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Grèbol-Tomàs J, Matito E, Salvador P. Can Aromaticity Be Evaluated Using Atomic Partitions Based on the Hilbert-Space? Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401282. [PMID: 38773922 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Aromaticity is a fundamental concept in chemistry that explains the stability and reactivity of many compounds by identifying atoms within a molecule that form an aromatic ring. Reliable aromaticity indices focus on electron delocalization and depend on atomic partitions, which give rise to the concept of an atom-in-the-molecule (AIM). Real-space atomic partitions present two important drawbacks: a high computational cost and numerical errors, limiting some aromaticity measures to medium-sized molecules with rings up to 12 atoms. This restriction hinders the study of large conjugated systems like porphyrins and nanorings. On the other hand, traditional Hilbert-space schemes are free of the latter limitations but can be unreliable for the large basis sets required in modern computational chemistry. This paper explores AIMs based on three robust Hilbert-space partitions - meta-Löwdin, Natural Atomic Orbitals (NAO), and Intrinsic Atomic Orbitals (IAO) - which combine the advantages of real-space partitions without their disadvantages. These partitions can effectively replace real-space AIMs for evaluating the aromatic character. For the first time, we report multicenter index (MCI) and Iring values for large rings and introduce ESIpy, an open-source Python code for aromaticity analysis in large conjugated rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Grèbol-Tomàs
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel de Lardizábal 4, 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel de Lardizábal 4, 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Spain
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2
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Zhang Y, Yang J, Dong C, Li X. Introducing hafnium to atomically small- and medium-sized tin clusters (HfSn n0/-/2- (n = 4-17)): A computational investigation of geometrical and growth behavior, spectral properties, electronic configuration and thermochemistry. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 315:124277. [PMID: 38636426 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The global and local minimum configurations of single Hf atom doped Sn clusters are conducted via density function theory (DFT) combined with artificial bee colony algorithm (ABCluster). Furthermore, DFT method is also used to systematically investigate on their structural growth evolution, spectral and electronic information, thermochemical properties following the size of tin clusters doped Hf atom. Structurally, the ground-state geometries of neutral, anion and di-anion are discovered that, from n = 4, the number of Sn atoms in cluster, HfSnn0/-/2- adsorb additional Sn atom on the prior architecture one by one until forming n = 17 for HfSnn-10/-, as well as forming n = 16 for HfSnn-12-. And for the HfSn110/- and HfSn102- as beginning the species veritably develop sealed architectures. The strongest vibrational modes of sealed nanoclusters are stretching modes of Hf atom with infrared actives and breathing modes of the Sn cage framework with Raman actives, respectively. The natural population analysis (NPA) elucidates the stronger relationship between the Hf atoms and the tin frameworks in sealed clusters than that in unsealed clusters. The results of thermochemical properties, molecular orbital shell (MOs), adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP) and ultraviolet visible absorption spectrum (UV-Vis) indicate that, the HfSn16 with high symmetry of Td exhibits thermochemical stability and optoelectronic properties, which is utilized potentially as zero-dimensional unit of self-assembling fluorescent nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, and Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Simulation, Hohhot 010051, People's Republic of China
| | - Jucai Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, and Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Simulation, Hohhot 010051, People's Republic of China; College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Dong
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaojun Li
- College of Science, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an 710121, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Muramatsu H, Kambe T, Tsukamoto T, Kuzume A, Hosono R, Imaoka T, Yamamoto K. Synthesis and functionalities of FeSn 12 superatom prepared by single atom introduction with a dendrimer template. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400060. [PMID: 38263351 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Superatoms are promising as new building block materials that can be designed by precise controlling of the constituent atoms. Stannaspherene (Sn12 2-) is a rigid cage-like cluster with icosahedral symmetry, for which one-atom encapsulation was theoretically expected and detected in the gas phase. Here, a single-atom introduction method into stannaspherene using a dendrimer template with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) protection is demonstrated. This advanced solution-phase synthesis allows not only the selective doping of one atom into the cluster cage, but also enable further detail characterization of optical and magnetic properties that were not possible in the gas-phase synthesis. In other words, this liquid-phase synthesis method has enabled the adaptation of detailed analytical methods. In this study, FeSn12 was synthesized and characterized, revealing that a single Fe atom introduction in the Sn12 2- cage result in the appearance of near-infrared emission and enhancement in the magnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Muramatsu
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, JST-ERATO, Yamamoto Atom Hybrid Project, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kambe
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, JST-ERATO, Yamamoto Atom Hybrid Project, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takamasa Tsukamoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, JST-ERATO, Yamamoto Atom Hybrid Project, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kuzume
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, JST-ERATO, Yamamoto Atom Hybrid Project, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Reina Hosono
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, JST-ERATO, Yamamoto Atom Hybrid Project, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takane Imaoka
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, JST-ERATO, Yamamoto Atom Hybrid Project, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kimihisa Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, JST-ERATO, Yamamoto Atom Hybrid Project, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
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4
