1
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Msellem P, Dekthiarenko M, Hadj Seyd N, Vives G. Switchable molecular tweezers: design and applications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:504-539. [PMID: 38440175 PMCID: PMC10910529 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Switchable molecular tweezers are a unique class of molecular switches that, like their macroscopic analogs, exhibit mechanical motion between an open and closed conformation in response to stimuli. Such systems constitute an essential component of artificial molecular machines. This review will present selected examples of switchable molecular tweezers and their potential applications. The first part will be devoted to chemically responsive tweezers, including stimuli such as pH, metal coordination, and anion binding. Then, redox-active and photochemical tweezers will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Msellem
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Maksym Dekthiarenko
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nihal Hadj Seyd
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Vives
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
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2
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Ding Y, Jiao J, Sun B, Yang Z, Lin C, Wang L. The facile preparation of p-(methoxy)calix[n]arenes (n = 6, 7, or 8) and their permethylated derivatives. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Mamardashvili G, Mamardashvili N, Koifman O. Macrocyclic Receptors for Identification and Selective Binding of Substrates of Different Nature. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175292. [PMID: 34500725 PMCID: PMC8433985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular recognition of host/guest molecules represents the basis of many biological processes and phenomena. Enzymatic catalysis and inhibition, immunological response, reproduction of genetic information, biological regulatory functions, the effects of drugs, and ion transfer-all these processes include the stage of structure recognition during complexation. The goal of this review is to solicit and publish the latest advances in the design and sensing and binding abilities of porphyrin-based heterotopic receptors with well-defined geometries, the recognition ability of which is realized due to ionic, H-bridge, charge transfer, hydrophobic, and hydrophilic interactions. The dissection of the considered low-energy processes at the molecular scale expands our capabilities in the development of effective systems for controlled recognition, selective delivery, and prolonged release of substrates of different natures (including drugs) to their sites of functioning.
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4
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Ousaka N, Yamamoto S, Iida H, Iwata T, Ito S, Souza R, Hijikata Y, Irle S, Yashima E. Encapsulation of Aromatic Guests in the Bisporphyrin Cavity of a Double-Stranded Spiroborate Helicate: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies and the Encapsulation Mechanism. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10501-10516. [PMID: 34282918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A double-stranded spiroborate helicate bearing a bisporphyrin unit in the middle forms an inclusion complex with electron-deficient aromatic guests that are sandwiched between the porphyrins. In the present study, we systematically investigated the effects of size, electron density, and substituents of a series of aromatic guests on inclusion complex formations within the bisporphyrin. The thermodynamic and kinetic behaviors during the guest-encapsulation process were also investigated in detail. The guest-encapsulation abilities in the helicate increased with the increasing core sizes of the electron-deficient aromatic guests and decreased with the increasing bulkiness and number of substituents of the guests. Among the naphthalenediimide derivatives, those with bulky N-substituents at both ends hardly formed an inclusion complex. Instead, they formed a [2]rotaxane-like inclusion complex through the water-mediated dynamic B-O bond cleavage/reformation of the spiroborate groups of the helicate, which enhanced the conformational flexibility of the helicate to enlarge the bisporphyrin cavity and form an inclusion complex. Based on the X-ray crystal structure of a unique pacman-like 1:1 inclusion complex between the helicate and an ammonium cation as well as the molecular dynamics simulation results, a plausible mechanism for the inclusion of a planar aromatic guest within the helicate is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iida
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takuya Iwata
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shingo Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Rafael Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuh Hijikata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Stephan Irle
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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5
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Brunet G, Suturina EA, George GPC, Ovens JS, Richardson P, Bucher C, Murugesu M. A Barrel‐Shaped Metal–Organic Blue‐Box Analogue with Photo‐/Redox‐Switchable Behavior. Chemistry 2020; 26:16455-16462. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Brunet
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | | | - Guillaume P. C. George
