1
|
Futami M, Naito H, Ninomiya S, Chen LC, Iwano T, Yoshimura K, Ukita Y. Automated sample preparation for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry based on CLOCK-controlled autonomous centrifugal microfluidics. Biomed Microdevices 2024; 26:22. [PMID: 38592604 PMCID: PMC11003918 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-024-00703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
We report a centrifugal microfluidic device that automatically performs sample preparation under steady-state rotation for clinical applications using mass spectrometry. The autonomous microfluidic device was designed for the control of liquid operation on centrifugal hydrokinetics (CLOCK) paradigm. The reported device was highly stable, with less than 7% variation with respect to the time of each unit operation (sample extraction, mixing, and supernatant extraction) in the preparation process. An agitation mechanism with bubbling was used to mix the sample and organic solvent in this device. We confirmed that the device effectively removed the protein aggregates from the sample, and the performance was comparable to those of conventional manual sample preparation procedures that use high-speed centrifugation. In addition, probe electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PESI-MS) was performed to compare the device-treated and manually treated samples. The obtained PESI-MS spectra were analyzed by partial least squares discriminant analysis, and the preparation capability of the device was found to be equivalent to that of the conventional method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Futami
- Department of Engineering, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Naito
- Department of Engineering, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ninomiya
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Lee Chuin Chen
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Iwano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshimura
- Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Medical Education and Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ukita
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muramatsu H, Kambe T, Tsukamoto T, Kuzume A, Hosono R, Imaoka T, Yamamoto K. Synthesis and functionalities of FeSn 12 superatom prepared by single atom introduction with a dendrimer template. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400060. [PMID: 38263351 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Superatoms are promising as new building block materials that can be designed by precise controlling of the constituent atoms. Stannaspherene (Sn12 2-) is a rigid cage-like cluster with icosahedral symmetry, for which one-atom encapsulation was theoretically expected and detected in the gas phase. Here, a single-atom introduction method into stannaspherene using a dendrimer template with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) protection is demonstrated. This advanced solution-phase synthesis allows not only the selective doping of one atom into the cluster cage, but also enable further detail characterization of optical and magnetic properties that were not possible in the gas-phase synthesis. In other words, this liquid-phase synthesis method has enabled the adaptation of detailed analytical methods. In this study, FeSn12 was synthesized and characterized, revealing that a single Fe atom introduction in the Sn12 2- cage result in the appearance of near-infrared emission and enhancement in the magnetism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Muramatsu
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, JST-ERATO, Yamamoto Atom Hybrid Project, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kambe
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, JST-ERATO, Yamamoto Atom Hybrid Project, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takamasa Tsukamoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, JST-ERATO, Yamamoto Atom Hybrid Project, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kuzume
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, JST-ERATO, Yamamoto Atom Hybrid Project, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Reina Hosono
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, JST-ERATO, Yamamoto Atom Hybrid Project, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takane Imaoka
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, JST-ERATO, Yamamoto Atom Hybrid Project, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kimihisa Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, JST-ERATO, Yamamoto Atom Hybrid Project, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mochizuki T, Manita S, Shimura H, Kira S, Sawada N, Bito H, Sakimura K, Augustine GJ, Mitsui T, Takeda M, Kitamura K. Optogenetic stimulation of neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex induces changes in intravesical bladder pressure and the micturition reflex. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6367. [PMID: 38493201 PMCID: PMC10944464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Lower urinary tract (LUT) function is controlled by the central nervous system, including higher-order cognitive brain regions. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is one of these regions, but the role of its activity in LUT function remains poorly understood. In the present study, we conducted optogenetic experiments to manipulate neural activity in mouse ACC while monitoring bladder pressure to elucidate how the activity of ACC regulates LUT function. Selective optogenetic stimulation of excitatory neurons in ACC induced a sharp increase in bladder pressure, whereas activation of inhibitory neurons in ACC prolonged the interval between bladder contractions. Pharmacological manipulation of ACC also altered bladder contractions, consistent with those observed in optogenetic experiments. Optogenetic mapping of the cortical area responsible for eliciting the increase in bladder pressure revealed that stimulation to ACC showed more potent effects than the neighboring motor cortical areas. These results suggest that ACC plays a crucial role in initiating the bladder pressure change and the micturition reflex. Thus, the balance between excitation and inhibition in ACC may regulate the reflex bidirectionally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Mochizuki
