiO2-bound amino-ferrocenyl derivative. Both experiments proof a strong interaction between the immobilized aptamer and the viologen. Third, the electrochemical response of the specific thrombin binding to the immobilized aptamer was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Asaftei
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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15
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Degefa TH, Kwak J. Label-free aptasensor for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) protein. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 613:163-8. [PMID: 18395055 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A label-free aptasensor for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) protein is reported. The aptasensor uses mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) composed of a thiol-modified PDGF binding aptamer and 6-mercaptohexanol (MCH) on a gold electrode. The SAMs were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) before and after binding of the protein using [Fe(CN)(6)](3-/4-), a redox marker ion as an indicator for the formation of a protein-aptamer complex. The CVs at the PDGF modified electrode showed significant differences, such as changes in the peak currents and peak-to-peak separation, before and after binding of the target protein. The EIS spectra, in the form of Nyquist plots, were analyzed with a Randles circuit while the electron transfer resistance R(ct) was used to monitor the binding of the target protein. The results showed that, without any modification to the aptamer, the target protein can be recognized effectively at the PDGF binding aptamer SAMs at the electrode surface. Control experiments using non-binding oligonucleotides assembled at the electrode surfaces also confirmed the results and showed that there was no formation of an aptamer-protein complex. The DPV signal at the aptamer functionalized electrode showed a linearly decreased marker ion peak current in a protein concentrations range of 1-40 nM. Thus, label-free detection of PDGF protein at an aptamer modified electrode has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Hailu Degefa
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Hwang S, Lee BS, Chi YS, Kwak J, Choi IS, Lee SG. Faradaic impedance titration and control of electron transfer of 1-(12-mercaptododecyl)imidazole monolayer on a gold electrode. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Li Y, Maire HC, Ito T. Electrochemical characterization of nanoporous films fabricated from a polystyrene-poly(methylmethacrylate) diblock copolymer: monitoring the removal of the PMMA domains and exploring the functional groups on the nanopore surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:12771-12776. [PMID: 17973514 DOI: 10.1021/la702756s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to assess fabrication of a nanoporous film from a polystyrene-poly(methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer (PS-b-PMMA) and also to explore the surface functional groups on the resulting nanopores. Polymer films containing vertically aligned cylindrical nanoscale pores (ca. 10 nm in pore radius, 20-30 nm in film thickness) were prepared on gold substrates by removing the cylindrical PMMA domains from PS-b-PMMA films via UV irradiation and subsequent acetic acid treatment. CV measurements provided a simple means for monitoring the extent of the removal of the PMMA domains and for assessing the formation of a recessed nanodisk-array electrode (RNE) structure. The resulting RNEs exhibited a decrease in redox current of anionic Fe(CN)6(3-) with increasing solution pH from 4.6 to 6.3 and a negligible change in CV of uncharged 1,1'-ferrocenedimethanol. The decrease in redox current of Fe(CN)6(3-) at the higher pH was due to electrostatic repulsion between Fe(CN)6(3-) and the electrical double layer formed in the neighborhood of the negatively charged nanopore surface. Indeed, the reduction of effective pore radius measured from CVs of Fe(CN)6(3-) was correlated to the change in the thickness of the electrical double layer. The pH range that showed the decrease in redox current of Fe(CN)6(3-) was consistent with the presence of -COOH groups on the nanopore surface, although they were not detected using Fourier transform infrared spectra of etched PS-b-PMMA films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Nednoor P, Gavalas VG, Chopra N, Hinds BJ, Bachas LG. Carbon nanotube based biomimetic membranes: mimicking protein channels regulated by phosphorylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b703365f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Nakamura T, Koyama E, Shimoi Y, Abe S, Ishida T, Tsukagoshi K, Mizutani W, Tokuhisa H, Kanesato M, Nakai I, Kondoh H, Ohta T. Surface Potential Switching by Metal Ion Complexation/Decomplexation Using Bipyridinethiolate Monolayers on Gold. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:9195-203. [PMID: 16671734 DOI: 10.1021/jp056821d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Surface potential switching on gold(111) surfaces is induced by complexation/decomplexation reactions of a bipyridine (BP) derivative and palladium(II) chloride, as observed by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM). On the basis of the theoretical predictions, a 4-(5-phenylethynyl-2,2'-bipyridine-5'-yl-ethynyl)benzenethiol (PhBP) derivative was synthesized and used as an active monolayer to catch transition metal ions. By using the microcontact printing (CP) technique, micron-size patterned PhBP monolayers, which act as effective hosts to coordinate palladium(II) chloride, were prepared on gold(111) surfaces. The KFM signal decreases by complexation of the Pd(II) chloride in PhBP monolayers and is recovered by removal of Pd ions using an ethylenediamine solution, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This process is reversible, indicating that the surface potential switching is realized by complexation/decomplexation of Pd(II). A CP PhBP monolayer, when it detects the target palladium ion, shows sensitivity for the picomolar level detection judged from surface potential changes in KFM measurements. The dipole moment estimated by the surface potentials is much smaller than the calculated value, indicating that mechanisms for the reduction of the surface dipole moment exist in real monolayers prepared by the CP method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Nakamura
- Nanotechnology Research Institute (NRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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Pavet V, Olmos E, Kiddle G, Mowla S, Kumar S, Antoniw J, Alvarez ME, Foyer CH. Ascorbic acid deficiency activates cell death and disease resistance responses in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 139:1291-303. [PMID: 16244149 PMCID: PMC1283766 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.067686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death, developmental senescence, and responses to pathogens are linked through complex genetic controls that are influenced by redox regulation. Here we show that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) low vitamin C mutants, vtc1 and vtc2, which have between 10% and 25% of wild-type ascorbic acid, exhibit microlesions, express pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, and have enhanced basal resistance against infections caused by Pseudomonas syringae. The mutants have a delayed senescence phenotype with smaller leaf cells than the wild type at maturity. The vtc leaves have more glutathione than the wild type, with higher ratios of reduced glutathione to glutathione disulfide. Expression of green fluorescence protein (GFP) fused to the nonexpressor of PR protein 1 (GFP-NPR1) was used to detect the presence of NPR1 in the nuclei of transformed plants. Fluorescence was observed in the nuclei of 6- to 8-week-old GFP-NPR1 vtc1 plants, but not in the nuclei of transformed GFP-NPR1 wild-type plants at any developmental stage. The absence of senescence-associated gene 12 (SAG12) mRNA at the time when constitutive cell death and basal resistance were detected confirms that elaboration of innate immune responses in vtc plants does not result from activation of early senescence. Moreover, H2O2-sensitive genes are not induced at the time of systemic acquired resistance execution. These results demonstrate that ascorbic acid abundance modifies the threshold for activation of plant innate defense responses via redox mechanisms that are independent of the natural senescence program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pavet
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Cordoba 5000, Argentina
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