1
|
Goel M, Mackeyev Y, Krishnan S. Radiolabeled nanomaterial for cancer diagnostics and therapeutics: principles and concepts. Cancer Nanotechnol 2023; 14:15. [PMID: 36865684 PMCID: PMC9968708 DOI: 10.1186/s12645-023-00165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, radiopharmaceuticals have proven their effectiveness for cancer diagnosis and therapy. In parallel, the advances in nanotechnology have fueled a plethora of applications in biology and medicine. A convergence of these disciplines has emerged more recently with the advent of nanotechnology-aided radiopharmaceuticals. Capitalizing on the unique physical and functional properties of nanoparticles, radiolabeled nanomaterials or nano-radiopharmaceuticals have the potential to enhance imaging and therapy of human diseases. This article provides an overview of various radionuclides used in diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic applications, radionuclide production through different techniques, conventional radionuclide delivery systems, and advancements in the delivery systems for nanomaterials. The review also provides insights into fundamental concepts necessary to improve currently available radionuclide agents and formulate new nano-radiopharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muskan Goel
- Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Gurugram, Haryana 122413 India
| | - Yuri Mackeyev
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Harada M, Yamamoto M, Iwase H. Combined Small-Angle Neutron Scattering/Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Analysis for the Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Prepared via Photoreduction in Water-in-Oil Microemulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13085-13098. [PMID: 34714093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to investigate the formation process of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) in water-in-oil (w/o) reverse microemulsions comprising sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT), water, and organic solvents (such as benzene, octane, and decane) by the photoreduction of silver perchlorate (AgClO4). Combining SANS and SAXS, the structural changes in the w/o microemulsions before and after the formation of Ag NPs via photoreduction were quantitatively evaluated. From the SANS experiments performed using the contrast-variation method, the size of water cores containing Ag NPs and the thickness of the AOT shells were calculated using the core-shell hard-sphere model. The size of the Ag NPs and their aggregates was calculated via SAXS analysis based on the polydisperse sphere model with a Schulz-Zimm distribution. We found that aggregates of three or four primary Ag NPs are formed by, first, the aggregation of water droplets through the entanglement of the tails of the AOT shell, followed by the self-assembly of Ag NPs into their aggregates because of particle-particle attractive interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Harada
- Department of Computer Science and Clothing Environment, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Miho Yamamoto
- Department of Computer Science and Clothing Environment, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iwase
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Strasser JW, Hersbach TJP, Liu J, Lapp AS, Frenkel AI, Crooks RM. Electrochemical Cleaning Stability and Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of 1‐2 nm Dendrimer‐Encapsulated Au Nanoparticles. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette W. Strasser
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 2506 Speedway, Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712-1224, U.S.A
| | - Thomas J. P. Hersbach
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 2506 Speedway, Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712-1224, U.S.A
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Physics Manhattan College Riverdale NY 10471 USA
| | - Aliya S. Lapp
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 2506 Speedway, Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712-1224, U.S.A
| | - Anatoly I. Frenkel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
- Division of Chemistry Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 2506 Speedway, Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712-1224, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Timoshenko J, Roldan Cuenya B. In Situ/ Operando Electrocatalyst Characterization by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2021; 121:882-961. [PMID: 32986414 PMCID: PMC7844833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has become an indispensable method for probing the structure and composition of heterogeneous catalysts, revealing the nature of the active sites and establishing links between structural motifs in a catalyst, local electronic structure, and catalytic properties. Here we discuss the fundamental principles of the XAS method and describe the progress in the instrumentation and data analysis approaches undertaken for deciphering X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra. Recent usages of XAS in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, with emphasis on examples concerning electrocatalysis, will be presented. The latter is a rapidly developing field with immense industrial applications but also unique challenges in terms of the experimental characterization restrictions and advanced modeling approaches required. This review will highlight the new insight that can be gained with XAS on complex real-world electrocatalysts including their working mechanisms and the dynamic processes taking place in the course of a chemical reaction. More specifically, we will discuss applications of in situ and operando XAS to probe the catalyst's interactions with the environment (support, electrolyte, ligands, adsorbates, reaction products, and intermediates) and its structural, chemical, and electronic transformations as it adapts to the reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janis Timoshenko
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Timoshenko J, Roese S, Hövel H, Frenkel AI. Silver clusters shape determination from in-situ XANES data. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
6
|
Kunz LY, Hong J, Riscoe AR, Majumdar A, Cargnello M. Reducing instability in dispersed powder photocatalysis derived from variable dispersion, metallic co-catalyst morphology, and light fluctuations. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2020.100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
|
7
|
Timoshenko J, Duan Z, Henkelman G, Crooks RM, Frenkel AI. Solving the Structure and Dynamics of Metal Nanoparticles by Combining X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy and Atomistic Structure Simulations. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:501-522. [PMID: 30699037 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-114929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy is a premiere method for analysis of the structure and structural transformation of nanoparticles. Extraction of analytical information about the three-dimensional structure and dynamics of metal-metal bonds from EXAFS spectra requires special care due to their markedly non-bulk-like character. In recent decades, significant progress has been made in the first-principles modeling of structure and properties of nanoparticles. In this review, we summarize new approaches for EXAFS data analysis that incorporate particle structure modeling into the process of structural refinement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Timoshenko