- Univ. Lyon ENS de Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Laboratoire de Chimie CNRS UMR 5182 69342 Lyon France
| | - Jeffrey S. Ovens
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Paul Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Univ. Lyon ENS de Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Laboratoire de Chimie CNRS UMR 5182 69342 Lyon France
| | - Muralee Murugesu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
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6
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Shinozaki Y, Uragami C, Hashimoto H, Tamiaki H. A Synthetic Chlorophyll Dimer Appending Fullerene: Effect of Chlorophyll Pairing on (Photo)redox Properties. Chemistry 2020; 26:8897-8906. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Shinozaki
- Graduate School of Life SciencesRitsumeikan University Noji-higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Chiasa Uragami
- School of Science and TechnologyKwansei Gakuin University Gakuen 2-1 Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- School of Science and TechnologyKwansei Gakuin University Gakuen 2-1 Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life SciencesRitsumeikan University Noji-higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
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7
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Nojo W, Ishigaki Y, Takeda T, Akutagawa T, Suzuki T. Selective Formation of a Mixed‐Valence State from Linearly Bridged Oligo(aromatic diamines): Drastic Structural Change into a Folded Columnar Stack for Half‐filled Polycations. Chemistry 2019; 25:7759-7765. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nojo
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceHokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceHokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Takashi Takeda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced MaterialsTohoku University Sendai Miyagi 980-8577 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Akutagawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced MaterialsTohoku University Sendai Miyagi 980-8577 Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceHokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
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8
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Wytko JA, Ruppert R, Jeandon C, Weiss J. Metal-mediated linear self-assembly of porphyrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1550-1558. [PMID: 29363684 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09650j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin derivatives are highly relevant to biological processes such as light harvesting and charge separation. Their aromatic electronic structure and their accessible HOMO-LUMO gap render porphyrins highly attractive for the development of opto- and electro-active materials. Due to the often difficult covalent synthesis of multiporphyrins, self-assembly using metal complexation as the driving force can lead to well defined objects exhibiting a controlled morphology, which will be required to analyse and understand the electronic properties of porphyrin wires. This article presents two assembly approaches, namely by peripheral coordination or by binding to a metal ion in the porphyrin core, that are efficient and well designed for future developments requiring interactions with a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Wytko
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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9
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Abstract
Synthetic receptors possessing two complexing chromophores connected by a single spacer are referred to as molecular tweezers. We report an electrochemically triggered molecular tweezers, which is a calix[4]arene-bis-porphyrin conjugate, that acts as a proof-of-concept demonstration system showing an electro-statically induced approach to guest release. The electrochemical behavior represents that 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) is released from the complex formed between calix[4]arene-bis-porphyrin conjugate and DABCO, just after cooperative two-oxidation occurs at 0.41 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Arimura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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10
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Berville M, Choua S, Gourlaouen C, Boudon C, Ruhlmann L, Bailly C, Cobo S, Saint-Aman E, Wytko J, Weiss J. Flexible Viologen Cyclophanes: Odd/Even Effects on Intramolecular Interactions. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:796-803. [PMID: 28052477 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ability of three bis-viologen cyclophanes to act as redox-triggered contractile switches is investigated. Odd/even effects in the formation of cyclic bis-viologens are circumvented by the use of a Zincke salt intermediate and a tetrathiafulvalene template to prepare a flexible cyclophane with hexyl linkers. Comparative spectro-electrochemical studies of this macrocycle with two other pentyl- or heptyl-linked cyclic bis-viologens show that the development of intramolecular interactions in aqueous solution depends on the length of the bridges. This dependence is confirmed by EPR and DFT studies of the magnetic coupling in the diradical dication species. The anti-ferromagnetic or ferromagnetic nature of the coupling depend, respectively, on the odd or even number of methylene groups in the spacer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Berville
