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Akine S, Nomura K, Takahashi M, Sakata Y, Mori T, Nakanishi W, Ariga K. Synthesis of amphiphilic chiral salen complexes and their conformational manipulation at the air-water interface. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:260-268. [PMID: 36374017 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03201e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of amphiphilic salen complexes, [L1a,bM] and [L2a,bM], were designed and synthesized. These complexes consist of two or four hydrophilic triethylene glycol (TEG) chains and a hydrophobic π-extended metallosalen core based on naphthalene or phenanthrene. The obtained amphiphilic complexes, [L1bM] (M = Ni, Cu, Zn), formed a monolayer at the air-water interface, while the monocationic [L1bCo(MeNH2)2](OTf) did not form a well-defined monolayer. The number of hydrophilic TEG chains also had an influence on the monolayerformation behavior; the tetra-TEG derivatives, [L1bNi] and [L2bNi], showed a pressure rise at a less compressed region than the bis-TEG derivatives, [L1aNi] and [L2aNi]. In addition, the investigation of their compressibility and compression modulus suggested that the tetra-TEG derivatives, [L1bNi] and [L2bNi], are more flexible than the corresponding bis-TEG analogues, [L1aNi] and [L2aNi], and that the phenanthrene derivatives [L1a,bNi] were more rigid than the corresponding naphthalene analogues, [L2a,bNi]. The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of one of the complexes, [L1bNi], showed CD spectra slightly different from that in solution, which may originate from the unique anisotropic environment of the air-water interface. Thus, we demonstrated the possibility of controlling the chiroptical properties of metal complexes by mechanical compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Akine
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan. .,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nomura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mizuho Takahashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoko Sakata
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan. .,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Taizo Mori
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan. .,Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Waka Nakanishi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan. .,Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
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2
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Hwang SH, Choi TL. Tandem diaza-Cope rearrangement polymerization: turning intramolecular reaction into powerful polymerization to give enantiopure materials for Zn 2+ sensors. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2404-2409. [PMID: 34164005 PMCID: PMC8179250 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06138g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
[3,3]-Sigmatropic rearrangement is a powerful reaction to form C–C bonds stereospecifically; however, owing to intrinsic simultaneous bond formation and breakage, this versatile method has not been utilized in polymerization. Herein, we report a new tandem diaza-Cope rearrangement polymerization (DCRP) that can synthesize polymers with defect-free C–C bond formation from easy and efficient imine formation. A mechanistic investigation by in situ1H NMR experiments suggests that this polymerization proceeds by a rapid DCR process, forming an enantiospecific C–C bond that occurs almost simultaneously with imine formation. This polymerization produces not only highly stable polymers against hydrolysis due to resonance-assisted hydrogen bonds (RAHBs) but also chiral polymers containing enantiopure salen moieties, which lead to high-performance Zn2+-selective turn-on chemosensors with up to 73-fold amplification. We also found that their optical activities and sensing performances are heavily dependent on the reaction temperature, which significantly affects the stereoselectivity of DCR. Herein, we report a new tandem diaza-Cope rearrangement polymerization synthesizing enantiopure polymers with defect-free C–C bond formation. Furthermore, these polymers can be applied as high-performance turn-on Zn2+ sensors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Hyeok Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
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3
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Struble TJ, Lankswert HM, Pink M, Johnston JN. Enantioselective Organocatalytic Amine-Isocyanate Capture-Cyclization: Regioselective Alkene Iodoamination for the Synthesis of Chiral Cyclic Ureas. ACS Catal 2018; 8:11926-11931. [PMID: 31131150 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ureas of chiral diamines are prominent features of therapeutics, chiral auxiliaries, and intermediates in complex molecule synthesis. Although many methods for diamine synthesis are available, metal-free enantioselective alkene functionalizations to make protected 1,2- and 1,3-diamines from simple achiral starting materials are rare, and a single reagent that accesses a cross-section of each congener with high enantiomeric excess is not available. We describe a method to synthesize enantioenriched cyclic 5- and 6-membered ureas from allylic amines and an isocyanate using a C2-symmetric BisAmidine (BAM) catalyst that delivers N-selectivity from an ambident sulfonyl imide intermediate, overcoming electronic and steric deactivation at nitrogen. The geometry of 1,2-disubstituted alkenes is correlated to 5-exo and 6-endo cyclizations without altering alkene face selectivity, which is unexpectedly opposite that observed with O-nucleophiles. Straightforward product manipulations to diamine and imidazolidinone derivatives are underscored by the synthesis of an NK1 antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Struble
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, United States
| | - Hannah M. Lankswert
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- Indiana University Molecular Structure Center, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jeffrey N. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, United States
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4
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Ando S, Ishizuka T. Diastereoselective Reductions with Zinc Powder in a Mixture of NaOH aq. and MeOH for Syntheses of (±)-1,2-Diarylethylenediamines. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ando
