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Xia R, Shi S, Xu Z, Vischer HF, Windhorst AD, Qian Y, Duan Y, Liang J, Chen K, Zhang A, Guo C, Leurs R, He Y. Structural basis of ligand recognition and design of antihistamines targeting histamine H 4 receptor. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2493. [PMID: 38509098 PMCID: PMC10954740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46840-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The histamine H4 receptor (H4R) plays key role in immune cell function and is a highly valued target for treating allergic and inflammatory diseases. However, structural information of H4R remains elusive. Here, we report four cryo-EM structures of H4R/Gi complexes, with either histamine or synthetic agonists clobenpropit, VUF6884 and clozapine bound. Combined with mutagenesis, ligand binding and functional assays, the structural data reveal a distinct ligand binding mode where D943.32 and a π-π network determine the orientation of the positively charged group of ligands, while E1825.46, located at the opposite end of the ligand binding pocket, plays a key role in regulating receptor activity. The structural insight into H4R ligand binding allows us to identify mutants at E1825.46 for which the agonist clobenpropit acts as an inverse agonist and to correctly predict inverse agonism of a closely related analog with nanomolar potency. Together with the findings regarding receptor activation and Gi engagement, we establish a framework for understanding H4R signaling and provide a rational basis for designing novel antihistamines targeting H4R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Xia
- Laboratory of Receptor Structure and Signaling, HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenmei Xu
- Laboratory of Receptor Structure and Signaling, HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yu Qian
- Laboratory of Receptor Structure and Signaling, HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yaning Duan
- Laboratory of Receptor Structure and Signaling, HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jiale Liang
- Laboratory of Receptor Structure and Signaling, HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Laboratory of Receptor Structure and Signaling, HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Anqi Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Changyou Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Rob Leurs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Yuanzheng He
- Laboratory of Receptor Structure and Signaling, HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Matter Behave in Space Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
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2
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Conrad M, Horn AHC, Sticht H. Computational Analysis of Histamine Protonation Effects on H 1R Binding. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093774. [PMID: 37175183 PMCID: PMC10180022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous studies investigating histamine and its receptors, the impact of histamine protonation states on binding to the histamine H1-receptor (H1R) has remained elusive. Therefore, we assessed the influence of different histamine tautomers (τ-tautomer, π-tautomer) and charge states (mono- vs. dicationic) on the interaction with the ternary histamine-H1R-Gq complex. In atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, the τ-tautomer formed stable interactions with the receptor, while the π-tautomer induced a rotation of the histamine ring by 180° and formed only weaker hydrogen bonding interactions. This suggests that the τ-tautomer is more relevant for stabilization of the active ternary histamine-H1R-Gq complex. In addition to the two monocationic tautomers, the binding of dicationic histamine was investigated, whose interaction with the H1R had been observed in a previous experimental study. Our simulations showed that the dication is less compatible with the ternary histamine-H1R-Gq complex and rather induces an inactive conformation in the absence of the Gq protein. Our data thus indicate that the charge state of histamine critically affects its interactions with the H1R. Ultimately these findings might have implications for the future development of new ligands that stabilize distinct H1R activation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Conrad
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anselm H C Horn
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen National High Performance Computing Center (NHR@FAU), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen National High Performance Computing Center (NHR@FAU), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Structural biology of human GPCR drugs and endogenous ligands - insights from NMR spectroscopy. Methods 2020; 180:79-88. [PMID: 32911074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest class of "druggable" proteins in the human genome. For more than a decade, crystal structures and, more recently, cryoEM structures of GPCR complexes have provided unprecedented insight into GPCR drug binding and cell signaling. Nevertheless, structure determination of receptors in complexes with weakly binding molecules or complex polypeptides remains especially challenging, including for hormones, many of which have so far eluded researchers. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has emerged as a promising approach to determine structures of ligands bound to their receptors and to provide insights into the dynamics of GPCR-bound drugs. The capability to investigate compounds with weak binding affinities has also been leveraged in NMR applications to identify novel lead compounds in drug screening campaigns. We review recent structural biology studies of GPCR ligands by NMR, highlighting new methodologies enabling studies of GPCRs with native sequences and in native-like membrane environments that provide insights into important drugs and endogenous ligands.