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Ligands à Architecture Contrôlée, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67008, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvie Choua
- Laboratoire de Propriétés Optiques et Magnétiques des Architectures Moléculaires, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67008, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67008, Strasbourg, France
| | - Corinne Boudon
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Chimie Physique du Corps Solide, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67008, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Ruhlmann
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Chimie Physique du Corps Solide, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67008, Strasbourg, France
| | - Corinne Bailly
- Service de Cristallographie, GDS 3648, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67008, Strasbourg, France
| | - Saioa Cobo
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 5250, Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique Rédox, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Saint-Aman
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 5250, Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique Rédox, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jennifer Wytko
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Ligands à Architecture Contrôlée, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67008, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Weiss
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Ligands à Architecture Contrôlée, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67008, Strasbourg, France
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11
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Bhowmik S, Kosa M, Mizrahi A, Fridman N, Saphier M, Stanger A, Gross Z. The Planar Cyclooctatetraene Bridge in Bis-Metallic Macrocycles: Isolating or Conjugating? Inorg Chem 2017; 56:2287-2296. [PMID: 28182414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A minor modification of the reported procedure for the synthesis of a corrole dimer that is fused by the cyclooctatetraene (COT) unit, (H3tpfc)2COT, allowed for its isolation in 18% yield. Of the two redox isomers that this interesting macrocycle does form, the current focus is on the reduced form, in which each subunit resembles that of monomeric corroles with a trianionic N4 coordination core. The corresponding bis-gallium(III) complex was prepared as an entry into the potentially rich coordination chemistry of (H3tpfc)2COT. Both X-ray crystallography and DFT calculations disclosed that the COT moiety is essentially planar with very unusual nonalternating C-C bonds. The same holds true for the bis-gallium(III) complexes [(Ga-tpfc)2]COT(py)2 and [(Ga-tpfc)2]COT(py)4, obtained with one and two pyridine molecules coordinated to each metal ion, respectively. The electronic spectra of both the free base and the gallium(III) complexes display an extremely low energy band (λmax at 720-724 nm), which points toward extensive π delocalization through the COT bridge. This aspect was fully addressed by examining the interactions between the two corrole subunits in terms of electrochemistry and DFT calculations of the oxidized and reduced macrocycle. The new near-IR bands that appear upon both oxidation (λmax 1250 nm) and reduction (λmax 1780 nm) serve as additional supporting evidence for this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susovan Bhowmik
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Monica Kosa
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Amir Mizrahi
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000, Israel.,Chemistry Department, Nuclear Research Centre Negev , Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Natalia Fridman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Magal Saphier
- Chemistry Department, Nuclear Research Centre Negev , Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Amnon Stanger
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Zeev Gross
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000, Israel
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12
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Synthesis and spectroscopic studies of highly fluorescent, solvatochromic diastereomers with differentially stacked bithiophene-substituted quinoxaline rings. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Lv X, Han Y, Yang Z, Li Z, Gao Z, Wang F. Pre-organized molecular tweezer stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds: solvent-responsive host–guest complexation. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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14
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Al-Azemi TF, Vinodh M, Alipour FH. Bis-resorcin[4]arene–bridged porphyrin conjugates: synthesis, fluorescence and binding studies. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of bis-resorcin[4]arene–bridged porphyrin conjugates and effect of the structure type on binding, and fluorescence quenching behaviors are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mickey Vinodh
- Chemistry Department
- Kuwait University
- Safat 13060
- Kuwait
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15
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Kahlfuss C, Milet A, Wytko J, Weiss J, Saint-Aman E, Bucher C. Hydrogen-Bond Controlled π-Dimerization in Viologen-Appended Calixarenes: Revealing a Subtle Balance of Weak Interactions. Org Lett 2015; 17:4058-61. [PMID: 26270244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Kahlfuss