- Faculty of Life Sciences; Kumamoto University; 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-Ku Kumamoto 862-0973 Japan
| | - Tadao Ishizuka
- Faculty of Life Sciences; Kumamoto University; 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-Ku Kumamoto 862-0973 Japan
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5
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Kim M, Kim H, Kim H, Chin J. Synthesis of Enantiopure Mixed Alkyl-Aryl Vicinal Diamines by the Diaza-Cope Rearrangement: A Synthesis of (+)-CP-99,994. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12050-12058. [PMID: 29027460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of mixed alkyl-aryl vicinal diamines was demonstrated by the use of 1,2-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-diaminoethene (hpen). A sequential addition of aryl and alkyl aldehyde to hpen gave a fused imidazolidine-dihydro-1,3-oxazine ring stereoselectively, which undergoes the diaza-Cope rearrangement to provide mixed vicinal diimines at elevated temperature in good yields and excellent stereoselectivity. We also showed that (+)-CP-99,994 can be readily prepared by the diaza-Cope rearrangement in overall 42% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyeseung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jik Chin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
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6
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Song MJ, Park JS, Kim BM. Eantiospecific Synthesis of Chiral Pyrrolidine-fused Piperazine Derivatives via
Diaza-Cope Rearrangement. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Jong Song
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Ji Soo Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - B. Moon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 South Korea
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7
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Huang Y, Cui G, Zhao Y, Wang H, Li Z, Dai S, Wang J. Preorganization and Cooperation for Highly Efficient and Reversible Capture of Low-Concentration CO 2 by Ionic Liquids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13293-13297. [PMID: 28857376 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy based on the concept of preorganization and cooperation has been designed for a superior capacity to capture low-concentration CO2 by imide-based ionic liquids. By using this strategy, for the first time, an extremely high gravimetric CO2 capacity of up to 22 wt % (1.65 mol mol-1 ) and excellent reversibility (16 cycles) have been achieved from 10 vol. % of CO2 in N2 when using an ionic liquid having a preorganized anion. Through a combination of quantum-chemical calculations and spectroscopic investigations, it is suggested that cooperative interactions between CO2 and multiple active sites in the preorganized anion are the driving force for the superior CO2 capacity and excellent reversibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Huang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Guokai Cui
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Yuling Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Huiyong Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jianji Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
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8
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Huang Y, Cui G, Zhao Y, Wang H, Li Z, Dai S, Wang J. Preorganization and Cooperation for Highly Efficient and Reversible Capture of Low-Concentration CO2
by Ionic Liquids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Huang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals; Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Guokai Cui
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals; Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
- Chemical Sciences Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Yuling Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals; Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Huiyong Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals; Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals; Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Sciences Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Jianji Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals; Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Normal University; Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
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9
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Kucherenko AS, Kostenko AA, Gerasimchuk VV, Zlotin SG. Stereospecific diaza-Cope rearrangement as an efficient tool for the synthesis of DPEDA pyridine analogs and related C2-symmetric organocatalysts. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:7028-7033. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01852e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure trans-1,2-di-(pyridinyl)ethylene-1,2-diamines were synthesized via a stereospecific diaza-Cope rearrangement and converted to prolinamide-based recyclable organocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Kucherenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - A. A. Kostenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - V. V. Gerasimchuk
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - S. G. Zlotin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
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10
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Lisnyak VG, Kucherenko AS, Valeev EF, Zlotin SG. (1,2-Diaminoethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-methylpyridinium) Salts as a Prospective Platform for Designing Recyclable Prolinamide-Based Organocatalysts. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9570-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav G. Lisnyak
- N.
D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Higher
Chemical College of the Russian Academy of Sciences, D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya Square, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Kucherenko
- N.
D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Edward F. Valeev
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Sergei G. Zlotin
- N.
