1
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Pan QX, Zhu CY, Dong J, Zhang B, Cui L, Zhang CY. Integration of a copper-based metal-organic framework with an ionic liquid for electrochemically discriminating cysteine enantiomers. Analyst 2023. [PMID: 37401671 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00793f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The identification of cysteine enantiomers is of great significance in the biopharmaceutical industry and medical diagnostics. Herein, we develop an electrochemical sensor to discriminate cysteine (Cys) enantiomers based on the integration of a copper metal-organic framework (Cu-MOF) with an ionic liquid. Because the combine energy of D-cysteine (D-Cys) with Cu-MOF (-9.905 eV) is lower than that of L-cysteine (L-Cys) with Cu-MOF (-9.694 eV), the decrease in the peak current of the Cu-MOF/GCE induced by D-Cys is slightly higher than that induced by L-Cys in the absence of an ionic liquid. In contrast, the combine energy of L-Cys with an ionic liquid (-1.084 eV) is lower than that of D-Cys with an ionic liquid (-1.052 eV), and the ionic liquid is easier to cross-link with L-Cys than with D-Cys. When an ionic liquid is present, the decrease in the peak current of the Cu-MOF/GCE induced by D-Cys is much higher than that induced by L-Cys. Consequently, this electrochemical sensor can efficiently discriminate D-Cys from L-Cys, and it can sensitively detect D-Cys with a detection limit of 0.38 nM. Moreover, this electrochemical sensor exhibits good selectivity, and it can accurately measure the spiked D-Cys in human serum with a recovery ratio of 100.2-102.6%, with wide applications in biomedical research and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Xiu Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Chen-Yu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Jie Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Baogang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Lin Cui
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Chun-Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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2
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Tao S, Zhang Q, Vezzoli A, Zhao C, Zhao C, Higgins SJ, Smogunov A, Dappe YJ, Nichols RJ, Yang L. Electrochemical gating for single-molecule electronics with hybrid Au|graphene contacts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6836-6844. [PMID: 35244656 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05486d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The single-molecular conductance of a redox active viologen molecular bridge between Au|graphene electrodes has been studied in an electrochemical gating configuration in an ionic liquid medium. A clear "off-on-off" conductance switching behaviour has been achieved through gating of the redox state when the electrochemical potential is swept. The Au|viologen|graphene junctions show single-molecule conductance maxima centred close to the equilibrium redox potentials for both reduction steps. The peak conductance of Au|viologen|graphene junctions during the first reduction is significantly higher than that of previously measured Au|viologen|Au junctions. This shows that even though the central viologen moiety is not directly linked to the enclosing electrodes, substituting one gold contact for a graphene one nevertheless has a significant impact on junction conductance values. The experimental data was compared against two theoretical models, namely a phase coherent tunnelling and an incoherent "hopping" model. The former is a simple gating monoelectronic model within density functional theory (DFT) which discloses the charge state evolution of the molecule with electrode potential. The latter model is the collective Kuznetsov Ulstrup model for 2-step sequential charge transport through the redox centre in the adiabatic limit. The comparison of both models to the experimental data is discussed for the first time. This work opens perspectives for graphene-based molecular transistors with more effective gating and fundamental understanding of electrochemical electron transfer at the single molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an-Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an-Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Andrea Vezzoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Cezhou Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Xi'an-Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chun Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Xi'an-Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Simon J Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Alexander Smogunov
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Yannick J Dappe
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Richard J Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an-Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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3
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Engelbrekt C, Nazmutdinov RR, Shermukhamedov S, Ulstrup J, Zinkicheva TT, Xiao X. Complex single‐molecule and molecular scale entities in electrochemical environments: Mechanisms and challenges. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Engelbrekt
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Building 207, DK0‐2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Renat R. Nazmutdinov
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Kazan National Research Technological University Karl Marx Str. 68 Kazan 420015 Russian Federation
| | - Shokirbek Shermukhamedov
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Kazan National Research Technological University Karl Marx Str. 68 Kazan 420015 Russian Federation
| | - Jens Ulstrup
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Building 207, DK0‐2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Tamara T. Zinkicheva
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Kazan National Research Technological University Karl Marx Str. 68 Kazan 420015 Russian Federation
| | - Xinxin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Building 207, DK0‐2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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4