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Manita
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimura
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Satoru Kira
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Norifumi Sawada
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Takahiko Mitsui
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takeda
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kitamura
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Imagawa N, Fukasawa M, Takano S, Kawakami S, Fukasawa Y, Hasegawa H, Kuratomi N, Harai S, Shimamura N, Yoshimura D, Kobayashi S, Yoshida T, Sato M, Suzuki Y, Enomoto N. A Novel Method of Calculating the Drained Liver Volume Using a 3D Volume Analyzer for Biliary Drainage of Unresectable Malignant Hilar Biliary Obstruction. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:969-977. [PMID: 38300418 PMCID: PMC10960883 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-024-08294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In patients with unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstruction (UMHBO), drainage of ≥ 50% liver volume correlates with better clinical outcomes. Accurately measuring the liver volume to be drained by biliary stents is required. We aimed to develop a novel method for calculating the drained liver volume (DLV) using a 3D volume analyzer (3D volumetry), and assess the usefulness for drainage in patients with UMHBO. METHODS Three-dimensional volumetry comprises the following steps: (1) manual tracing of bile duct using 3D imaging system; (2) 3D reconstruction of bile duct and liver parenchyma; and (3) calculating DLV according to the 3D distribution of bile ducts. Using 3D volumetry, we reviewed data of patients who underwent biliary drainage for UMHBO, calculated the DLV, and determined the association between DLV and biliary drainage outcome. RESULTS There were 104 eligible cases. The mean DLV was 708 ± 393 ml (53% ± 21%). and 65 patients (63%) underwent drainage of ≥50% liver volume. The clinical success rate was significantly higher in patients with DLV ≥ 50% than in patients with DLV < 50% (89% vs. 28%, P < 0.001). The median time to recurrence of biliary obstruction (TRBO) and survival time were significantly longer in patients with DLV ≥ 50% than in patients with DLV < 50% (TRBO, 292 vs. 119 days, P = 0.03; survival, 285 vs. 65days, P = 0.004, log-rank test, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Three-dimensional volumetry, a novel method to calculate DLV accurately according to bile duct distribution was useful for drainage in UMHBO patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Imagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo City, 1110, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Fukasawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo City, 1110, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Japan Community Health care Organization Yamanashi Hospital, 3-11-16, Asahi, Kofu City, 400-0025, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Takano
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo City, 1110, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo City, 1110, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Fukasawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo City, 1110, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hasegawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo City, 1110, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Japan Community Health care Organization Yamanashi Hospital, 3-11-16, Asahi, Kofu City, 400-0025, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Natsuhiko Kuratomi
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo City, 1110, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shota Harai
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo City, 1110, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Naruki Shimamura
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo City, 1110, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Dai Yoshimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo City, 1110, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shoji Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo City, 1110, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo City, 1110, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo City, 1110, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo City, 1110, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Enomoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo City, 1110, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Parajuli B, Koizumi S. Strategies for Manipulating Microglia to Determine Their Role in the Healthy and Diseased Brain. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1066-1076. [PMID: 36085395 PMCID: PMC9462627 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the specialized macrophages of the central nervous system and play an important role in neural circuit development, modulating neurotransmission, and maintaining brain homeostasis. Microglia in normal brain is quiescent and show ramified morphology with numerous branching processes. They constantly survey their surrounding microenvironment through the extension and retraction of their processes and interact with neurons, astrocytes, and blood vessels using these processes. Microglia respond quickly to any pathological event in the brain by assuming ameboid morphology devoid of branching processes and restore homeostasis. However, when there is chronic inflammation, microglia may lose their homeostatic functions and secrete various proinflammatory cytokines and mediators that initiate neural dysfunction and neurodegeneration. In this article, we review the role of microglia in the normal brain and in various pathological brain conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. We describe strategies to manipulate microglia, focusing on depletion, repopulation, and replacement, and we discuss their therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Parajuli
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