D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Na SY, Kim HJ. Azo dye-based colorimetric chemodosimeter for the rapid and selective sensing of cyanide in aqueous solvent. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Novel fluorescent probe for the selective detection of organophosphorous nerve agents through a cascade reaction from oxime to nitrile via isoxazole. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Organocatalysis: Key Trends in Green Synthetic Chemistry, Challenges, Scope towards Heterogenization, and Importance from Research and Industrial Point of View. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/402860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper purports to review catalysis, particularly the organocatalysis and its origin, key trends, challenges, examples, scope, and importance. The definition of organocatalyst corresponds to a low molecular weight organic molecule which in stoichiometric amounts catalyzes a chemical reaction. In this review, the use of the term heterogenized organocatalyst will be exclusively confined to a catalytic system containing an organic molecule immobilized onto some sort of support material and is responsible for accelerating a chemical reaction. Firstly, a brief description of the field is provided putting it in a green and sustainable perspective of chemistry. Next, research findings on the use of organocatalysts on various inorganic supports including nano(porous)materials, nanoparticles, silica, and zeolite/zeolitic materials are scrutinized in brief. Then future scope, research directions, and academic and industrial applications will be outlined. A succinct account will summarize some of the research and developments in the field. This review tries to bring many outstanding researches together and shows the vitality of the organocatalysis through several aspects.
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14
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Chin J, Kwon SH, Kim H, Chin P, So SM, Kim BM. Stereospecific Synthesis of γ,δ-Diamino Esters. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Chin J, Kwon SH, Moozeh K, So SM, Lough AJ, Kim BM. Stereospecific synthesis of a twinned alanine ester. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:8022-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41582a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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So SM, Mui L, Kim H, Chin J. Understanding the interplay of weak forces in [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement for stereospecific synthesis of diamines. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1345-55. [PMID: 22676401 DOI: 10.1021/ar2002842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chiral diamines are important building blocks for constructing stereoselective catalysts, including transition metal based catalysts and organocatalysts that facilitate oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and C-C bond forming reactions. These molecules are also critical components in the synthesis of drugs, including antiviral agents such as Tamiflu and Relenza and anticancer agents such as oxaliplatin and nutlin-3. The diaza-Cope rearrangement reaction provides one of the most versatile methods for rapidly generating a wide variety of chiral diamines stereospecifically and under mild conditions. Weak forces such as hydrogen bonding, electronic, steric, oxyanionic, and conjugation effects can drive this equilibrium process to completion. In this Account, we examine the effect of these individual weak forces on the value of the equilibrium constant for the diaza-Cope rearrangement reaction using both computational and experimental methods. The availability of a wide variety of aldehydes and diamines allows for the facile synthesis of the diimines needed to study the weak forces. Furthermore, because the reaction generally takes place cleanly at ambient temperature, we can easily measure equilibrium constants for rearrangement of the diimines. We use the Hammett equation to further examine the electronic and oxyanionic effects. In addition, computations and experiments provide us with new insights into the origin and extent of stereospecificity for this rearrangement reaction. The diaza-Cope rearrangement, with its unusual interplay between weak forces and the equilibrium constant of the reaction, provides a rare opportunity to study the effects of the fundamental weak forces on a chemical reaction. Among these many weak forces that affect the diaza-Cope rearrangement, the anion effect is the strongest (10.9 kcal/mol) followed by the resonance-assisted hydrogen-bond effect (7.1 kcal/mol), the steric effect (5.7 kcal/mol), the conjugation effect (5.5 kcal/mol), and the electronic effect (3.2 kcal/mol). Based on both computation and experimental data, the effects of these weak forces are additive. Understanding the interplay of the weak forces in the [3,3]-sigmatropic reaction is interesting in its own right and also provides valuable insights for the synthesis of chiral diamine based drugs and catalysts in excellent yield and enantiopurity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leo Mui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H5, Canada
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Jik Chin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H5, Canada
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17
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Kwon SH, Lee SM, Byun SM, Chin J, Kim BM. Short Synthesis of Enantiopure trans-3-Arylpiperazine-2-carboxylic Acid Derivatives via Diaza-Cope Rearrangement. Org Lett 2012; 14:3664-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol301506b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Ho Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sang Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sang Moon Byun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jik Chin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - B. Moon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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18