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STM studies of electron transfer through single molecules at electrode-electrolyte interfaces. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Nováková Lachmanová Š, Vavrek F, Sebechlebská T, Kolivoška V, Valášek M, Hromadová M. Charge transfer in self-assembled monolayers of molecular conductors containing tripodal anchor and terpyridine-metal redox switching element. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Wang Y, Sun Y, Dong Y, Tian G. Characterization of the Interface Structure of 1-Ethyl-2,3-alkylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide on a Au(111) Surface with Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3677-3689. [PMID: 33797248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As a new type of green electrolyte, ionic liquids have been extensively and successfully used in electrochemical systems. It is extremely important to understand the structure and characteristics of their electric double layers. The microscopic structures of room-temperature ionic liquids 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Emmim]TFSI) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Emim]TFSI) were studied on a flat Au(111) surface using molecular dynamics simulations. Since the interactions of [Emmim]TFSI, [Emmim]+, and TFSI- with the Au(111) surface are stronger than those of molecules (or ions) in the [Emim]TFSI system, the linear arrangement of [Emmim]TFSI and the worm-like pattern of the [Emim]TFSI system can be found near the Au(111) surface. Meanwhile, cations are all parallel to the electrode in the [Emmim]TFSI/Au(111) system and tilted toward the surface in the [Emim]TFSI/Au(111) system. TFSI- presents trans and cis conformations in [Emim]TFSI and [Emmim]TFSI systems adjacent to Au(111), respectively. A Helmholtz-like layer structure with alternating oscillations of anionic and cationic layers can be found in the [Emim]TFSI system, while the molecular layer with cations and anions existing simultaneously can be found in [Emmim]TFSI. Our results confirm that the substitution of hydrogen on C1 by methyl groups in the imidazole ring increases the interaction between the particles. It has also been proved that the change in the anion conformation and cation orientation in the [Emmim]TFSI system can be attributed to the different interaction energies of various particles. The above reasons ultimately make the images on Au(111) different in the two systems. The results provide a new perspective for studying the structure of double layers. They are helpful in deepening the understanding of the interface behavior of ionic liquids and providing a theoretical basis for the design of functional ionic liquids that are suitable for electrochemical equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Non-ferrous Metal Resource Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.,Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.,Yunnan Open University, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yifei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Non-ferrous Metal Resource Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.,Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yubin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Non-ferrous Metal Resource Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.,Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Guocai Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Non-ferrous Metal Resource Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.,Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
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7
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Yokota Y, Kim Y. Molecular Scale Assessments of Electrochemical Interfaces: In Situ and Ex Situ Approaches. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yokota
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- JST PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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8
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Yan J, Frøkjær EE, Engelbrekt C, Leimkühler S, Ulstrup J, Wollenberger U, Xiao X, Zhang J. Voltammetry and Single‐Molecule In Situ Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy of the Redox Metalloenzyme Human Sulfite Oxidase. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Yan
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Building 207, Kemitorvet 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
- State key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 Fujian P.R. China
| | - Emil Egede Frøkjær
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Building 207, Kemitorvet 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Christian Engelbrekt
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Building 207, Kemitorvet 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Silke Leimkühler
- Department of Molecular Enzymology University of Potsdam 14476 PotsdamPotsdam-Golm Germany
| | - Jens Ulstrup
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Building 207, Kemitorvet 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Ulla Wollenberger
- Department of Molecular Enzymology University of Potsdam 14476 PotsdamPotsdam-Golm Germany
| | - Xinxin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Building 207, Kemitorvet 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Building 207, Kemitorvet 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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9
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Wu C, Qiao X, Robertson CM, Higgins SJ, Cai C, Nichols RJ, Vezzoli A. A Chemically Soldered Polyoxometalate Single-Molecule Transistor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12029-12034. [PMID: 32271489 PMCID: PMC7383859 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyoxometalates have been proposed in the literature as nanoelectronic components, where they could offer key advantages with their structural versatility and rich electrochemistry. Apart from a few studies on their ensemble behaviour (as monolayers or thin films), this potential remains largely unexplored. We synthesised a pyridyl-capped Anderson-Evans polyoxometalate and used it to fabricate single-molecule junctions, using the organic termini to chemically "solder" a single cluster to two nanoelectrodes. Operating the device in an electrochemical environment allowed us to probe charge transport through different oxidation states of the polyoxometalate, and we report here an efficient three-state transistor behaviour. Conductance data fits a quantum tunnelling mechanism with different charge-transport probabilities through different charge states. Our results show the promise of polyoxometalates in nanoelectronics and give an insight on their single-entity electrochemical behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanli Wu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
- School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
| | - Xiaohang Qiao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Craig M. Robertson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Simon J. Higgins
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Chenxin Cai
- School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing Normal UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
| | - Richard J. Nichols
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Andrea Vezzoli
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable EnergyUniversity of LiverpoolPeach StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZFUK
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10
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Wu C, Qiao X, Robertson CM, Higgins SJ, Cai C, Nichols RJ, Vezzoli A. A Chemically Soldered Polyoxometalate Single‐Molecule Transistor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanli Wu