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yang J, Dong C, Li X. Theoretical study on structural evolution, photoelectron and vibrational spectra, and thermochemistry properties of neutral, anionic and di-anionic titanium-doped tin (TiSn n0/-/2- (n = 4-17)) nanoalloy clusters. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 306:123593. [PMID: 37925959 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The structural evolution, chemical stability, electronic and vibrational properties, as well as charge transfer and bonding character of TiSnn0/-/2- (n = 4-17) clusters have been performed with density functional theory calculations using ABCluster search technique. Structurally, it is found that the growth patterns prefer three kinds of absorbed stages from polygonal bipyramidal configuration for n = 4-6, to absorbing additional Sn on the adjacent surfaces of pentagonal bipyramid unit from n = 7-12, and finally to the TiSn130/-/2- cluster as the first foundational architectures, of which the encapsulated cage structure is formed when n = 11. The simulated PES spectra agree with available experiments. More interestingly, the neutral TiSn16 cluster not only possesses the high thermodynamic and relative stability but also preferable photochemical reactivity, that can be further explained by superatom features and delocalized multi-center bonds (AdNDP), while the strong p-d hybridization between Ti atom and Sn unit plays an important role in the stabilities of clusters, making it as the most suitable building units. In addition, the UV-Vis absorption spectra of TiSn16 are discussed, and the main transitions of crucial excited states are analyzed in detail. The Infrared and Raman vibrational characteristic peaks of all these neutral and charged species are properly assigned, of which the TiSnn0/-/2- (n = 10-17) clusters possess degenerating deformation mode of Ti atom wagging in Sn cage framework (Infrared active) and breathing mode of Sn cage framework (Raman active). All these findings will provide a further understanding for the nanoalloy cluster as the most suitable building block with further development as a potential optoelectronic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, and Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Simulation, Hohhot 010051, People's Republic of China
| | - Yousuo Zhang
- China Communications Construction Company (Suzhou) of Urban Development & Construction Limited Company, Shihu Jinling Plaza, Yuexi Street, Wuzhong District, Suzhou City 215100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jucai Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, and Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Simulation, Hohhot 010051, People's Republic of China; College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Dong
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaojun Li
- College of Science, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an 710121, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Zeng JK, Wang HQ, Li HF, Zheng H, Zhang JM, Mei XJ, Zhang YH, Ding XL. Exploring the stability and aromaticity of rare earth doped tin cluster MSn 16- (M = Sc, Y, La). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:2986-2994. [PMID: 38163990 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04803a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Rare earth elements have high chemical reactivity, and doping them into semiconductor clusters can induce novel physicochemical properties. The study of the physicochemical mechanisms of interactions between rare earth and tin atoms will enhance our understanding of rare earth functional materials from a microscopic perspective. Hence, the structure, electronic characteristics, stability, and aromaticity of endohedral cages MSn16- (M = Sc, Y, La) have been investigated using a combination of the hybrid PBE0 functional, stochastic kicking, and artificial bee colony global search technology. By comparing the simulated results with experimental photoelectron spectra, it is determined that the most stable structure of these clusters is the Frank-Kasper polyhedron. The doping of atoms has a minimal influence on density of states of the pure tin system, except for causing a widening of the energy gap. Various methods such as ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, the spherical jellium model, adaptive natural density partitioning, localized orbital locator, and electron density difference are employed to analyze the stability of these clusters. The aromaticity of the clusters is examined using iso-chemical shielding surfaces and the gauge-including magnetically induced currents. This study demonstrates that the stability and aromaticity of a tin cage can be systematically adjusted through doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kun Zeng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Huai-Qian Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, 362021, China
| | - Hui-Fang Li
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, 362021, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Jia-Ming Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Xun-Jie Mei
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, 362021, China
| | - Yong-Hang Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Xun-Lei Ding
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
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Zhang Y, Yang J, Dong C. Structural Growth Pattern, Electronic Configurations, and Spectral and Thermochemistry Properties of ZrSn n0/-/2- ( n = 4-17) Nanoscale Compounds: A Systematic Study Using Density Functional Theory. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:3675-3690. [PMID: 38284033 PMCID: PMC10809232 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
By performing density functional theory (DFT) calculations for geometric optimization in conjunction with the artificial bee colony algorithm for cluster (ABCluster) global search approach, the ground-state structures of the neutral, anionic, and dianionic ZrSnn0/-/2- (n = 4-17) nanoscale compounds are obtained. Their structural growth evolution, spectral information, and electronic and thermochemical properties are investigated. Regarding the architectural evolution of the neutral, anion, and dianionic species, ZrSnn0/-/2- (n = 4-17) compounds possess two different stages of adsorption patterns in which, when n = 4-7 and n = 8-17, ZrSn40/-/2- and ZrSn80/-/2- compounds as the basic motif adsorb Sn atoms to become the larger clusters, respectively. The simulated photoelectron spectra (PES) of anionic compounds are in good agreement with the available experimental PES. The infrared and Raman spectra can be summarized as follows: under infrared vibrational modes, the sealed cages of ZrSnn0/-/2- compounds belong to the deformation mode, and under Raman vibrational modes, they belong to the breathing mode of the Sn cage framework. The density of states (DOS) spectra and natural population analysis (NPA) indicate that the interaction between the Zr atom and Snn frameworks of capsulated compounds has been developing stronger than for unsealed compounds. The results of thermochemical properties, molecular orbital shell (MOs) analysis, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectrum indicate that the neutral ZrSn16 nanoscale compound possesses not only both thermodynamic and chemical stability but also far-infrared sensing and optoelectronic properties and hence, is the best building block motif for new multipurpose nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Zhang