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4
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Chagas C, Alisaraie L. Metabolites of Vinca Alkaloid Vinblastine: Tubulin Binding and Activation of Nausea-Associated Receptors. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9784-9799. [PMID: 31460070 PMCID: PMC6648052 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Vinblastine (VLB) is an antimitotic drug that binds to the vinca site of tubulin. The molecule possesses a high molecular weight and a complex chemical structure with many possibilities of metabolization. Despite advances in drug discovery research in reducing drug toxicity, the cause and mechanism of VLB-induced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) remains poorly understood. VLB is metabolized to at least 35 known metabolites, which have been identified and collected in this present work. This study also explores how VLB metabolites affect nausea-associated receptors such as muscarinic, dopaminergic, and histaminic. The metabolites have stronger binding interactions than acetylcholine (ACh) for muscarinic M1, M4, and M5 receptors and demonstrate similar binding profiles to that of the natural substrate, ACh. The affinities of VLB metabolites to dopaminergic and histaminic receptors, their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity properties, and the superiority of VLB to ACh for binding to M5R, indicate their potential to trigger activation of nausea-associated receptors during chemotherapy with VLB. It has been shown that metabolite 20-hydroxy-VLB (metabolite 10) demonstrates a stronger binding affinity to the vinca site of tubulin than VLB; however, they have similar modes of action. VLB and metabolite 10 have similar gastric solubility (FaSSGF), intestinal solubility (FeSSIF), and log P values. Metabolite 10 has a more acceptable pharmacokinetic profile than VLB, a better gastric and intestinal solubility. Furthermore, metabolite 10 was found to be less bound to plasma proteins than VLB. These are desired and essential features for effective drug bioavailability. Metabolite 10 is not a substrate of CYP2D6 and thus is less likely to cause drug-drug interactions and ADRs compared to its parent drug. The hydroxyl group added upon metabolism of VLB suggests that it can also be a reasonable starting compound for designing the next generation of antimitotic drugs to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance, which is often observed with vinca alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline
Manto Chagas
- School
of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Dr., A1B 3V6 St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Laleh Alisaraie
- School
of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Dr., A1B 3V6 St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, A1B 3X7 St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
- E-mail:
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5
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Kumar A, Pasam VR, Thakur RK, Singh M, Singh K, Shukla M, Yadav A, Dogra S, Sona C, Umrao D, Jaiswal S, Ahmad H, Rashid M, Singh SK, Wahajuddin M, Dwivedi AK, Siddiqi MI, Lal J, Tripathi RP, Yadav PN. Novel Tetrahydroquinazolinamines as Selective Histamine 3 Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Obesity. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4638-4655. [PMID: 30998358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The histamine 3 receptor (H3R) is a presynaptic receptor, which modulates several neurotransmitters including histamine and various essential physiological processes, such as feeding, arousal, cognition, and pain. The H3R is considered as a drug target for the treatment of several central nervous system disorders. We have synthesized and identified a novel series of 4-aryl-6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolinamines that act as selective H3R antagonists. Among all the synthesized compounds, in vitro and docking studies suggested that the 4-methoxy-phenyl-substituted tetrahydroquinazolinamine compound 4c has potent and selective H3R antagonist activity (IC50 < 0.04 μM). Compound 4c did not exhibit any activity on the hERG ion channel and pan-assay interference compounds liability. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that 4c crosses the blood brain barrier, and in vivo studies demonstrated that 4c induces anorexia and weight loss in obese, but not in lean mice. These data reveal the therapeutic potential of 4c as an anti-obesity candidate drug via antagonizing the H3R.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chandan Sona
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , New Delhi 110001 , India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rama Pati Tripathi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , New Delhi 110001 , India.,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli , New Transit Campus, Bijnor Road , Sarojani Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow , 226002 Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Prem N Yadav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , New Delhi 110001 , India