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Xiaohang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Craig M. Robertson
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Simon J. Higgins
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Chenxin Cai
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Richard J. Nichols
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Andrea Vezzoli
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy University of Liverpool Peach Street Liverpool L69 7ZF UK
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11
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Liu S, Peng J, Chen L, Sebastián P, Feliu JM, Yan J, Mao B. In-situ STM and AFM Studies on Electrochemical Interfaces in imidazolium-based ionic liquids. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Pensa E, Karpowicz R, Jabłoński A, Trzybiński D, Woźniak K, Šakić D, Vrček V, Long NJ, Albrecht T, Kowalski K. Gold-Induced Desulfurization in a Bis(ferrocenyl) Alkane Dithiol. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelina Pensa
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Rafał Karpowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Artur Jabłoński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Damian Trzybiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Davor Šakić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valerije Vrček
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nicholas J. Long
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Tim Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Konrad Kowalski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
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13
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Black JM, Come J, Bi S, Zhu M, Zhao W, Wong AT, Noh JH, Pudasaini PR, Zhang P, Okatan MB, Dai S, Kalinin SV, Rack PD, Ward TZ, Feng G, Balke N. Role of Electrical Double Layer Structure in Ionic Liquid Gated Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:40949-40958. [PMID: 29063758 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b11044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquid gating of transition metal oxides has enabled new states (magnetic, electronic, metal-insulator), providing fundamental insights into the physics of strongly correlated oxides. However, despite much research activity, little is known about the correlation of the structure of the liquids in contact with the transition metal oxide surface, its evolution with the applied electric potential, and its correlation with the measured electronic properties of the oxide. Here, we investigate the structure of an ionic liquid at a semiconducting oxide interface during the operation of a thin film transistor where the electrical double layer gates the device using experiment and theory. We show that the transition between the ON and OFF states of the amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide transistor is accompanied by a densification and preferential spatial orientation of counterions at the oxide channel surface. This process occurs in three distinct steps, corresponding to ion orientations, and consequently, regimes of different electrical conductivity. The reason for this can be found in the surface charge densities on the oxide surface when different ion arrangements are present. Overall, the field-effect gating process is elucidated in terms of the interfacial ionic liquid structure, and this provides unprecedented insight into the working of a liquid gated transistor linking the nanoscopic structure to the functional properties. This knowledge will enable both new ionic liquid design as well as advanced device concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sheng Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mengyang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430074, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430074, China
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14
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Abstract
It is now possible to reliably measure single molecule conductance in a wide variety of environments including organic liquids, ultrahigh vacuum, water, ionic liquids, and electrolytes. The most commonly used methods deploy scanning probe microscopes, mechanically formed break junctions, or lithographically formed nanogap contacts. Molecules are generally captured between a pair of facing electrodes, and the junction current response is measured as a function of bias voltage. Gating electrodes can also be added so that the electrostatic potential at the molecular bridge can be independently controlled by this third noncontacting electrode. This can also be achieved in an electrolytic environment using a four-electrode bipotentiostatic configuration, which allows independent electrode potential control of the two contacting electrodes. This is commonly realized using an electrochemical STM and enables single molecule electrical characterization as a function of electrode potential and redox state of the molecular bridge. This has emerged as a powerful tool in modern interfacial electrochemistry and nanoelectrochemistry for studying charge transport across single molecules as a function of electrode potential and the electrolytic environments. Such measurements are possible in electrolytes ranging from aqueous buffers to nonaqueous ionic liquids. In this Account, we illustrate a number of examples of single molecule electrical measurements under electrode potential control use a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and demonstrate how these can help in the understanding of charge transport in single molecule junctions. Examples showing charge transport following phase coherent tunneling to incoherent charge hopping across redox active molecular bridges are shown. In the case of bipyridinium (or viologen) molecular wires, it is shown how electrochemical reduction leads to an increase of the single molecule conductance, which is controlled by the liquid electrochemical gating. This has been referred to as to a "single molecule transistor configuration" with the gate voltage being provided by the controllable potential achieved through the electrochemical double layer. It is shown how the electrolyte medium can control such gating, with ionic liquids providing more efficient gate coupling than aqueous electrolytes. Control of the conductance of viologen molecular wires can also be achieved by encapsulating the viologen redox moiety within a molecular cage, thereby controlling its immediate environment. Molecular conductance can also be gated through multiple redox states. This has been shown for the redox moiety pyrrolo-tetrathiafulvalene, which undergoes single molecule electrochemical transistor gating through three redox states in molecular junctions. Charge transport through this junction follows a two-step hopping mechanism, demonstrating the role of the redox center in electron transfer across the molecular bridge. Recent electrolyte gating studies of rigid, conjugated redox-active metal complexes with tailored terpyridine coordinating ligands and anchors are also presented. These aforementioned studies have all been performed with gold electrode contacts. The Account concludes with recent data showing that it is now possible to study single molecule electrochemical gating with nickel electrodes. This opens up new perspectives for studying interfacial charge transfer with a wide variety of other electrode materials including semiconductor electrodes and also points toward future opportunities for coupling molecular spintronics and nanoelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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15