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Akine S, Hotate S, Nabeshima T. A Molecular Leverage for Helicity Control and Helix Inversion. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:13868-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ja205570z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Akine
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Sayaka Hotate
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nabeshima
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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19
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Xue ZY, Li QH, Tao HY, Wang CJ. A Facile Cu(I)/TF-BiphamPhos-Catalyzed Asymmetric Approach to Unnatural α-Amino Acid Derivatives Containing gem-Bisphosphonates. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:11757-65. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2043563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Xue
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qing-Hua Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hai-Yan Tao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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22
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Kim GJ, Lee K, Kwon H, Kim HJ. Ratiometric fluorescence imaging of cellular glutathione. Org Lett 2011; 13:2799-801. [PMID: 21548608 DOI: 10.1021/ol200967w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescent probe (1) with a hydrogen bond was designed for the detection of GSH. The probe exhibited a rapid and ratiometric fluorescence response to GSH through a Michael reaction and allowed us to obtain clear cellular images for GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Joong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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Lim CW, Hong JI. Pd(II) Metal Coordination-driven Isomerically Preorganized Receptors with the Enhanced Affinity for Aromatic Carboxylates in Water. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.3.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Iwamoto H, Yawata Y, Fukazawa Y, Haino T. Highly efficient synthesis of [3]rotaxane assisted by preorganisation of pseudorotaxane using bis(crown ether)s. Supramol Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2010.514611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Iwamoto
- a Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Yukimi Yawata
- b Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Fukazawa
- b Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- b Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
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Lee JH, Jeong AR, Shin IS, Kim HJ, Hong JI. Fluorescence turn-on sensor for cyanide based on a cobalt(II)-coumarinylsalen complex. Org Lett 2010; 12:764-7. [PMID: 20092265 DOI: 10.1021/ol902852g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A Co(II)-salen based fluorescent sensor (1.Co) that can selectively recognize cyanide anions in 1:2 binding stoichiometry over other anions has been developed. 1.Co displayed fluorescence enhancement upon the addition of cyanide owing to the interruption of photoinduced electron transfer from the coumarin fluorophore to the cobalt(II) ion. A general regression method was developed to calculate the binding constants in the 1:2 binding system, through which the 1:2 binding between 1.Co and cyanide anions was estimated to be in the range of micromolar dissociation constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Han Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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Kim H, Chin J. Stereospecific Synthesis of α-Substituted syn-α,β-Diamino Acids by the Diaza-Cope Rearrangement. Org Lett 2009; 11:5258-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ol9021904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Jik Chin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6 Canada
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Zhu Q, Huang H, Shi D, Shen Z, Xia C. An Efficient Synthesis of Chiral Diamines with Rigid Backbones: Application in Enantioselective Michael Addition of Malonates to Nitroalkenes. Org Lett 2009; 11:4536-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol901776n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Dengjian Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Chungu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
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Lee DN, Kim H, Mui L, Myung SW, Chin J, Kim HJ. Electronic Effect on the Kinetics of the Diaza-Cope Rearrangement. J Org Chem 2009; 74:3330-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900133g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Nam Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon 443-760, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon 443-760, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Leo Mui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon 443-760, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Seung-Woon Myung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon 443-760, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jik Chin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon 443-760, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hae-Jo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon 443-760, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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Nandhakumar R, Soo AY, Hong J, Ham S, Kim KM. Enantioselective recognition of 1,2-aminoalcohols by the binol receptor dangled with pyrrole-2-carboxamide and its analogues. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kim H, Staikova M, Lough AJ, Chin J. Stereospecific Synthesis of Alkyl-Substituted Vicinal Diamines from the Mother Diamine: Overcoming the “Intrinsic Barrier” to the Diaza-Cope Rearrangement Reaction. Org Lett 2008; 11:157-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ol802496r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Mima Staikova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Jik Chin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6 Canada