- Laboratoire
de Chimie (UMR 5182), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon/CNRS Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Milet
- Département
de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 5250), Université Joseph Fourier/CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Jennifer Wytko
- Institut
de Chimie, UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue
Blaise Pascal, 67008 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Jean Weiss
- Institut
de Chimie, UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue
Blaise Pascal, 67008 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Eric Saint-Aman
- Département
de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 5250), Université Joseph Fourier/CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Laboratoire
de Chimie (UMR 5182), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon/CNRS Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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16
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de la Torre G, Bottari G, Sekita M, Hausmann A, Guldi DM, Torres T. A voyage into the synthesis and photophysics of homo- and heterobinuclear ensembles of phthalocyanines and porphyrins. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:8049-105. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60140d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Iordache A, Kannappan R, Métay E, Duclos MC, Pellet-Rostaing S, Lemaire M, Milet A, Saint-Aman E, Bucher C. Redox control of molecular motions in bipyridinium appended calixarenes. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:4383-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40356d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Vinodh M, Alipour FH, Mohamod AA, Al-Azemi TF. Molecular assemblies of porphyrins and macrocyclic receptors: recent developments in their synthesis and applications. Molecules 2012; 17:11763-99. [PMID: 23047480 PMCID: PMC6268645 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171011763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalloporphyrins which form the core of many bioenzymes and natural light harvesting or electron transport systems, exhibit a variety of selective functional properties depending on the state and surroundings with which they exist in biological systems. The specificity and ease with which they function in each of their bio-functions appear to be largely governed by the nature and disposition of the protein globule around the porphyrin reaction center. Synthetic porphyrin frameworks confined within or around a pre-organized molecular entity like the protein network in natural systems have attracted considerable attraction, especially in the field of biomimetic reactions. At the same time a large number of macrocyclic oligomers such as calixarenes, resorcinarenes, spherands, cyclodextrins and crown ethers have been investigated in detail as efficient molecular receptors. These molecular receptors are synthetic host molecules with enclosed interiors, which are designed three dimensionally to ensure strong and precise molecular encapsulation/recognition. Due to their complex structures, enclosed guest molecules reside in an environment isolated from the outside and as a consequence, physical properties and chemical reactions specific to that environment in these guest species can be identified. The facile incorporation of such molecular receptors into the highly photoactive and catalytically efficient porphyrin framework allows for convenient design of useful molecular systems with unique structural and functional properties. Such systems have provided over the years attractive model systems for the study of various biological and chemical processes, and the design of new materials and molecular devices. This review focuses on the recent developments in the synthesis of porphyrin assemblies associated with cyclodextrins, calixarenes and resorcinarenes and their potential applications in the fields of molecular encapsulation/recognition, and chemical catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Talal F. Al-Azemi
- Chemistry Department, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
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19
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Synthesis and characterization of a stable copper (I) calix[4]dicyano-diimidazole complex. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Ferchichi M, Jeanneau E, Fenet B, Meganem F, Darbost U, Bonnamour I. Synthesis, characterization, and conformational analysis of new perfunctionalized calix[9]arenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Iordache A, Retegan M, Thomas F, Royal G, Saint-Aman E, Bucher C. Redox-Responsive Porphyrin-Based Molecular Tweezers. Chemistry 2012; 18:7648-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Haumesser J, Gisselbrecht JP, Weiss J, Ruppert R. Carbene spacers in bis-porphyrinic scaffolds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:11653-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36800e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Chaudhary A, Rath SP. Efficient Complexation of Pyrrole-Bridged Dizinc(II) Bisporphyrin with Fluorescent Probe Pyrene: Synthesis, Structure, and Photoinduced Singlet-Singlet Energy Transfer. Chemistry 2011; 17:11478-87. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Habermeyer B, Takai A, Gros CP, El Ojaimi M, Barbe J, Fukuzumi S. Dynamics of Closure of Zinc Bis‐Porphyrin Molecular Tweezers with Copper(II) Ions and Electron Transfer. Chemistry 2011; 17:10670-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Habermeyer