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Rudnev AV, Franco C, Crivillers N, Seber G, Droghetti A, Rungger I, Pobelov IV, Veciana J, Mas-Torrent M, Rovira C. A redox-active radical as an effective nanoelectronic component: stability and electrochemical tunnelling spectroscopy in ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:27733-27737. [PMID: 27722361 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05658j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A redox-active persistent perchlorotriphenylmethyl (PTM) radical chemically linked to gold exhibits stable electrochemical activity in ionic liquids. Electrochemical tunnelling spectroscopy in this medium demonstrates that the PTM radical shows a highly effective redox-mediated current enhancement, demonstrating its applicability as an active nanometer-scale electronic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Rudnev
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. and Russian Academy of Sciences A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Carlos Franco
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus la Universitat Autonoma Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Núria Crivillers
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus la Universitat Autonoma Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Gonca Seber
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus la Universitat Autonoma Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Andrea Droghetti
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Universidad del Pais Vasco CFM, CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC & DIPC, Avenida Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ivan Rungger
- Materials Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Ilya V Pobelov
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus la Universitat Autonoma Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Marta Mas-Torrent
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus la Universitat Autonoma Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Concepció Rovira
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus la Universitat Autonoma Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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16
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Lemmer M, Inkpen MS, Kornysheva K, Long NJ, Albrecht T. Unsupervised vector-based classification of single-molecule charge transport data. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12922. [PMID: 27694904 PMCID: PMC5063956 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The stochastic nature of single-molecule charge transport measurements requires collection of large data sets to capture the full complexity of a molecular system. Data analysis is then guided by certain expectations, for example, a plateau feature in the tunnelling current distance trace, and the molecular conductance extracted from suitable histogram analysis. However, differences in molecular conformation or electrode contact geometry, the number of molecules in the junction or dynamic effects may lead to very different molecular signatures. Since their manifestation is a priori unknown, an unsupervised classification algorithm, making no prior assumptions regarding the data is clearly desirable. Here we present such an approach based on multivariate pattern analysis and apply it to simulated and experimental single-molecule charge transport data. We demonstrate how different event shapes are clearly separated using this algorithm and how statistics about different event classes can be extracted, when conventional methods of analysis fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michael S. Inkpen
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Katja Kornysheva
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17-19 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Long
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tim Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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17
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Black JM, Zhu M, Zhang P, Unocic RR, Guo D, Okatan MB, Dai S, Cummings PT, Kalinin SV, Feng G, Balke N. Fundamental aspects of electric double layer force-distance measurements at liquid-solid interfaces using atomic force microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32389. [PMID: 27587276 PMCID: PMC5009352 DOI: 10.1038/srep32389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) force-distance measurements are used to investigate the layered ion structure of Ionic Liquids (ILs) at the mica surface. The effects of various tip properties on the measured force profiles are examined and reveal that the measured ion position is independent of tip properties, while the tip radius affects the forces required to break through the ion layers as well as the adhesion force. Force data is collected for different ILs and directly compared with interfacial ion density profiles predicted by molecular dynamics. Through this comparison it is concluded that AFM force measurements are sensitive to the position of the ion with the larger volume and mass, suggesting that ion selectivity in force-distance measurements are related to excluded volume effects and not to electrostatic or chemical interactions between ions and AFM tip. The comparison also revealed that at distances greater than 1 nm the system maintains overall electroneutrality between the AFM tip and sample, while at smaller distances other forces (e.g., van der waals interactions) dominate and electroneutrality is no longer maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Black
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Mengyang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Raymond R Unocic
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Daqiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - M Baris Okatan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Peter T Cummings
- Department of Chemical &Biomolecular Engineering and Multiscale Modeling and Simulation Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Sergei V Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Guang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Nina Balke