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6
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Jończyk J, Malawska B, Bajda M. Hybrid approach to structure modeling of the histamine H3 receptor: Multi-level assessment as a tool for model verification. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186108. [PMID: 28982153 PMCID: PMC5629032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial role of G-protein coupled receptors and the significant achievements associated with a better understanding of the spatial structure of known receptors in this family encouraged us to undertake a study on the histamine H3 receptor, whose crystal structure is still unresolved. The latest literature data and availability of different software enabled us to build homology models of higher accuracy than previously published ones. The new models are expected to be closer to crystal structures; and therefore, they are much more helpful in the design of potential ligands. In this article, we describe the generation of homology models with the use of diverse tools and a hybrid assessment. Our study incorporates a hybrid assessment connecting knowledge-based scoring algorithms with a two-step ligand-based docking procedure. Knowledge-based scoring employs probability theory for global energy minimum determination based on information about native amino acid conformation from a dataset of experimentally determined protein structures. For a two-step docking procedure two programs were applied: GOLD was used in the first step and Glide in the second. Hybrid approaches offer advantages by combining various theoretical methods in one modeling algorithm. The biggest advantage of hybrid methods is their intrinsic ability to self-update and self-refine when additional structural data are acquired. Moreover, the diversity of computational methods and structural data used in hybrid approaches for structure prediction limit inaccuracies resulting from theoretical approximations or fuzziness of experimental data. The results of docking to the new H3 receptor model allowed us to analyze ligand-receptor interactions for reference compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jończyk
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail:
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7
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Giannici F, Mossuto Marculescu A, Cattaneo AS, Tealdi C, Mustarelli P, Longo A, Martorana A. Covalent and Ionic Functionalization of HLN Layered Perovskite by Sonochemical Methods. Inorg Chem 2016; 56:645-653. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giannici
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed. 17, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Adriana Mossuto Marculescu
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed. 17, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alice Silvia Cattaneo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Sezione di Chimica-Fisica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, I-2700 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Tealdi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Sezione di Chimica-Fisica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, I-2700 Pavia, Italy
| | - Piercarlo Mustarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Sezione di Chimica-Fisica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, I-2700 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Longo
- CNR−Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Via U. La Malfa, I-90146 Palermo, Italy
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research at ESRF, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Antonino Martorana
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed. 17, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
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8
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Abstract
AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests that most proteins occur and function in complexes rather than as isolated entities when embedded in cellular membranes. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provides increasing possibilities to study structure, dynamics and assembly of such systems. In our review, we discuss recent methodological progress to study membrane–protein complexes (MPCs) by NMR, starting with expression, isotope-labeling and reconstitution protocols. We review approaches to deal with spectral complexity and limited spectral spectroscopic sensitivity that are usually encountered in NMR-based studies of MPCs. We highlight NMR applications in various classes of MPCs, including G-protein-coupled receptors, ion channels and retinal proteins and extend our discussion to protein–protein complexes that span entire cellular compartments or orchestrate processes such as protein transport across or within membranes. These examples demonstrate the growing potential of NMR-based studies of MPCs to provide critical insight into the energetics of protein–ligand and protein–protein interactions that underlie essential biological functions in cellular membranes.