- ICMUB, UMR CNRS 5260, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon CEDEX (France)
| | - Atsuro Takai
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University and ALCA, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 2‐1 Yamada‐oka, Suita, Osaka 565‐0871 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 6‐6879‐7370
- Present Address: Organic Materials Group, Polymer Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1‐2‐1 Sengen, Tsukuba 305‐0047 (Japan)
| | - Claude P. Gros
- ICMUB, UMR CNRS 5260, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon CEDEX (France)
| | - Maya El Ojaimi
- ICMUB, UMR CNRS 5260, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon CEDEX (France)
- Present Address: Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204 (USA)
| | - Jean‐Michel Barbe
- ICMUB, UMR CNRS 5260, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon CEDEX (France)
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University and ALCA, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 2‐1 Yamada‐oka, Suita, Osaka 565‐0871 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 6‐6879‐7370
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120‐750 (Korea)
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Leblond J, Petitjean A. Molecular tweezers: concepts and applications. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:1043-51. [PMID: 21442716 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201001050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Taken to the molecular level, the concept of "tweezers" opens a rich and fascinating field at the convergence of molecular recognition, biomimetic chemistry and nanomachines. Composed of a spacer bridging two interaction sites, the behaviour of molecular tweezers is strongly influenced by the flexibility of their spacer. Operating through an "induced-fit" recognition mechanism, flexible molecular tweezers select the conformation(s) most appropriate for substrate binding. Their adaptability allows them to be used in a variety of binding modes and they have found applications in chirality signalling. Rigid spacers, on the contrary, display a limited number of binding states, which lead to selective and strong substrate binding following a "lock and key" model. Exquisite selectivity may be expressed with substrates as varied as C(60) , nanotubes and natural cofactors, and applications to molecular electronics and enzyme inhibition are emerging. At the crossroad between flexible and rigid spacers, stimulus-responsive molecular tweezers controlled by ionic, redox or light triggers belong to the realm of molecular machines, and, applied to molecular tweezing, open doors to the selective binding, transport and release of their cargo. Applications to controlled drug delivery are already appearing. The past 30 years have seen the birth of molecular tweezers; the next many years to come will surely see them blooming in exciting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Leblond
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Greatly Enhanced Intermolecular π-Dimer Formation of a Porphyrin Trimer Radical Trications through Multiple π Bonds. Chemistry 2011; 17:3420-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Monnereau C, Rebilly JN, Reinaud O. Synthesis and First Studies of the Host-Guest and Substrate Recognition Properties of a Porphyrin-Tethered Calix[6]arene Ditopic Ligand. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Jurow M, Schuckman AE, Batteas JD, Drain CM. Porphyrins as Molecular Electronic Components of Functional Devices. Coord Chem Rev 2010; 254:2297-2310. [PMID: 20936084 PMCID: PMC2950646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The proposal that molecules can perform electronic functions in devices such as diodes, rectifiers, wires, capacitors, or serve as functional materials for electronic or magnetic memory, has stimulated intense research across physics, chemistry, and engineering for over 35 years. Because biology uses porphyrins and metalloporphyrins as catalysts, small molecule transporters, electrical conduits, and energy transducers in photosynthesis, porphyrins are an obvious class of molecules to investigate for molecular electronic functions. Of the numerous kinds of molecules under investigation for molecular electronics applications, porphyrins and their related macrocycles are of particular interest because they are robust and their electronic properties can be tuned by chelation of a metal ion and substitution on the macrocycle. The other porphyrinoids have equally variable and adjustable photophysical properties, thus photonic applications are potentiated. At least in the near term, realistic architectures for molecular electronics will require self-organization or nanoprinting on surfaces. This review concentrates on self-organized porphyrinoids as components of working electronic devices on electronically active substrates with particular emphasis on the effect of surface, molecular design, molecular orientation and matrix on the detailed electronic properties of single molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Jurow
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York, 10065
| | - Amanda E. Schuckman
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
| | - James D. Batteas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York, 10065