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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18
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Zhong Y, Yan J, Li M, Chen L, Mao B. The Electric Double Layer in an Ionic Liquid Incorporated with Water Molecules: Atomic Force Microscopy Force Curve Study. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Miangang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Bingwei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
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19
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Davidson R, Al-Owaedi OA, Milan DC, Zeng Q, Tory J, Hartl F, Higgins SJ, Nichols RJ, Lambert CJ, Low PJ. Effects of Electrode–Molecule Binding and Junction Geometry on the Single-Molecule Conductance of bis-2,2′:6′,2″-Terpyridine-based Complexes. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:2691-700. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross Davidson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South
Rd, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Oday A. Al-Owaedi
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
- Department of Laser Physics, Women Faculty of Science, Babylon University, Hillah, Iraq
| | - David C. Milan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Joanne Tory
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - František Hartl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J. Lambert
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Low
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Washington 6009, Australia
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20
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Kozhushner MA, Dokhlikova NV. Kinetic theory of resonant current through molecules. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793115060068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Osorio HM, Catarelli S, Cea P, Gluyas JBG, Hartl F, Higgins SJ, Leary E, Low PJ, Martín S, Nichols RJ, Tory J, Ulstrup J, Vezzoli A, Milan DC, Zeng Q. Electrochemical Single-Molecule Transistors with Optimized Gate Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14319-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrry M. Osorio
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Samantha Catarelli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Cea
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto
de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) and Laboratorio de microscopias
avanzadas (LMA), edificio i+d Campus Rio Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Josef B. G. Gluyas
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - František Hartl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Simon J. Higgins
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund Leary
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Low
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Santiago Martín
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto
de Ciencias de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Richard J. Nichols
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Tory
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Jens Ulstrup
- Department
of Chemistry and NanoDTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrea Vezzoli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Milan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, U.K
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22
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Hjalmarsson N, Wallinder D, Glavatskih S, Atkin R, Aastrup T, Rutland MW. Weighing the surface charge of an ionic liquid. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:16039-16045. [PMID: 26370450 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03965g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance has been used to measure changes in the composition of the capacitive electrical double layer for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)-trifluorophosphate, an ionic liquid, in contact with a gold electrode surface as a function of potential. The mass difference between the cation and anion means that the technique can effectively "weigh" the surface charge accurately with high temporal resolution. This reveals quantitatively how changing the potential alters the ratio of cations and anions associated with the electrode surface, and thus the charge per unit area, as well as the kinetics associated with these interfacial processes. The measurements reveal that it is diffusion of co-ions into the interfacial region rather than expulsion of counterions that controls the relaxation. The measured potential dependent double layer capacitance experimentally validates recent theoretical predictions for counterion overscreening (low potentials) and crowding (high potentials) at electrode surfaces. This new capacity to quantitatively measure ion composition is critical for ionic liquid applications ranging from batteries, capacitors and electrodeposition through to boundary layer structure in tribology, and more broadly provides new insight into interfacial processes in concentrated electrolyte solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicklas Hjalmarsson
- Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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24
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Davidson R, Liang JH, Costa Milan D, Mao BW, Nichols RJ, Higgins SJ, Yufit DS, Beeby A, Low PJ. Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Single-Molecule Conductance of Bimetallic 2,3,5,6-Tetra(pyridine-2-yl)pyrazine-Based Complexes. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:5487-94. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross Davidson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Jing-Hong Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - David Costa Milan
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Richard J. Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Simon J. Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Dmitry S. Yufit
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Andrew Beeby
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Paul J. Low
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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25