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Lesot P, Kazimierczuk K, Trébosc J, Amoureux JP, Lafon O. Fast acquisition of multidimensional NMR spectra of solids and mesophases using alternative sampling methods. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2015; 53:927-939. [PMID: 26332109 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Unique information about the atom-level structure and dynamics of solids and mesophases can be obtained by the use of multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. Nevertheless, the acquisition of these experiments often requires long acquisition times. We review here alternative sampling methods, which have been proposed to circumvent this issue in the case of solids and mesophases. Compared to the spectra of solutions, those of solids and mesophases present some specificities because they usually display lower signal-to-noise ratios, non-Lorentzian line shapes, lower spectral resolutions and wider spectral widths. We highlight herein the advantages and limitations of these alternative sampling methods. A first route to accelerate the acquisition time of multidimensional NMR spectra consists in the use of sparse sampling schemes, such as truncated, radial or random sampling ones. These sparsely sampled datasets are generally processed by reconstruction methods differing from the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). A host of non-DFT methods have been applied for solids and mesophases, including the G-matrix Fourier transform, the linear least-square procedures, the covariance transform, the maximum entropy and the compressed sensing. A second class of alternative sampling consists in departing from the Jeener paradigm for multidimensional NMR experiments. These non-Jeener methods include Hadamard spectroscopy as well as spatial or orientational encoding of the evolution frequencies. The increasing number of high field NMR magnets and the development of techniques to enhance NMR sensitivity will contribute to widen the use of these alternative sampling methods for the study of solids and mesophases in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lesot
- RMN en Milieu Orienté, ICMMO, UMR-CNRS 8182, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, F-91405, Cedex Orsay, France
| | | | - Julien Trébosc
- Univ. Lille Nord de France, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS), CNRS UMR 8181, Univ. Lille, 59652, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jean-Paul Amoureux
- Univ. Lille Nord de France, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS), CNRS UMR 8181, Univ. Lille, 59652, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Physics Department and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Olivier Lafon
- Univ. Lille Nord de France, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS), CNRS UMR 8181, Univ. Lille, 59652, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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10
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Li S, Lee SY, Chung KY. Conformational analysis of g protein-coupled receptor signaling by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Methods Enzymol 2015; 557:261-78. [PMID: 25950969 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Conformational change and protein-protein interactions are two major mechanisms of membrane protein signal transduction, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Upon agonist binding, GPCRs change conformation, resulting in interaction with downstream signaling molecules such as G proteins. To understand the precise signaling mechanism, studies have investigated the structural mechanism of GPCR signaling using X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), or electron paramagnetic resonance. In addition to these techniques, hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) has recently been used in GPCR studies. HDX-MS measures the rate at which peptide amide hydrogens exchange with deuterium in the solvent. Exposed or flexible regions have higher exchange rates and excluded or ordered regions have lower exchange rates. Therefore, HDX-MS is a useful tool for studying protein-protein interfaces and conformational changes after protein activation or protein-protein interactions. Although HDX-MS does not give high-resolution structures, it analyzes protein conformations that are difficult to study with X-ray crystallography or NMR. Furthermore, conformational information from HDX-MS can help in the crystallization of X-ray crystallography by suggesting highly flexible regions. Interactions between GPCRs and downstream signaling molecules are not easily analyzed by X-ray crystallography or NMR because of the large size of the GPCR-signaling molecule complexes, hydrophobicity, and flexibility of GPCRs. HDX-MS could be useful for analyzing the conformational mechanism of GPCR signaling. In this chapter, we discuss details of HDX-MS for analyzing GPCRs using the β2AR-G protein complex as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Su Youn Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Young Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Zhang XC, Sun K, Zhang L, Li X, Cao C. GPCR activation: protonation and membrane potential. Protein Cell 2013; 4:747-60. [PMID: 24057762 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GPCR proteins represent the largest family of signaling membrane proteins in eukaryotic cells. Their importance to basic cell biology, human diseases, and pharmaceutical interventions is well established. Many crystal structures of GPCR proteins have been reported in both active and inactive conformations. These data indicate that agonist binding alone is not sufficient to trigger the conformational change of GPCRs necessary for binding of downstream G-proteins, yet other essential factors remain elusive. Based on analysis of available GPCR crystal structures, we identified a potential conformational switch around the conserved Asp2.50, which consistently shows distinct conformations between inactive and active states. Combining the structural information with the current literature, we propose an energy-coupling mechanism, in which the interaction between a charge change of the GPCR protein and the membrane potential of the living cell plays a key role for GPCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun C Zhang
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, National Center for Protein Science-Beijing, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China,
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12
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G-protein-coupled receptor structure, ligand binding and activation as studied by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Biochem J 2013; 450:443-57. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20121644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors) are versatile signalling molecules at the cell surface and make up the largest and most diverse family of membrane receptors in the human genome. They convert a large variety of extracellular stimuli into intracellular responses through the activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins, which make them key regulatory elements in a broad range of normal and pathological processes, and are therefore one of the most important targets for pharmaceutical drug discovery. Knowledge of a GPCR structure enables us to gain a mechanistic insight into its function and dynamics, and further aid rational drug design. Despite intensive research carried out over the last three decades, resolving the structural basis of GPCR function is still a major activity. The crystal structures obtained in the last 5 years provide the first opportunity to understand how protein structure dictates the unique functional properties of these complex signalling molecules. However, owing to the intrinsic hydrophobicity, flexibility and instability of membrane proteins, it is still a challenge to crystallize GPCRs, and, when this is possible, it is no longer in its native membrane environment and no longer without modification. Furthermore, the conformational change of the transmembrane α-helices associated with the structure activation increases the difficulty of capturing the activation state of a GPCR to a higher resolution by X-ray crystallography. On the other hand, solid-state NMR may offer a unique opportunity to study membrane protein structure, ligand binding and activation at atomic resolution in the native membrane environment, as well as described functionally significant dynamics. In the present review, we discuss some recent achievements of solid-state NMR for understanding GPCRs, the largest mammalian proteome at ~1% of the total expressed proteins. Structural information, details of determination, details of ligand conformations and the consequences of ligand binding to initiate activation can all be explored with solid-state NMR.