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065
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29
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Canary JW, Mortezaei S, Liang J. Transition metal-based chiroptical switches for nanoscale electronics and sensors. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Takai A, Gros CP, Barbe JM, Fukuzumi S. Photodynamics in stable complexes composed of a zinc porphyrin tripod and pyridyl porphyrins assembled by multiple coordination bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12160-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00329h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Takai A, Gros C, Barbe JM, Guilard R, Fukuzumi S. Enhanced Electron-Transfer Properties of Cofacial Porphyrin Dimers through π-π Interactions. Chemistry 2009; 15:3110-22. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pognon G, Wytko J, Harvey P, Weiss J. Evidence for Dual Pathway in Through-Space Singlet Energy Transfers in Flexible Cofacial Bisporphyrin Dyads. Chemistry 2008; 15:524-35. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yamaguchi S, Katoh T, Shinokubo H, Osuka A. Pt(II)- and Pt(IV)-Bridged Cofacial Diporphyrins via Carbon−Transition Metal σ-Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:14440-1. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8066385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Taisuke Katoh
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Chmielewski PJ. Synthesis and Characterization of Transition Metal Complexes of Dimeric N-Confused Porphyrin Linked by an o-Xylene Fragment. Inorg Chem 2008; 48:432-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ic800591n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr J. Chmielewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie Street, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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Ding J, Pan D, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Synthesis and Photophysical Studies of Calix[4]arene-based Binuclear Platinum(II) Complexes: Probing Metal−Metal and Ligand−Ligand Interactions. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:5099-106. [DOI: 10.1021/ic702022p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Molecular Engineering, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & Graduate University, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Dun Pan
- Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Molecular Engineering, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & Graduate University, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Molecular Engineering, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & Graduate University, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Molecular Engineering, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & Graduate University, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Hennrich G, Murillo MT, Prados P, Al-Saraierh H, El-Dali A, Thompson DW, Collins J, Georghiou PE, Teshome A, Asselberghs I, Clays K. Alkynyl expanded donor-acceptor calixarenes: geometry and second-order nonlinear optical properties. Chemistry 2007; 13:7753-61. [PMID: 17610220 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A number of wide- and narrow-rimmed functionalized alkynylcalix[4]arenes have been synthesized by Sonogashira coupling. With respect to their optical properties, these donor-acceptor systems are treated as ensembles of covalently linked, electronically independent tolane subchromophores. Linear UV/visible and fluorescence spectroscopic investigations revealed that the charge-transfer character of the electronic transitions in calixarenes, and also the second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties depend on the electron-withdrawing nature of the terminal ethynylphenyl substituent (NO(2), CF(3), H). The nitro derivatives display high values of the quadratic hyperpolarizability beta. Not only do the (nonlinear) optical properties of the target compounds depend on the number and relative disposition of the subchromophores, but also on the geometry of the calixarenes. In particular, the opening angle of the calixarene cavity can be determined by the substitution pattern of the calixarene scaffold (wide- versus narrow-rim substitution) and the number of the acetylene functions introduced. Both the NLO properties and the conformational issues are conveniently assessed by using hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) in solution, and supported by X-ray crystallography in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Hennrich
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, C-I, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Pognon G, Mamardashvilli NZ, Weiss J. Convenient preparation of 5-ethynyl-octaethylporphyrin free base and zinc complex. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.06.