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Bodappa N, Fluch U, Fu Y, Mayor M, Moreno-García P, Siegenthaler H, Wandlowski T. Controlled assembly and single electron charging of monolayer protected Au144 clusters: an electrochemistry and scanning tunneling spectroscopy study. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:15117-15126. [PMID: 25372883 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03793f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Single gold particles may serve as room temperature single electron memory units because of their size dependent electronic level spacing. Here, we present a proof-of-concept study by electrochemically controlled scanning probe experiments performed on tailor-made Au particles of narrow dispersity. In particular, the charge transport characteristics through chemically synthesized hexane-1-thiol and 4-pyridylbenzene-1-thiol mixed monolayer protected Au(144) clusters (MPCs) by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical scanning tunneling spectroscopy (EC-STS) are reported. The pyridyl groups exposed by the Au-MPCs enable their immobilization on Pt(111) substrates. By varying the humidity during their deposition, samples coated by stacks of compact monolayers of Au-MPCs or decorated with individual, laterally separated Au-MPCs are obtained. DPV experiments with stacked monolayers of Au(144)-MPCs and EC-STS experiments with laterally separated individual Au(144)-MPCs are performed both in aqueous and ionic liquid electrolytes. Lower capacitance values were observed for individual clusters compared to ensemble clusters. This trend remains the same irrespective of the composition of the electrolyte surrounding the Au(144)-MPC. However, the resolution of the energy level spacing of the single clusters is strongly affected by the proximity of neighboring particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataraju Bodappa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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26
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Nirmalraj P, Thompson D, Molina-Ontoria A, Sousa M, Martín N, Gotsmann B, Riel H. Nanoelectrical analysis of single molecules and atomic-scale materials at the solid/liquid interface. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:947-953. [PMID: 25129620 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the built-in functionality of nanomaterials under practical conditions is central for their proposed integration as active components in next-generation electronics. Low-dimensional materials from single atoms to molecules have been consistently resolved and manipulated under ultrahigh vacuum at low temperatures. At room temperature, atomic-scale imaging has also been performed by probing materials at the solid/liquid interface. We exploit this electrical interface to develop a robust electronic decoupling platform that provides precise information on molecular energy levels recorded using in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy/spectroscopy with high spatial and energy resolution in a high-density liquid environment. Our experimental findings, supported by ab initio electronic structure calculations and atomic-scale molecular dynamics simulations, reveal direct mapping of single-molecule structure and resonance states at the solid/liquid interface. We further extend this approach to resolve the electronic structure of graphene monolayers at atomic length scales under standard room-temperature operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nirmalraj
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Damien Thompson
- 1] Department of Physics and Energy, University of Limerick, Ireland [2] Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Agustín Molina-Ontoria
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marilyne Sousa
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Nazario Martín
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernd Gotsmann
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Heike Riel
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V Fedorov
- Department of Physics, Scottish University Physics Alliance (SUPA), University of Strathclyde , John Anderson Bldg, 107 Rottenrow, Glasgow, G4 0NG United Kingdom
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28
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Arielly R, Vadai M, Kardash D, Noy G, Selzer Y. Real-Time Detection of Redox Events in Molecular Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2674-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ja412668f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rani Arielly
- School
of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Michal Vadai
- School
of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dina Kardash
- School
of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gilad Noy
- School
of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yoram Selzer
- School
of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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29
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Inkpen MS, Albrecht T, Long NJ. Branched Redox-Active Complexes for the Study of Novel Charge Transport Processes. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400595n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Inkpen
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Tim Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Nicholas J. Long
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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30
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Direct measurement and modulation of single-molecule coordinative bonding forces in a transition metal complex. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2121. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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31
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Salvatore P, Zeng D, Karlsen KK, Chi Q, Wengel J, Ulstrup J. Electrochemistry of single metalloprotein and DNA-based molecules at Au(111) electrode surfaces. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2101-11. [PMID: 23788363 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We have briefly overviewed recent efforts in the electrochemistry of single transition metal complex, redox metalloprotein, and redox-marked oligonucleotide (ON) molecules. We have particularly studied self-assembled molecular monolayers (SAMs) of several 5'-C6-SH single- (ss) and double-strand (ds) ONs immobilized on Au(111) electrode surfaces via Au-S bond formation, using a combination of nucleic acid chemistry, electrochemistry and electrochemically controlled scanning tunnelling microscopy (in situ STM). Ds ONs stabilized by multiply charged cations and locked nucleic acid (LNA) monomers have been primary targets, with a view on stabilizing the ds-ONs and improving voltammetric signals of intercalating electrochemical redox probes. Voltammetric signals of the intercalator anthraquinone monosulfonate (AQMS) at ds-DNA/Au(111) surfaces diluted by mercaptohexanol are significantly sharpened and more robust in the presence than in the absence of [Co(NH3)6](3+). AQMS also displays robust Faradaic voltammetric signals specific to the ds form on binding to similar LNA/Au(111) surfaces, but this signal only evolves after successive voltammetric scanning into negative potential ranges. Triply charged spermidine (Spd) invokes itself a strong voltammetric signal, which is specific to the ds form and fully matched sequences. This signal is of non-Faradaic, capacitive origin but appears in the same potential range as the Faradaic AQMS signal. In situ STM shows that molecular scale structures of the size of Spd-stabilized ds-ONs are densely packed over the Au(111) surface in potential ranges around the capacitive peak potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Princia Salvatore