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia
University of Technology, and Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Theoretical
and Computational Chemistry Simulation, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jucai Yang
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia
University of Technology, and Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Theoretical
and Computational Chemistry Simulation, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic of China
- College
of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caixia Dong
- College
of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic of China
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Chen W, Liu J, Sun W, Yu S, Li Y, Li Z. Metalloborospherenes with a Stabilized Classical Fullerene-like Borospherene B 40 Act as Nonlinear Optical Switches, Electron Reservoirs, Molecular Capacitors, and Molecular Reactors. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10054-10067. [PMID: 37988329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Using a new method of η5-Li and η6-Mg atoms capping the faces of the classical fullerene-like borospherene Td B40, we theoretically predict an exohedral metalloborospherene Td Mg10Li12&B40 molecule. Remarkably, a newfangled endoexo cage isomerism is proposed. Further, embedding Mg atoms in the Td B40 cage forms endohedral derivatives. Due to the intramolecular pull-push electron transfer relay, these obtained molecules possess unequal multilayered and alternant spherical charge distribution. The outer is an excess electron layer, bringing a molecular nonlinear switch character and an electron reservoir behavior with strong electron-donating and -accepting abilities. The middle (Mg2+)10(Li+)12 and the outer layers together constitute an electric double layer, presenting the behavior of a molecular capacitor where the electronic charge-discharge process occurs in the outer excess electron layer. The inner part is an empty cage B4026- with a strong negative electric field. The valence electrons of the embedded Mg atoms are transformed into new excess electrons and added in the outer excess electron layer, also exhibiting the charging behavior of the molecular capacitor. Considering the chemical reaction in the inner cage, the embedded Mg atom is ionized, forming an Mg2+ cation and 2e under the strong negative electric field; meanwhile, 2e is powerfully pushed into the outer excess electron layer. This chemical process shows a generalized Coulomb explosion, and thus the exohedral metalloborospherene molecules with cage B4026- may act as molecular reactors. The new species mark the genesis of classical fullerene-like borospherene chemistry and stimulate their applications in molecular nonlinear optical and nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and Department of Materials Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiayuan Liu
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Weiming Sun
- Department of Basic Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shansheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and Department of Materials Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ying Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Zhiru Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
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8
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Endohedral group-14 clusters Au@X12 (X = Ge, Sn, Pb) and their anions: a first-principles study. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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9
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Lehr A, Rivic F, Jäger M, Gleditzsch M, Schäfer R. Optical absorption and shape transition in neutral Sn N clusters with N ≤ 40: a photodissociation spectroscopy and electric beam deflection study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11616-11635. [PMID: 35507965 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutral SnN clusters with N = 6-20, 25, 30, 40 are investigated in a joint experimental and quantum chemical study with the aim to reveal their optical absorption in conjunction with their structural evolution. Electric beam deflection and photodissociation spectroscopy are applied as molecular beam techniques at nozzle temperatures of 16 K, 32 K and 300 K. The dielectric response is probed following the approach in S. Schäfer et al., J. Phys. Chem A, 2008, 112, 12312-12319. It is improved on those findings and the cluster size range is extended in order to cover the prolate growth regime. The impact of the electric dipole moment, rotational temperature and vibrational excitation on the deflection profiles is discussed thoroughly. Photodissociation spectra of tin clusters are recorded for the first time, show similarities to spectra of silicon clusters and are demonstrated to be significantly complicated by the presence of multiphoton absorption in the low-energy region and large excess energies upon dissociation which is modelled by the RRKM theory. In both experiments two isomers for the clusters with N = 8, 11, 12, 19 need to be considered to explain the experimental results. Triple-capped trigonal prisms and double-capped square antiprisms are confirmed to be the driving building units for almost the entire size range. Three dominating fragmentation channels are observed, i.e. the loss of a tin atom for N < 12, a Sn7 fragment for N < 19 and a Sn10 fragment for N ≥ 19 with Sn15 subunits constituting recurring geometric motifs for N > 20. The prolate-to-quasispherical structural transition is found to occur at 30 < N ≤ 40 and is analyzed with respect to the observed optical behavior taking quantum chemical calculations and the Mie-Gans theory into account. Limitations of the experimental approach to study the geometric and electronic structure of the clusters at elevated temperatures due to vibrational excitation is also thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lehr
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Filip Rivic
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Marc Jäger
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Martin Gleditzsch
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Rolf Schäfer
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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10
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xue D, Chen Z, Liu JY, Wu D, Li ZR, Li Y. High electron affinity triggered by lithium coordination: quasi-chalcogen properties of Li2Sn8Be. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10611-10621. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00967f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work puts forward an unusual but rational strategy to design superatoms mimicking the properties of group VIA elements. A stable dianion with closo-configuration, namely Li2Sn8Be2−, has been obtained by...