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Jiang FL, Wong WK, Zhu XJ, Zhou GJ, Wong WY, Wu PL, Tam HL, Cheah KW, Ye C, Liu Y. Synthesis, Characterization, and Photophysical Properties of Some Heterodimetallic Bisporphyrins of Ytterbium and Transition Metals – Enhancement and Lifetime Extension of Yb3+ Emission by Transition-Metal Porphyrin Sensitization. Eur J Inorg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200700153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Givaja G, Volpe M, Leeland JW, Edwards MA, Young TK, Darby SB, Reid SD, Blake AJ, Wilson C, Wolowska J, McInnes EJL, Schröder M, Love JB. Design and Synthesis of Binucleating Macrocyclic Clefts Derived from Schiff-Base Calixpyrroles. Chemistry 2007; 13:3707-23. [PMID: 17245783 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses, characterisation and complexation reactions of a series of binucleating Schiff-base calixpyrrole macrocycles are described. The acid-templated [2+2] condensations between meso-disubstituted diformyldipyrromethanes and o-phenylenediamines generate the Schiff-base pyrrolic macrocycles H(4)L(1) to H(4)L(6) upon basic workup. The single-crystal X-ray structures of both H(4)L(3).2 EtOH and H(4)L(6).H2O confirm that [2+2] cyclisation has occurred, with either EtOH or H2O hydrogen-bonded within the macrocyclic cleft. A series of complexation reactions generate the dipalladium [Pd2(L)] (L=L(1) to L(5)), dinickel [Ni2(L(1))] and dicopper [Cu2(L)] (L=L(1) to L(3)) complexes. All of these complexes have been structurally characterised in the solid state and are found to adopt wedged structures that are enforced by the rigidity of the aryl backbone to give a cleft reminiscent of the structures of Pacman porphyrins. The binuclear nickel complexes [Ni2(mu-OMe)2Cl2(HOMe)2(H(4)L(1))] and [Ni2(mu-OH)2Cl2(HOMe)(H(4)L(5))] have also been prepared, although in these cases the solid-state structures show that the macrocyclic ligand remains protonated at the pyrrolic nitrogen atoms, and the Ni(II) cations are therefore co-ordinated by the imine nitrogen atoms only to give an open conformation for the complex. The dicopper complex [Cu2(L(3))] was crystallised in the presence of pyridine to form the adduct [Cu2(py)(L(3))], in which, in the solid state, the pyridine ligand is bound within the binuclear molecular cleft. Reaction between H(4)L(1) and [Mn(thf){N(SiMe(3))2}2] results in clean formation of the dimanganese complex [Mn2(L(1))], which, upon crystallisation, formed the mixed-valent complex [Mn2(mu-OH)(L(1))] in which the hydroxo ligand bridges the metal centres within the molecular cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Givaja
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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Abstract
[structure: see text] The synthesis of a Pacman heterobisporphyrin associating an octaethyl porphyrinatozinc (ZnOEP) energy donor and a triaryl porphyrinatozinc (ZntPP) energy acceptor around a calix[4]arene spacer is described. Contrary to previous symmetrical architectures, correlations between the chromophores in the unsymmetrical calixarene bisporphyrin Pacman scaffold can now be observed in ROESY experiments. Independent of the excitation wavelength, only the luminescence of the ZntPP moiety was observed corresponding to quenching of the OEP moiety's emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Pognon
- CLAC, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 CNRS-ULP, BP 1032, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
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Holmes AE, Das D, Canary JW. Chelation-enhanced circular dichroism of tripodal bisporphyrin ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:1506-7. [PMID: 17243681 DOI: 10.1021/ja0666147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Holmes
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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Oliveri CG, Gianneschi NC, Nguyen ST, Mirkin CA, Stern CL, Wawrzak Z, Pink M. Supramolecular allosteric cofacial porphyrin complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:16286-96. [PMID: 17165783 PMCID: PMC2525615 DOI: 10.1021/ja0661010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nature routinely uses cooperative interactions to regulate cellular activity. For years, chemists have designed synthetic systems that aim toward harnessing the reactivity common to natural biological systems. By learning how to control these interactions in situ, one begins to allow for the preparation of man-made biomimetic systems that can efficiently mimic the interactions found in Nature. To this end, we have designed a synthetic protocol for the preparation of flexible metal-directed supramolecular cofacial porphyrin complexes which are readily obtained in greater than 90% yield through the use of new hemilabile porphyrin ligands with bifunctional ether-phosphine or thioether-phosphine substituents at the 5 and 15 positions on the porphyrin ring. The resulting architectures contain two hemilabile ligand-metal domains (RhI or CuI sites) and two cofacially aligned porphyrins (ZnII sites), offering orthogonal functionalities and allowing these multimetallic complexes to exist in two states, "condensed" or "open". Combining the ether-phosphine ligand with the appropriate RhI or CuI transition-metal precursors results in "open" macrocyclic products. In contrast, reacting the thioether-phosphine ligand with RhI or CuI precursors yields condensed structures that can be converted into their "open" macrocyclic forms via introduction of additional ancillary ligands. The change in cavity size that occurs allows these structures to function as allosteric catalysts for the acyl transfer reaction between X-pyridylcarbinol (where X = 2, 3, or 4) and 1-acetylimidazole. For 3- and 4-pyridylcarbinol, the "open" macrocycle accelerates the acyl transfer reaction more than the condensed analogue and significantly more than the porphyrin monomer. In contrast, an allosteric effect was not observed for 2-pyridylcarbinol, which is expected to be a weaker binder and is unfavorably constrained inside the macrocyclic cavity.
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