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Nieto S, Lynch VM, Anslyn EV, Kim H, Chin J. Rapid enantiomeric excess and concentration determination using simple racemic metal complexes. Org Lett 2008; 10:5167-70. [PMID: 18939802 PMCID: PMC2749327 DOI: 10.1021/ol802085j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Racemic-metal complexes were used to determine identity, enantiomeric excess, and concentration of chiral diamines using metal-to-ligand charge transfer bands in circular dichroism spectroscopy. It takes under just 2 min per sample to determine [G]t and %R with tolerable errors (19% and 4%, respectively). The simplicity of the achiral receptors employed confers to this technique great potential for high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Nieto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Vincent M. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Eric V. Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jik Chin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
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Park H, Nandhakumar R, Hong J, Ham S, Chin J, Kim K. Stereoconversion of Amino Acids and Peptides in Uryl-Pendant Binol Schiff Bases. Chemistry 2008; 14:9935-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kim H, So S, Yen CH, Vinhato E, Lough A, Hong JI, Kim HJ, Chin J. Highly Stereospecific Generation of Helical Chirality by Imprinting with Amino Acids: A Universal Sensor for Amino Acid Enantiopurity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kim H, Nguyen Y, Lough A, Chin J. Stereospecific Diaza-Cope Rearrangement Driven by Steric Strain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:8678-81. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kim H, Nguyen Y, Lough A, Chin J. Stereospecific Diaza-Cope Rearrangement Driven by Steric Strain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kim H, So S, Yen CH, Vinhato E, Lough A, Hong JI, Kim HJ, Chin J. Highly Stereospecific Generation of Helical Chirality by Imprinting with Amino Acids: A Universal Sensor for Amino Acid Enantiopurity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:8657-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kim H, Nguyen Y, Yen CPH, Chagal L, Lough AJ, Kim BM, Chin J. Stereospecific synthesis of C2 symmetric diamines from the mother diamine by resonance-assisted hydrogen-bond directed diaza-Cope rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:12184-91. [PMID: 18700769 DOI: 10.1021/ja803951u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen diphenylethylenediamine analogues including those with electron donating, electron withdrawing, and sterically bulky substituents have been prepared in good overall yields (70-90%) and in enantiomerically pure form (>99% ee) by diaza-Cope rearrangement reaction. A single chiral mother diamine, ((R,R)-1,2-bis-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-diaminoethane), is reacted with appropriate aldehydes to form the initial diimines that rearrange to give all the product diimines in the (S,S) form. The daughter diamines are obtained by hydrolysis of the product diimines. Density functional theory computation shows that resonance-assisted hydrogen-bond is the main driving force behind all the rearrangement reactions. Chiral high performance liquid chromatography and circular dichroism spectroscopy show that the highly stereospecific rearrangement reactions take place with apparent inversion of stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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Nieto S, Lynch VM, Anslyn EV, Kim H, Chin J. High-throughput screening of identity, enantiomeric excess, and concentration using MLCT transitions in CD spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:9232-3. [PMID: 18572934 PMCID: PMC7806534 DOI: 10.1021/ja803443j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes a protocol for the fast determination of identity, enantiomeric excess (ee) and concentration of chiral 1,2-diamines, the combination of which has not previously been achieved, using the changes in the circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the charge-transfer bands of the Cu(I)-Binap complex. The spectra were analyzed with a variety of pattern recognition (PR) protocols. PR techniques were used to analyze unknown samples in a robotically controlled 96-well plate interfaced CD instrument. In less than two minutes per sample, ee and concentration values can be read with 2% and 8% error, respectively. The speed and accuracy as well as ability to simultaneously measure ee concentration and identity represent clear advantages over traditional methods and makes this method adaptable to true high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Nieto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Kim H, Choi DS, Yen CPH, Lough AJ, Song CE, Chin J. Diastereoselective diaza-Cope rearrangement reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:1335-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b716253g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Lee KS, Lee JT, Hong JI, Kim HJ. Visual Detection of Cyanide through Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond. CHEM LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2007.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kim W, So SM, Chagal L, Lough AJ, Kim BM, Chin J. Stereoselective Recognition of Vicinal Diamines with a Zn(II) Complex. J Org Chem 2006; 71:8966-8. [PMID: 17081032 DOI: 10.1021/jo0616815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zn(II) complex of L (N,N'-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-N,N'-dimethyl-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane) binds chiral vicinal diamines (1,2-diphenylethylenediamine (dpen) and 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (dach)) stereoselectively. Crystallographic studies reveal that the ternary complex has the C2 symmetric cis-alpha topology. 1H NMR shows that the R,R form of the tetradentate zinc complex binds rapidly and reversibly to the R,R form of the diamine over the S,S form with a stereoselectivity of about 5:1. Although the diamine exchange rate is rapid it is slower than the NMR time scale, and distinct signals for the diastereomeric complexes are observed when racemic mixtures of the host and guest molecules are mixed. Origin of stereoselectivity is discussed in terms of steric effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosung Kim
- School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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