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11
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McGrady JE, Weigend F, Dehnen S. Electronic structure and bonding in endohedral Zintl clusters. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:628-649. [PMID: 34931207 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00775k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral Zintl clusters-multi-metallic anionic molecules in which a d-block or f-block metal atom is enclosed by p-block (semi)metal atoms-are very topical in contemporary inorganic chemistry. Not only do they provide insight into the embryonic states of intermetallic compounds and show promise in catalytic applications, they also shed light on the nature of chemical bonding between metal atoms. Over the past two decades, a plethora of endohedral Zintl clusters have been synthesized, revealing a fascinating diversity of molecular architectures. Many different perspectives on the bonding in them have emerged in the literature, sometimes complementary and sometimes conflicting, and there has been no concerted effort to classify the entire family based on a small number of unifying principles. A closer look, however, reveals distinct patterns in structure and bonding that reflect the extent to which valence electrons are shared between the endohedral atom and the cluster shell. We show that there is a much more uniform relationship between the total valence electron count and the structure and bonding patterns of these clusters than previously anticipated. All of the p-block (semi)metal shells can be placed on a ladder of total valence electron count that ranges between 4n+2 (closo deltahedra), 5n (closed, three-bonded polyhedra) and 6n (crown-like structures). Although some structural isomerism can occur for a given electron count, the presence of a central metal cation imposes a preference for rather regular and approximately spherical structures which maximise electrostatic interactions between the metal and the shell. In cases where the endohedral metal has relatively accessible valence electrons (from the d or f shells), it can also contribute its valence electrons to the total electron count of the cluster shell, raising the effective electron count and often altering the structural preferences. The electronic situation in any given cluster is considered from different perspectives, some more physical and some more chemical, in a way that highlights the important point that, in the end, they explain the same situation. This article provides a unifying perspective of bonding that captures the structural diversity across this diverse family of multimetallic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E McGrady
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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12
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Deng S, Li J, Wang P, Pei Y. Origin of the structural stability of cage-like Au 144 clusters. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:18134-18139. [PMID: 34724020 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05227f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cage-like metal nanoclusters are rarely found due to the densely packed property of metals. Recently, single crystallography has unraveled for the first time that multi-shell golden cages are formed in large-size thiolate (SR) and alkynl (CCR) protected neutral Au144 nanoclusters, denoted as Au144(SR)60 and Au144(CCR)60. In this study, the origin of the structural stability of golden cage Au144 clusters is studied based on the density functional theory (DFT) energy calculation and energy decomposition analysis (EDA). The formation of hollow cages rather than centre-filled icosahedrons in the Au144 clusters is attributed to the significant Pauli repulsion between the central gold atom and the surrounding metal shell, which leads to the decrease of the averaged formation energy of the clusters. The present study also shows that the Au144 cluster is unique in size. The smaller size clusters Au133 and Au130 and the larger size cluster Au279 both preferred the centre-filled golden icosahedrons, decahedrons or octahedrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Hunan Province 411105, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Hunan Province 411105, China.
| | - Pu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Hunan Province 411105, China.
- Foshan Green Intelligent Manufacturing Research Institute of Xiangtan University, Guangdong Province, 5283311, China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Hunan Province 411105, China.
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13
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Tsukamoto T, Kambe T, Imaoka T, Yamamoto K. Modern cluster design based on experiment and theory. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:338-347. [PMID: 37117837 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
For decades, chemists have explored cluster compounds according to theoretical models that have proved too simplistic to accurately predict cluster properties, stabilities and functions. By incorporating molecular symmetry into existing cluster models, we can better study real polyatomic molecules and have new guidelines for their design. This symmetry-adapted cluster model allows us to discover substances that shatter the conventional notion of clusters. Theoretical predictors will point to the viability of new clusters, whose syntheses can be realized with parallel advances in experimental methods. This Perspective describes these modern experimental and theoretical strategies for cluster design and how they may give rise to new fields in cluster chemistry.