- Department of Chemistry, Kemitorvet, Building 207, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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32
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Della Pia EA, Chi Q, Macdonald JE, Ulstrup J, Jones DD, Elliott M. Fast electron transfer through a single molecule natively structured redox protein. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:7106-7113. [PMID: 23069929 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32131a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The electron transfer properties of proteins are normally measured as molecularly averaged ensembles. Through these and related measurements, proteins are widely regarded as macroscopically insulating materials. Using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), we present new measurements of the conductance through single-molecules of the electron transfer protein cytochrome b(562) in its native conformation, under pseudo-physiological conditions. This is achieved by thiol (SH) linker pairs at opposite ends of the molecule through protein engineering, resulting in defined covalent contact between a gold surface and a platinum-iridium STM tip. Two different orientations of the linkers were examined: a long-axis configuration (SH-LA) and a short-axis configuration (SH-SA). In each case, the molecular conductance could be 'gated' through electrochemical control of the heme redox state. Reproducible and remarkably high conductance was observed in this relatively complex electron transfer system, with single-molecule conductance values peaking around 18 nS and 12 nS for the SH-SA and SH-LA cytochrome b(562) molecules near zero electrochemical overpotential. This strongly points to the important role of the heme co-factor bound to the natively structured protein. We suggest that the two-step model of protein electron transfer in the STM geometry requires a multi-electron transfer to explain such a high conductance. The model also yields a low value for the reorganisation energy, implying that solvent reorganisation is largely absent.
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33
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Kay NJ, Higgins SJ, Jeppesen JO, Leary E, Lycoops J, Ulstrup J, Nichols RJ. Single-Molecule Electrochemical Gating in Ionic Liquids. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16817-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ja307407e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J. Kay
- Department of Chemistry, Donnan
and Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Simon J. Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, Donnan
and Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Jan O. Jeppesen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry,
and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Edmund Leary
- Department of Chemistry, Donnan
and Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Jess Lycoops
- Department of Physics, Chemistry,
and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jens Ulstrup
- Department of Chemistry and NanoDTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK2800 Kgs. Lyngby,
Denmark
| | - Richard J. Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, Donnan
and Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
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Abstract
The quantum-mechanical tunnelling effect allows charge transport across nanometre-scale gaps between conducting electrodes. Application of a voltage between these electrodes leads to a measurable tunnelling current, which is highly sensitive to the gap size, the voltage applied and the medium in the gap. Applied to liquid environments, this offers interesting prospects of using tunnelling currents as a sensitive tool to study fundamental interfacial processes, to probe chemical reactions at the single-molecule level and to analyse the composition of biopolymers such as DNA, RNA or proteins. This offers the possibility of a new class of sensor devices with unique capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Albrecht
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Gundlach L, Willig F. Ultrafast Photoinduced Electron Transfer at Electrodes: The General Case of a Heterogeneous Electron-Transfer Reaction. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:2877-81. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Jónsson EÖ, Thygesen KS, Ulstrup J, Jacobsen KW. Ab Initio Calculations of the Electronic Properties of Polypyridine Transition Metal Complexes and Their Adsorption on Metal Surfaces in the Presence of Solvent and Counterions. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:9410-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp200893w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Ö. Jónsson
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK - 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - K. S. Thygesen
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK - 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J. Ulstrup
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK - 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - K. W. Jacobsen
- CAMD, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK - 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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38
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Pia EAD, Chi Q, Jones DD, Macdonald JE, Ulstrup J, Elliott M. Single-molecule mapping of long-range electron transport for a cytochrome b(562) variant. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:176-182. [PMID: 21105644 DOI: 10.1021/nl103334q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome b(562) was engineered to introduce a cysteine residue at a surface-exposed position to facilitate direct self-assembly on a Au(111) surface. The confined protein exhibited reversible and fast electron exchange with a gold substrate over a distance of 20 Å between the heme redox center and the gold surface, a clear indication that a long-range electron-transfer pathway is established. Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy was used to map electron transport features of the protein at the single-molecule level. Tunneling resonance was directly imaged and apparent molecular conductance was measured, which both show strong redox-gated effects. This study has addressed the first case of heme proteins and offered new perspectives in single-molecule bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Antonio Della Pia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens's Building, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, U.K
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39
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40