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13
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How to investigate interactions between membrane proteins and ligands by solid-state NMR. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 914:65-86. [PMID: 22976023 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-023-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR is an established method for biophysical studies of membrane proteins within the lipid bilayers and an emerging technique for structural biology in general. In particular magic angle sample spinning has been found to be very useful for the investigation of large membrane proteins and their interaction with small molecules within the lipid bilayer. Using a number of examples, we illustrate and discuss in this chapter, which information can be gained and which experimental parameters need to be considered when planning such experiments. We focus especially on the interaction of diffusive ligands with membrane proteins.
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14
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Pandit A, de Groot HJM. Solid-state NMR applied to photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 111:219-226. [PMID: 21842288 PMCID: PMC3295999 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This short review describes how solid-state NMR has provided a mechanistic and electronic picture of pigment-protein and pigment-pigment interactions in photosynthetic antenna complexes. NMR results on purple bacterial antenna complexes show how the packing of the protein and the pigments inside the light-harvesting oligomers induces mutual conformational stress. The protein scaffold produces deformation and electrostatic polarization of the BChl macrocycles and leads to a partial electronic charge transfer between the BChls and their coordinating histidines, which can tune the light-harvesting function. In chlorosome antennae assemblies, the NMR template structure reveals how the chromophores can direct their self-assembly into higher macrostructures which, in turn, tune the light-harvesting properties of the individual molecules by controlling their disorder, structural deformation, and electronic polarization without the need for a protein scaffold. These results pave the way for addressing the next challenge, which is to resolve the functional conformational dynamics of the lhc antennae of oxygenic species that allows them to switch between light-emitting and light-energy dissipating states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Pandit
- Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huub J. M. de Groot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Solution- and solid-state NMR studies of GPCRs and their ligands. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:1462-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Fan Y, Shi L, Ladizhansky V, Brown LS. Uniform isotope labeling of a eukaryotic seven-transmembrane helical protein in yeast enables high-resolution solid-state NMR studies in the lipid environment. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2011; 49:151-161. [PMID: 21246256 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-011-9473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of isotope-labeled multi-spanning eukaryotic membrane proteins for structural NMR studies is often challenging. On the one hand, difficulties with achieving proper folding, membrane insertion, and native-like post-translational modifications frequently disqualify bacterial expression systems. On the other hand, eukaryotic cell cultures can be prohibitively expensive. One of the viable alternatives, successfully used for producing proteins for solution NMR studies, is yeast expression systems, particularly Pichia pastoris. We report on successful implementation and optimization of isotope labeling protocols, previously used for soluble secreted proteins, to produce homogeneous samples of a eukaryotic seven-transmembrane helical protein, rhodopsin from Leptosphaeria maculans. Even in shake-flask cultures, yields exceeded 5 mg of purified uniformly (13)C,(15)N-labeled protein per liter of culture. The protein was stable (at least several weeks at 5°C) and functionally active upon reconstitution into lipid membranes at high protein-to-lipid ratio required for solid-state NMR. The samples gave high-resolution (13)C and (15)N solid-state magic angle spinning NMR spectra, amenable to a detailed structural analysis. We believe that similar protocols can be adopted for challenging mammalian targets, which often resist characterization by other structural methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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17
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18
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Goncalves JA, Ahuja S, Erfani S, Eilers M, Smith SO. Structure and function of G protein-coupled receptors using NMR spectroscopy. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 57:159-80. [PMID: 20633362 PMCID: PMC2907352 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Goncalves