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14
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Semenov SG, Bedrina ME, Klemeshev VA, Titov AV. Quantum Chemical Study of X@BikPbm, BikPbm∙X, X@SbkSnm, and SbkSnm∙X Clusters. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Rivic F, Fuchs TM, Schäfer R. Discriminating the influence of thermal excitation and the presence of structural isomers on the Stark and Zeeman effect of AlSn12 clusters by combined electric and magnetic beam deflection experiments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9971-9979. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00351h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combination of electric and magnetic beam deflection experiments shows a connection between non-polar and superatomic species for AlSn12 clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Rivic
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Thomas M. Fuchs
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Rolf Schäfer
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qiuying Du
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Si Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Center for Informatics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar 201314, U. P., India
- Dr. Vijay Kumar Foundation, 1969 Sector 4, Gurgaon 122001, Haryana, India
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17
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Qiao L, Zhang C, Shu CC, Morgan HWT, McGrady JE, Sun ZM. [Cu4@E18]4– (E = Sn, Pb): Fused Derivatives of Endohedral Stannaspherene and Plumbaspherene. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13288-13293. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Cong-Cong Shu
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Harry W. T. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - John E. McGrady
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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18
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Semenov SG, Bedrina ME, Klemeshev VA, Titov AV. Three-Center Bonds in closo-Sb2Sn10
Clusters. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363220050205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Farooq U, Naz S, Xu HG, Yang B, Xu XL, Zheng WJ. Recent progress in theoretical and experimental studies of metal-doped silicon clusters: Trend among elements of periodic table. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Chandrasekar A, Joshi M, Ghanty TK. On the position of La, Lu, Ac and Lr in the periodic table: a perspective. J CHEM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-019-1713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Li X, Yang J. Computational Design of One‐Dimensional Ferromagnetic Semiconductors in Transition Metal Embedded Stannaspherene Nanowires. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
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22
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Gleditzsch M, Pašteka LF, Götz DA, Shayeghi A, Johnston RL, Schäfer R. Gold doping of tin clusters: exo- vs. endohedral complexes. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:12878-12888. [PMID: 31243419 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03233a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present molecular beam electric deflection experiments on neutral gold-doped tin clusters. The experimental SnNAu (N = 6-16) cluster beam profiles are interpreted by means of classical trajectory simulations supplied, with cluster structures generated by a genetic algorithm based on density functional theory. The combined experimental and theoretical analysis confirms that at least nine tin atoms are necessary to form a cage that is capable of encapsulating a gold atom, with high symmetry only marginally distorted by the gold atom. Two-component DFT calculations reveal that for some clusters spin-orbit effects are necessary to properly describe these species. Partial charge analysis methods predict the presence of charge transfer effects from the tin host to the dopant, resulting in a negatively charged gold atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gleditzsch
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Lukáš F Pašteka
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry & Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniel A Götz
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Armin Shayeghi
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roy L Johnston
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rolf Schäfer
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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23
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Liu C, Tkachenko NV, Popov IA, Fedik N, Min X, Xu C, Li J, McGrady JE, Boldyrev AI, Sun Z. Structure and Bonding in [Sb@In
8
Sb
12
]
3−
and [Sb@In
8
Sb
12
]
5−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8367-8371. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications Centre for Rare earth and inorganic functional materials Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Nikolay V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300, Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA
| | - Nikita Fedik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300, Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Xue Min
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Cong‐Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - John E. McGrady
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300, Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Zhong‐Ming Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications Centre for Rare earth and inorganic functional materials Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun Jilin 130022 China
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24
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Liu C, Tkachenko NV, Popov IA, Fedik N, Min X, Xu C, Li J, McGrady JE, Boldyrev AI, Sun Z. Structure and Bonding in [Sb@In
8
Sb
12
]
3−
and [Sb@In
8
Sb
12
]
5−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications Centre for Rare earth and inorganic functional materials Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Nikolay V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300, Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA
| | - Nikita Fedik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300, Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Xue Min
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Cong‐Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - John E. McGrady