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA;
| | - Z Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Institute for Computational and Engineering Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - G Henkelman
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Institute for Computational and Engineering Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - R M Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - A I Frenkel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA;
- Division of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ahmadi M, Timoshenko J, Behafarid F, Roldan Cuenya B. Tuning the Structure of Pt Nanoparticles through Support Interactions: An in Situ Polarized X-ray Absorption Study Coupled with Atomistic Simulations. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:10666-10676. [PMID: 31049123 PMCID: PMC6487391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of nanoparticles (NPs) with their environment may have a pronounced effect on their structure and shape as well as on their functionality in applications such as catalysis. It is therefore crucial to disentangle the particle-adsorbate and particle-support interaction effects on the particle shape, its local structure, atomic dynamics, and its possible anisotropies. In order to gain insight into the support effect, we carried out an X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (XAFS) investigation of adsorbate- and ligand-free size-selected Pt NPs deposited on two different supports in ultrahigh vacuum. Polarization-dependent XAFS measurements, neural network-based analysis of X-ray absorption near-edge structure data, and reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) simulations of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) were used to resolve the 3D shape of the NPs and details of their local structure. A synergetic combination of advanced in situ XAFS analysis with atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging provides uniquely detailed information about the particle-support interactions and the NP/support buried interface, not accessible to any experimental technique, when considered alone. In particular, our combined approach reveals differences in the structure of Pt NPs deposited on TiO2(110) and SiO2/Si(111). Pt NPs on SiO2 assume a spherical-like 3D shape and weakly interact with the support. In contrast, the effective shape of analogously synthesized Pt NPs on TiO2(110) after annealing at 600 °C is found to be a truncated octahedron with (100) top and interfacial facets that are encapsulated by the TiO2 support. Modeling disorder effects in these NPs using an RMC approach reveals differences in bond-length distributions for NPs on different supports and allows us to analyze their anisotropy, which may be crucial for the interpretation of support-dependent atomic dynamics and can have an impact on the understanding of the catalytic properties of these NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ahmadi
- Department
of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - J. Timoshenko
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Behafarid
- Department
of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - B. Roldan Cuenya
- Department
of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institute
of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Harada M, Ikegami R, Kumara LSR, Kohara S, Sakata O. Reverse Monte Carlo modeling for local structures of noble metal nanoparticles using high-energy XRD and EXAFS. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29511-29521. [PMID: 35531547 PMCID: PMC9071934 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06519a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modeling based on the total structure factor S(Q) obtained from high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) and the k3χ(k) obtained from extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements was employed to determine the 3-dimensional (3D) atomic-scale structure of Pt, Pd, and Rh nanoparticles, with sizes less than 5 nm, synthesized by photoreduction. The total structure factor and Fourier-transformed PDF showed that the first nearest neighbor peak is in accordance with that obtained from conventional EXAFS analysis. RMC constructed 3D models were analyzed in terms of prime structural characteristics such as metal-to-metal bond lengths, first-shell coordination numbers and bond angle distributions. The first-shell coordination numbers and bond angle distributions for the RMC-simulated metal nanoparticles indicated a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure with appropriate number density. Modeling disorder effects in these RMC-simulated metal nanoparticles also revealed substantial differences in bond-length distributions for respective nanoparticles. 3-Dimensional atomic-scale structure of metal nanoparticles obtained by RMC-based simulations using HEXRD and EXAFS data.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Harada
- Department of Health Science and Clothing Environment
- Faculty of Human Life and Environment
- Nara Women's University
- Nara 630-8506
- Japan
| | - Risa Ikegami
- Department of Health Science and Clothing Environment
- Faculty of Human Life and Environment
- Nara Women's University
- Nara 630-8506
- Japan
| | - Loku Singgappulige Rosantha Kumara
- Synchrotron X-ray Station at SPring-8
- Research Network and Facility Services Division
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Hyogo
- Japan
| | - Shinji Kohara
- Synchrotron X-ray Station at SPring-8
- Research Network and Facility Services Division
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Hyogo
- Japan
| | - Osami Sakata
- Synchrotron X-ray Group
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization
- NIMS
- Hyogo
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Smirnov MY, Vovk EI, Kalinkin AV, Simonov PA, Gerasimov EY, Bukhtiyarov VI. Formation of Surface Platinum Oxides in the Interaction of the Pt/Sibunit Catalysts with NO2: Estimates of the Width of Oxide Shell from XPS Data. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158418050130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Gan Y, Wang ZD, Shi Y, Guo CQ, Tan HY, Lu ZX, Yan CF. Synthesis of density-multiplied Pt-NP arrays and their application in fuel cell by self-assembly of di-block copolymer. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
12
|
Abstract
Pd nanoparticles supported on SiO2, Si3N4 and Al2O3 were studied to examine the effect of particle size and support type on the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene. Pd nanoparticles were produced using a reverse micelle method resulting in particles with a remarkably small particle size distribution (σ < < 1 nm). The support type and particle size were observed to affect both catalytic activity and product selectivity. All catalysts showed a decrease of their activity with time on stream, paired with an increase in selectivity to butenes (1-butene and cis/trans-2-butene) from a product stream initially dominated by n-butane. In situ XAFS demonstrated a correlation between the formation of palladium hydride and n-butane production in the early stages (~ 1 h) of reaction. The extent of palladium hydride formation, as well as its depletion with time on stream, was dependent on both particle size and support type. Metallic Pd was identified as the species selective towards the production of butenes.