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
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19
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Tikhonova IG, Costanzi S. Unraveling the structure and function of G protein-coupled receptors through NMR spectroscopy. Curr Pharm Des 2010; 15:4003-16. [PMID: 20028318 DOI: 10.2174/138161209789824803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large superfamily of signaling proteins expressed on the plasma membrane. They are involved in a wide range of physiological processes and, therefore, are exploited as drug targets in a multitude of therapeutic areas. In this extent, knowledge of structural and functional properties of GPCRs may greatly facilitate rational design of modulator compounds. Solution and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy represents a powerful method to gather atomistic insights into protein structure and dynamics. In spite of the difficulties inherent the solution of the structure of membrane proteins through NMR, these methods have been successfully applied, sometimes in combination with molecular modeling, to the determination of the structure of GPCR fragments, the mapping of receptor-ligand interactions, and the study of the conformational changes associated with the activation of the receptors. In this review, we provide a summary of the NMR contributions to the study of the structure and function of GPCRs, also in light of the published crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Tikhonova
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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20
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Ahuja S, Eilers M, Hirshfeld A, Yan ECY, Ziliox M, Sakmar TP, Sheves M, Smith SO. 6-s-cis Conformation and polar binding pocket of the retinal chromophore in the photoactivated state of rhodopsin. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:15160-9. [PMID: 19795853 DOI: 10.1021/ja9034768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The visual pigment rhodopsin is unique among the G protein-coupled receptors in having an 11-cis retinal chromophore covalently bound to the protein through a protonated Schiff base linkage. The chromophore locks the visual receptor in an inactive conformation through specific steric and electrostatic interactions. This efficient inverse agonist is rapidly converted to an agonist, the unprotonated Schiff base of all-trans retinal, upon light activation. Here, we use magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy to obtain the (13)C chemical shifts (C5-C20) of the all-trans retinylidene chromophore and the (15)N chemical shift of the Schiff base nitrogen in the active metarhodopsin II intermediate. The retinal chemical shifts are sensitive to the conformation of the chromophore and its molecular interactions within the protein-binding site. Comparison of the retinal chemical shifts in metarhodopsin II with those of retinal model compounds reveals that the Schiff base environment is polar. In particular, the (13)C15 and (15)Nepsilon chemical shifts indicate that the C horizontal lineN bond is highly polarized in a manner that would facilitate Schiff base hydrolysis. We show that a strong perturbation of the retinal (13)C12 chemical shift observed in rhodopsin is reduced in wild-type metarhodopsin II and in the E181Q mutant of rhodopsin. On the basis of the T(1) relaxation time of the retinal (13)C18 methyl group and the conjugated retinal (13)C5 and (13)C8 chemical shifts, we have determined that the conformation of the retinal C6-C7 single bond connecting the beta-ionone ring and the retinylidene chain is 6-s-cis in both the inactive and the active states of rhodopsin. These results are discussed within the general framework of ligand-activated G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Ahuja
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, USA
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21
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22
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Weingarth M, Tekely P, Brüschweiler R, Bodenhausen G. Improving the quality of 2D solid-state NMR spectra of microcrystalline proteins by covariance analysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009; 46:952-4. [PMID: 20107661 DOI: 10.1039/b920844e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gaining time, resolution and sensitivity at the same time: covariance processing of two-dimensional NMR spectra of microcrystalline proteins improves spectral quality over conventional Fourier transformation despite a significant reduction of the experimental time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Weingarth
- Département de Chimie, associé au CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France
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23