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300, Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Zhong‐Ming Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications Centre for Rare earth and inorganic functional materials Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun Jilin 130022 China
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25
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Wu D, Du Q, Wu X, Shi R, Sai L, Liang X, Huang X, Zhao J. Evolution of atomic structures of SnN, SnN−, and SnNCl− clusters (N = 4–20): Insight from ab initio calculations. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:174304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5095437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
- School of Science, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Qiuying Du
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ruili Shi
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Linwei Sai
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoming Huang
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
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26
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Ogun E, Esenturk O, Esenturk EN. Optical and vibrational properties of nickel integrated germanium Zintl ion clusters. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Liu C, Jin X, Li LJ, Xu J, McGrady JE, Sun ZM. Synthesis and structure of a family of rhodium polystannide clusters [Rh@Sn 10] 3-, [Rh@Sn 12] 3-, [Rh 2@Sn 17] 6- and the first triply-fused stannide, [Rh 3@Sn 24] 5. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4394-4401. [PMID: 31057766 PMCID: PMC6472436 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03948h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Through relatively subtle changes in reaction conditions, we have been able to isolate four distinct Rh/Sn cluster compounds, [Rh@Sn10]3-, [Rh@Sn12]3-, [Rh2@Sn17]6- and [Rh3@Sn24]5-, from the reaction of K4Sn9 with [(COE)2Rh(μ-Cl)]2(COE = cyclooctene). The last of these has a hitherto unknown molecular topology, an edge-fused polyhedron containing three Rh@Sn10 subunits, and represents the largest endohedral Group 14 Zintl cluster yet to have been isolated from solution. DFT has been used to place these new species in the context of known cluster chemistry. ESI-MS experiments on the reaction mixtures reveal the ubiquitous presence of {RhSn8} fragments that may play a role in cluster growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials , Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications , Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials , State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China . ; http://zhongmingsun.weebly.com
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China .
| | - Xiao Jin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3QR , UK .
| | - Lei-Jiao Li
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering , Changchun University of Science & Technology , Changchun 130022 , China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials , Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications , Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials , State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China . ; http://zhongmingsun.weebly.com
| | - John E McGrady
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3QR , UK .
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials , Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications , Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials , State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China . ; http://zhongmingsun.weebly.com
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , China .
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28
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29
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Gleditzsch M, Fuchs TM, Schäfer R. N-Doping at the Sub-Nanoscale: Dielectric and Magnetic Response of Neutral Phosphorus-Doped Tin Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:1434-1444. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gleditzsch
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Fuchs
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rolf Schäfer
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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30
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Gleditzsch M, Jäger M, Pašteka LF, Shayeghi A, Schäfer R. Doping effects on the geometric and electronic structure of tin clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:24478-24488. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05124d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In depth analysis of doping effects on the geometric and electronic structure of tin clusters via electric beam deflection, numerical trajectory simulations and density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gleditzsch
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Marc Jäger
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Lukáš F. Pašteka
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry & Laboratory for Advanced Materials
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
- Comenius University
- 84215 Bratislava
- Slovakia
| | - Armin Shayeghi
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ)
- Faculty of Physics
- University of Vienna
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Rolf Schäfer
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
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31
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Structure and bonding in endohedral transition metal clusters. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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An W. Predicting the structural evolution of Ge n- (3 ≤ n ≤ 20) clusters: an anion photoelectron spectroscopy simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25746-25751. [PMID: 30283927 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04782k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopic evidence for the structural evolution of Gen- (3 ≤ n ≤ 20) clusters is provided by means of simulated anion photoelectron spectra (PES). Both adiabatic detachment energies and HOMO-LUMO gaps of the selected low-lying candidates match well with those measured in experiment. This work demonstrates that PES is a highly sensitive technique for probing both electronic and geometric structures of atomic clusters, whose structural evolution is an elemental signature with characteristic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei An
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China.