- GLIA Center, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bari MW, Morishita Y, Kishigami S. Heterogeneity of nucleolar morphology in four-cell mouse embryos after IVF: association with developmental potential. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13907. [PMID: 38102887 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, around fertilization, the nucleolus of embryos transforms into the nucleolus precursor bodies (NPBs), which continue to mature until the blastocyst stage, leading to distinct morphological changes. In our study, we observed two types of nucleolar morphology in mouse in vitro fertilized embryos at the four-cell stage, which we refer to single nucleolus (SN) and multiple nucleoli (MN). To visualize nucleolar morphology, four-cell embryos were immunostained with anti-NOPP140 antibody. These embryos were categorized into five types based on the number of blastomeres carrying SN: SN4/MN0, SN3/MN1, SN2/MN2, SN1/MN3, and SN0/MN4, with percentages of 13, 27, 21, 23 and 9, respectively. Next, using a light microscope, we divided the four-cell in vitro fertilized embryos without fixation into two groups: those with at least two blastomeres displaying SN (SN embryos) and those without (MN embryos). Notably, significantly more SN embryos developed into blastocysts and offspring at 18.5 dpc compared with MN embryos. Furthermore, SN embryos displayed a higher NANOG-positive cell number at the blastocyst stage, significantly lower body and placental weights, resulting in a higher fetal/placental ratio. These findings suggest a close association between nucleolar state at the four-cell stage and subsequent developmental potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Wasim Bari
- Department of Integrated Applied Life Science, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Morishita
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi Kofu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kishigami
- Department of Integrated Applied Life Science, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi Kofu, Japan
- Center for advanced Assisted Reproductive Technologies, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Horiuchi S, Shinohara R, Otawa S, Akiyama Y, Ooka T, Kojima R, Yokomichi H, Miyake K, Yamagata Z. Caregivers' mental distress and child health during the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243702. [PMID: 33301517 PMCID: PMC7728265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the physical and mental conditions of children during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and consequent social distancing in relation to the mental condition of their caregivers. This internet-based nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted between April 30 and May 13, 2020. The participants were 1,200 caregivers of children aged 3–14 years. Child health issues were categorized into “at least one” or “none” according to caregivers’ perception. Caregivers’ mental status was assessed using the Japanese version of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-6. The association between caregivers’ mental status and child health issues was analyzed using logistic regression models. Among the participants, 289 (24.1%) had moderate and 352 (29.3%) had severe mental distress and 69.8% of children in their care had health issues. The number of caregivers with mental distress was more than double that reported during the 2016 national survey. After adjusting for covariates, child health issues increased among caregivers with moderate mental distress (odds ratio 2.24, 95% confidence interval 1.59–3.16) and severe mental distress (odds ratio 3.05, 95% confidence interval 2.17–4.29) compared with caregivers with no mental distress. The results highlight parents’ psychological stress during the pandemic, suggesting the need for adequate parenting support. However, our study did not consider risk factors of caregivers’ mental distress such as socioeconomic background. There is an urgent need for further research to identify vulnerable populations and children’s needs to develop sustainable social support programs for those affected by the outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Horiuchi
- Center for Birth Cohort Studies, University of Yamanashi, Chuo-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ryoji Shinohara
- Center for Birth Cohort Studies, University of Yamanashi, Chuo-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Sanae Otawa
- Center for Birth Cohort Studies, University of Yamanashi, Chuo-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yuka Akiyama
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tadao Ooka
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Reiji Kojima
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokomichi
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kunio Miyake
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Zentaro Yamagata
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Maruyama Y, Minamimure S, Kobayashi C, Nagao M, Watauchi S, Tanaka I. Crystal growth of La 2/3-x Li 3x TiO 3 by the TSFZ method. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:181445. [PMID: 30662748 PMCID: PMC6304144 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Double-perovskite-type La2/3-x Li3x TiO3 (LLT) crystals were grown by the travelling solvent floating zone (TSFZ) method. When the floating zone (FZ) crystal growth method was applied, the La2Ti2O7 phase was deposited as an inclusion in the initial growth region. Using the TSFZ crystal growth method, however, inclusion-free LLT crystals were obtained for a 10 mol% La2Ti2O7-poor composition solvent relative to the stoichiometric LLT crystals. The molten zone was initially unstable as a result of habit plane formation during the crystal growth; however, the molten zone was stably maintained for a long period of time by decreasing the feed rate compared with the growth rate. Hence, LLT crystals of approximately 5 mmφ and 37 mm in length were obtained. The anisotropic ionic conductivity of the crystals annealed in air was σ[110]/σ[001] ≈ 3, with σ[110] = 1.64 × 10-3 S cm-1 and σ[001] = 5.26 × 10-4 S cm-1. LLT single crystals are candidates for high-performance solid-state electrolytes in all-solid-state Li ion batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Isao Tanaka
- Author for correspondence: Isao Tanaka e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|