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Kim Y, Klutz AM, Hechler B, Gao ZG, Gachet C, Jacobson KA. Application of the functionalized congener approach to dendrimer-based signaling agents acting through A(2A) adenosine receptors. Purinergic Signal 2008; 5:39-50. [PMID: 18600474 PMCID: PMC2721767 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-008-9113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
As a continued effort to develop multivalent ligands to enhance the pharmacological effects of monomeric drugs, DITC-APEC, a chemically reactive nucleoside A(2A) adenosine receptor (AR) agonist, was employed to derivatize the surface of third-generation (G3) polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. The resulting conjugates carried multiple copies of the agonist attached through a thiourea linkage and differed in the number of attachments and in the presence of a fluorophore or additional surface modification. Computer modeling studies suggested that these DITC-APEC-loaded dendrimers extended the overall diameter of the previously reported PAMAM-CGS21680 dendrimer derivatives (Kim et al., Bioconjugate Chem 2008 19:406-411) by ca. 20 A, potentially increasing the conformational flexibility of the appended ligands to achieve optimal geometry for efficient binding at A(2A) ARs. Increased affinity and selectivity in binding in comparison to the CGS21680 conjugate were envisioned, due to the presence of an extended linker, i.e., a dithioureylenephenyl functionality. In vitro radioligand competition experiments showed effective binding of these PAMAM-DITC-APEC dendrimer conjugates at the human A(2A) and A(3) ARs with submicromolar K (i) values and selectivity in comparison to the human A(1) AR. Furthermore, these nucleoside-loaded dendrimers exhibited an A(2A) AR-mediated inhibitory effect on ADP-induced aggregation of human platelets. The present study demonstrates the potential of applying the functionalized congener concept to engineer dendrimer-based multivalent ligands for G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonkyung Kim
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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24
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Wang Y, Bovee-Geurts PHM, Lugtenburg J, DeGrip WJ. Alpha-retinals as Rhodopsin ChromophoresPreference for the 9-ZConfiguration and Partial Agonist Activity. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:889-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Ruan KH, Cervantes V, Wu J. A simple, quick, and high-yield preparation of the human thromboxane A2 receptor in full size for structural studies. Biochemistry 2008; 47:6819-26. [PMID: 18529068 PMCID: PMC2581465 DOI: 10.1021/bi702501g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human thromboxane A2 receptor (TP), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is one of the most promising targets for developing the next generation of anti-thrombosis and hypertension drugs. However, obtaining a sufficient amount of the full-sized and active membrane protein has been the major obstacle for structural elucidation that reveals the molecular mechanisms of the receptor activation and drug designs. Here we report an approach for the simple, quick, and high-yield preparation of the purified and active full-sized TP in an amount suitable for structural studies. Glycosylated human TP was highly expressed in Sf-9 cells using an optimized baculovirus (BV) expression system. The active receptor was extracted and solubilized by different detergents for comparison and was finally purified to a nearly single band with a ratio of 1:0.9 +/- 0.05 (ligand:receptor molecule) in ligand binding using a Ni column with a relatively low yield. However, a high-yield purification (milligram quantity) of the TP protein, from a modulate scale of transfected Sf-9 cell culture, has been achieved by quick and simple purification steps, which include DNA digestion, dodecyl-maltoside detergent extraction, centrifugation, and FPLC purification. The purity and quantity of the purified TP, using the high-yield approach, were suitable for protein structural studies as evidenced by SDS-PAGE, Western blot analyses, ligand binding assays, and a feasibility test using high-resolution one-dimensional and two-dimensional (1)H NMR spectroscopic analyses. These studies provide a basis for the high-yield expression and purification of the GPCR for the structural and functional characterization using biophysics approaches.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Baculoviridae/genetics
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Ligands
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
- Protein Binding
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/chemistry
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/genetics
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/metabolism
- Spodoptera
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-He Ruan
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and PharmacoInformatics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5037, USA.