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33
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Liu C, Li LJ, Popov IA, Wilson RJ, Xu CQ, Li J, Boldyrev AI, Sun ZM. Symmetry Reduction upon Size Mismatch: The Non-Icosahedral Intermetalloid Cluster [Co@Ge12
]3−. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials; Nankai University; Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Lei-Jiao Li
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering; Changchun University of Science & Technology; Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Utah State University; 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Robert J. Wilson
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW); Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein- Straße, 35043, Marburg Germany
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Utah State University; 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials; Nankai University; Tianjin 300350 China
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34
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Liu C, Popov IA, Chen Z, Boldyrev AI, Sun Z. Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity in Zintl Clusters. Chemistry 2018; 24:14583-14597. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials Center Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
- China State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Functional Nanomaterials University of Puerto Rico San Juan USA
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322-0300 USA
| | - Zhong‐Ming Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials Center Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
- China State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
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35
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Joshi M, Chandrasekar A, Ghanty TK. Theoretical investigation of M@Pb 122- and M@Sn 122- Zintl clusters (M = Lr n+, Lu n+, La 3+, Ac 3+ and n = 0, 1, 2, 3). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:15253-15272. [PMID: 29790514 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01056k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The positions of lawrencium (Lr), lutetium (Lu), actinium (Ac) and lanthanum (La) in the periodic table have been a controversial topic for quite some time. According to studies carried out by different groups with their justifications, these elements may potentially be placed in the d-block, p-block or all four in a 15 element f-block. The present work looks into this issue from a new perspective, which involves encapsulation of these four elements into Zintl ion clusters, Pb122- and Sn122-, followed by the determination of the structural, thermodynamic and electronic properties of these endohedral M@Pb122- and M@Sn122- clusters (M = Lrn+, Lun+ with n = 0, 1, 2, 3) using first principles based density functional theory (DFT). These parameters are compared with similar clusters encapsulated La3+ and Ac3+ ions in order to seek out similarities and differences to draw conclusions about their placement in the periodic table. For the first time the structural, energetic, and electronic properties of these metal atom/ion encapsulated Pb122- and Sn122- clusters have been investigated thoroughly. Structural parameters such as bond distances, geometry and symmetry, electronic properties viz. the density of states, the molecular orbital ordering, the electron localization function, bond critical point properties and charge distributions have been analyzed. Additionally, the thermodynamic property of the binding energy during the encapsulation process has also been calculated. All M@Pb12+ and M@Sn12+ (M = Lr and Lu) clusters form stable 18 bonding electron magic number systems with shell closing. They show negative values of binding energy and relatively large HOMO-LUMO energy gaps indicating the stability of such clusters. All the calculated parameters for Lr encapsulated clusters closely match with the corresponding calculated parameters of Lu encapsulated clusters, confirming the similarity between Lr and Lu metal atoms in various oxidation states, though their atomic ground state valence electronic configurations are different. The effect of spin orbit coupling has also been investigated using the ZORA approach. It is interesting to discover that La and Ac showed striking similarities to Lr and Lu with respect to all the properties investigated and have formed a stable 18-electron system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Joshi
- Theoretical Chemistry Section, Chemistry Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India.
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36
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Jena P, Sun Q. Super Atomic Clusters: Design Rules and Potential for Building Blocks of Materials. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5755-5870. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puru Jena
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, United States
| | - Qiang Sun
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, United States
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37
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Liu C, Li LJ, Jin X, McGrady JE, Sun ZM. Reactivity Studies of [Co@Sn9]4– with Transition Metal Reagents: Bottom-Up Synthesis of Ternary Functionalized Zintl Clusters. Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lei-Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Xiao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - John E. McGrady
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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38
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Cetin A, Esenturk O, Esenturk EN. Optical and Vibrational Properties of [Pt@Pb
12
]
2–
, [Ni@Pb
12
]
2–
, and [Ni@Pb
10
]
2–
Zintl Ion Clusters. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asude Cetin
- Department of Chemistry Middle East Technical University 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Okan Esenturk
- Department of Chemistry Middle East Technical University 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Emren Nalbant Esenturk
- Department of Chemistry Middle East Technical University 06800 Ankara Turkey
- Micro and Nanotechnology Program Middle East Technical University 06800 Ankara Turkey
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39
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Zhao XY, Chen Q, Li HR, Mu YW, Lu HG, Li SD. Cage-like B39+clusters with the bonding pattern of σ + π double delocalization: new members of the borospherene family. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:10998-11003. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00725f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The recently observed cage-like borospherenesD2dB40−/0andC3/C2B39−have attracted considerable attention in chemistry and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yun Zhao
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Hai-Ru Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Yue-Wen Mu
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Hai-Gang Lu
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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40
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Li LJ, Pan FX, Li FY, Chen ZF, Sun ZM. Synthesis, characterization and electronic properties of an endohedral plumbaspherene [Au@Pb12]3−. Inorg Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qi00209b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 12-vertex cluster [Au@Pb12]3− exhibits a distortion compared to Ih-[Pb12]2− cage. DFT calculations indicate that the NICS curves of [Pb12]2− and [Au@Pb12]3− share very similar character and tendency confirming their analogous aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Fu-Xing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Feng-Yu Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Functional Nanomaterials
- University of Puerto Rico
- San Juan
- USA
| | - Zhong-Fang Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Functional Nanomaterials
- University of Puerto Rico
- San Juan
- USA
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
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41