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Charge Transport in Single Molecular Junctions at the Solid/Liquid Interface. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 313:121-88. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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41
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Hu YL, Lu M, Ge Q, Wang PC, Lu TT. A novel and efficient procedure for the preparation of 4,4′-bis(chloromethyl)biphenyl by chloromethylation of biphenyl catalyzed by PEG1000-DAIL under homogeneous catalysis in aqueous media. J IND ENG CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Li Z, Liu Y, Mertens SFL, Pobelov IV, Wandlowski T. From Redox Gating to Quantized Charging. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8187-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ja102754n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems IBN 3 and Center of Nanoelectronic Systems, for Informational Technology, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Yaqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems IBN 3 and Center of Nanoelectronic Systems, for Informational Technology, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stijn F. L. Mertens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems IBN 3 and Center of Nanoelectronic Systems, for Informational Technology, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ilya V. Pobelov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems IBN 3 and Center of Nanoelectronic Systems, for Informational Technology, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Wandlowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems IBN 3 and Center of Nanoelectronic Systems, for Informational Technology, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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43
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Fundamentals of energy transport, energy conversion, and thermal properties in organic–inorganic heterojunctions. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Cruz A, Mishra A, Schmickler W. Electron tunneling between two electrodes mediated by a molecular wire containing a redox center. Chem Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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45
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Hu YL, Ge Q, He Y, Lu M. An Efficient Procedure for Chloromethylation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons Catalyzed by PEG1000-Dicationic Ionic Liquids in Aqueous Media. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.200900268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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46
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Jan van der Molen S, Liljeroth P. Charge transport through molecular switches. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:133001. [PMID: 21389503 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/13/133001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We review the fascinating research on charge transport through switchable molecules. In the past decade, detailed investigations have been performed on a great variety of molecular switches, including mechanically interlocked switches (rotaxanes and catenanes), redox-active molecules and photochromic switches (e.g. azobenzenes and diarylethenes). To probe these molecules, both individually and in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), a broad set of methods have been developed. These range from low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) via two-terminal break junctions to larger scale SAM-based devices. It is generally found that the electronic coupling between molecules and electrodes has a profound influence on the properties of such molecular junctions. For example, an intrinsically switchable molecule may lose its functionality after it is contacted. Vice versa, switchable two-terminal devices may be created using passive molecules ('extrinsic switching'). Developing a detailed understanding of the relation between coupling and switchability will be of key importance for both future research and technology.
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47
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Nanoscale protein-based memory device composed of recombinant azurin. Biomaterials 2010; 31:1293-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Ricci AM, Calvo EJ, Martin S, Nichols RJ. Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy of Redox-Active Molecules Bound by Au−C Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 132:2494-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja907867b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra M. Ricci
- INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires CP 1428, Argentina, and Department of Chemistry and Centre for Nanoscale Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Ernesto J. Calvo
- INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires CP 1428, Argentina, and Department of Chemistry and Centre for Nanoscale Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Santiago Martin
- INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires CP 1428, Argentina, and Department of Chemistry and Centre for Nanoscale Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Richard J. Nichols
- INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires CP 1428, Argentina, and Department of Chemistry and Centre for Nanoscale Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
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49
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Quantised double layer charging of monolayer-protected clusters in a room temperature ionic liquid. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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Chen F, Qing Q, Xia J, Li J, Tao N. Electrochemical Gate-Controlled Charge Transport in Graphene in Ionic Liquid and Aqueous Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:9908-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9041862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Department of Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02143, and Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Quan Qing
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Department of Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02143, and Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jilin Xia
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Department of Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02143, and Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Department of Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02143, and Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nongjian Tao
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Department of Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02143, and Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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