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26
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Kiss R, Viskolcz B, Keserű GM. Activation Mechanism of the Human Histamine H4 Receptor - An Explicit Membrane Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. J Chem Inf Model 2008; 48:1199-210. [DOI: 10.1021/ci700450w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Kiss
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Informatics, Faculty of Education, University of Szeged, Boldogasszony sgt. 6., H-6725 Szeged, Hungary, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hõgyes Endre u. 9., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrõi út 19-21., H-1103 Budapest, Hungary, and Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest
| | - Béla Viskolcz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Informatics, Faculty of Education, University of Szeged, Boldogasszony sgt. 6., H-6725 Szeged, Hungary, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hõgyes Endre u. 9., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrõi út 19-21., H-1103 Budapest, Hungary, and Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest
| | - György M. Keserű
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Informatics, Faculty of Education, University of Szeged, Boldogasszony sgt. 6., H-6725 Szeged, Hungary, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hõgyes Endre u. 9., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrõi út 19-21., H-1103 Budapest, Hungary, and Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest
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27
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Lopez JJ, Kaiser C, Shastri S, Glaubitz C. Double quantum filtering homonuclear MAS NMR correlation spectra: a tool for membrane protein studies. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2008; 41:97-104. [PMID: 18506579 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-008-9245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
13C homonuclear correlation spectra based on proton driven spin diffusion (PDSD) are becoming increasingly important for obtaining distance constraints from multiply labeled biomolecules by MAS NMR. One particular challenging situation arises when such constraints are to be obtained from spectra with a large natural abundance signal background which causes detrimental diagonal peak intensities. They obscure cross peaks, and furthermore impede the calculation of a buildup rates matrix which may be used to derive distance constraints, as carried out in "NMR crystallography". Here, we combine double quantum (DQ) filtering with 13C-13C dipolar assisted rotational resonance (DARR) experiments to yield correlation spectra free of natural abundance contributions. Two experimental schemes, using DQ filtering prior to evolution (DOPE), and after mixing (DOAM), have been evaluated. Diagonal peak intensities along the spectrum diagonal are removed completely, and crosspeaks close to the diagonal are easily identifiable. For DOAM spectra with negligible mixing times, it is possible to carry out 'assignment walks' which simplify peak identification substantially. The method is demonstrated on 13C-cys labeled proteorhodopsin, a 27 kDa membrane protein. The magnetization transfer characteristics were studied using buildup curves obtained on uniformly 13C labelled crystalline tripeptide MLF. Our data show that DQ filtered DARR experiments pave the way for obtaining through space constraints for structural studies on ligands, bound to membrane receptors, or on small fragments within large proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob J Lopez
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J. W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
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28
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Lopez JJ, Shukla AK, Reinhart C, Schwalbe H, Michel H, Glaubitz C. The structure of the neuropeptide bradykinin bound to the human G-protein coupled receptor bradykinin B2 as determined by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:1668-71. [PMID: 18236494 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200704282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob J Lopez
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J. W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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29
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Lopez J, Shukla A, Reinhart C, Schwalbe H, Michel H, Glaubitz C. The Structure of the Neuropeptide Bradykinin Bound to the Human G-Protein Coupled Receptor Bradykinin B2 as Determined by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200704282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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30
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Lehner I, Basting D, Meyer B, Haase W, Manolikas T, Kaiser C, Karas M, Glaubitz C. The Key Residue for Substrate Transport (Glu14) in the EmrE Dimer Is Asymmetric. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:3281-3288. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707899200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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31
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Kim Y, Hechler B, Klutz AM, Gachet C, Jacobson KA. Toward multivalent signaling across G protein-coupled receptors from poly(amidoamine) dendrimers. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:406-11. [PMID: 18176997 PMCID: PMC10150582 DOI: 10.1021/bc700327u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the A2A receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), by extracellular adenosine, is antiaggregatory in platelets and anti-inflammatory. Multiple copies of an A2A agonist, the nucleoside CGS21680, were coupled covalently to PAMAM dendrimers and characterized spectroscopically. A fluorescent PAMAM-CGS21680 conjugate 5 inhibited aggregation of washed human platelets and was internalized. We envision that our multivalent dendrimer conjugates may improve overall pharmacological profiles compared to the monovalent GPCR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonkyung Kim
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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32
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Ravna AW, Sager G, Dahl SG, Sylte I. Membrane Transporters: Structure, Function and Targets for Drug Design. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2008_023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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