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Koop A, Gantefoer G, Kim YD. Long-lived excited states in metal clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:21335-21339. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02748f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived excited states may exist only in metal clusters with a weak coupling between the electronic and geometric structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Koop
- Department of Physics
- University of Konstanz
- Konstanz
- Germany
| | - Gerd Gantefoer
- Department of Physics
- University of Konstanz
- Konstanz
- Germany
| | - Young Dok Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon
- South Korea
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42
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Wang YJ, Zhao YF, Li WL, Jian T, Chen Q, You XR, Ou T, Zhao XY, Zhai HJ, Li SD, Li J, Wang LS. Observation and characterization of the smallest borospherene, B28− and B28. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:064307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4941380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jin Wang
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ya-Fan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei-Li Li
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Tian Jian
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xue-Rui You
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ting Ou
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Zhao
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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43
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Pan FX, Xu CQ, Li LJ, Min X, Wang JQ, Li J, Zhai HJ, Sun ZM. A niobium-necked cluster [As3Nb(As3Sn3)]3− with aromatic Sn32−. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:3874-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00028b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A new Zintl cluster [As3Nb(As3Sn3)]3− was synthesized and characterized, in which an As3 triangle and a bowl-type As3Sn3 ligand are bridged by a niobium atom. The Sn3 ring is found to have σ-aromaticity featured by a delocalized Sn–Sn–Sn σ orbital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Lei-Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Xue Min
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Jian-Qiang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201800
- China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
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44
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Chen Q, Li HR, Tian WJ, Lu HG, Zhai HJ, Li SD. Endohedral charge-transfer complex Ca@B37−: stabilization of a B373−borospherene trianion by metal-encapsulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:14186-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02369j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
First-principles theory investigations present the possibility of an endohedralCsCa@B37−which contains a 3D aromatic fullerene-likeCsB373−trianion composed of interwoven double chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Hai-Ru Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Wen-Juan Tian
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Hai-Gang Lu
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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45
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Castro AC, Osorio E, Jiménez-Halla JOC, Matito E, Tiznado W, Merino G. Scalar and Spin-Orbit Relativistic Corrections to the NICS and the Induced Magnetic Field: The case of the E12(2-) Spherenes (E = Ge, Sn, Pb). J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 6:2701-5. [PMID: 26616070 DOI: 10.1021/ct100304c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Can relativistic effects modify the NICS and the B(ind) values? In this manuscript we evaluate the relativistic corrections incorporated via the zeroth-order regular approximation to the calculations of nucleus-independent chemical shifts and the induced magnetic field (B(ind)) in the E12(2-) spherenes (E = Ge, Sn, Pb). We found that both electron delocalization descriptors are strongly affected by the relativistic corrections. For instance, for plumbaspherene, the difference in values from the nonrelativistic to the relativity-included calculation is almost 40 ppm! Our results show that the changes observed in the NICS and B(ind) values in the title cages are a consequence of the treatment of the relativistic effects. If these effects are included as scalar or spin-orbit calculations, then we can establish the next trend: Ge12(2-) is a nonaromatic species, Sn12(2-) is a low aromatic species, and Pb12(2-) is strongly aromatic, according to calculated NICS and B(ind) values. Thus, any prediction of electron delocalization in molecules containing heavy elements without considering an adequate treatment for relativistic effects may lead to an erroneous chemical interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abril Carolina Castro
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago-Chile, and Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Edison Osorio
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago-Chile, and Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - J Oscar C Jiménez-Halla
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago-Chile, and Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Eduard Matito
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago-Chile, and Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - William Tiznado
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago-Chile, and Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago-Chile, and Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
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46
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Abstract
The global minimum structure of borospherene (B40) is a cage, comprising two hexagonal and four heptagonal rings. Born-Oppenheimer Molecular Dynamics simulations show that continuous conversions in between six and seven membered rings take place. The activation energy barrier for such a transformation is found to be 14.3 kcal·mol−1. The completely delocalized σ- and π-frameworks, as well as the conservation of the bonding pattern during rearrangement, facilitate the dynamical behavior of B40. B40 is predicted to act as a support-free spherical two-dimensional liquid at moderate temperature. In other words, B40 could be called as a nanobubble.
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47
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Chen Q, Zhang SY, Bai H, Tian WJ, Gao T, Li HR, Miao CQ, Mu YW, Lu HG, Zhai HJ, Li SD. Cage-Like B41+and B422+: New Chiral Members of the Borospherene Family. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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Chen Q, Zhang SY, Bai H, Tian WJ, Gao T, Li HR, Miao CQ, Mu YW, Lu HG, Zhai HJ, Li SD. Cage-Like B41+and B422+: New Chiral Members of the Borospherene Family. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8160-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Meng F, Zhou Z, Zhang P, Jiang M, Xu X, Wang Y, Gou J, Hui D, Die D. Encapsulation of an f-block metal atom/ion to enhance the stability of C20with the Ihsymmetry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4328-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03159h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of a 12 valence-electron f-block metal atom/ion strongly enhanced the stability of C20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanchen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Zuowan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | | | - Man Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Jihua Gou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - David Hui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of New Orleans
- New Orleans
- USA
| | - Dong Die
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Scientific Computation
- School of Physics and Chemistry
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
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50
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Observation of an all-boron fullerene. Nat Chem 2014; 6:727-31. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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