Collapse
|
13
|
Timoshenko J, Lu D, Lin Y, Frenkel AI. Supervised Machine-Learning-Based Determination of Three-Dimensional Structure of Metallic Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5091-5098. [PMID: 28960990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tracking the structure of heterogeneous catalysts under operando conditions remains a challenge due to the paucity of experimental techniques that can provide atomic-level information for catalytic metal species. Here we report on the use of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and supervised machine learning (SML) for refining the 3D geometry of metal catalysts. SML is used to unravel the hidden relationship between the XANES features and catalyst geometry. To train our SML method, we rely on ab initio XANES simulations. Our approach allows one to solve the structure of a metal catalyst from its experimental XANES, as demonstrated here by reconstructing the average size, shape, and morphology of well-defined platinum nanoparticles. This method is applicable to the determination of the nanoparticle structure in operando studies and can be generalized to other nanoscale systems. It also allows on-the-fly XANES analysis and is a promising approach for high-throughput and time-dependent studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janis Timoshenko
- Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Deyu Lu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yuewei Lin
- Computational Science Initiative, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Anatoly I Frenkel
- Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Division of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
House SD, Bonifacio CS, Grieshaber RV, Li L, Zhang Z, Ciston J, Stach EA, Yang JC. Statistical analysis of support thickness and particle size effects in HRTEM imaging of metal nanoparticles. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 169:22-29. [PMID: 27421079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) examination of nanoparticles requires their placement on some manner of support - either TEM grid membranes or part of the material itself, as in many heterogeneous catalyst systems - but a systematic quantification of the practical imaging limits of this approach has been lacking. Here we address this issue through a statistical evaluation of how nanoparticle size and substrate thickness affects the ability to resolve structural features of interest in HRTEM images of metallic nanoparticles on common support membranes. The visibility of lattice fringes from crystalline Au nanoparticles on amorphous carbon and silicon supports of varying thickness was investigated with both conventional and aberration-corrected TEM. Over the 1-4nm nanoparticle size range examined, the probability of successfully resolving lattice fringes differed significantly as a function both of nanoparticle size and support thickness. Statistical analysis was used to formulate guidelines for the selection of supports and to quantify the impact a given support would have on HRTEM imaging of crystalline structure. For nanoparticles ≥1nm, aberration-correction was found to provide limited benefit for the purpose of visualizing lattice fringes; electron dose is more predictive of lattice fringe visibility than aberration correction. These results confirm that the ability to visualize lattice fringes is ultimately dependent on the signal-to-noise ratio of the HRTEM images, rather than the point-to-point resolving power of the microscope. This study provides a benchmark for HRTEM imaging of crystalline supported metal nanoparticles and is extensible to a wide variety of supports and nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D House
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Cecile S Bonifacio
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ross V Grieshaber
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Long Li
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Zhongfan Zhang
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center of Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eric A Stach
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Judith C Yang
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wei Z, Karim A, Li Y, Wang Y. Elucidation of the Roles of Re in Aqueous-Phase Reforming of Glycerol over Pt–Re/C Catalysts. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhehao Wei
- The
Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ayman Karim
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yan Li
- The
Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- The
Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu HC, Chen TC, Lai NC, Yang CM, Wu JH, Chen YC, Lee JF, Chen CS. Synthesis of sub-nanosized Pt particles on mesoporous SBA-15 material and its application to the CO oxidation reaction. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:16848-16859. [PMID: 26403094 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04943a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we show that the size and shape of Pt nanoparticles in SBA-15 can be controlled through vacuum and air calcination. The vacuum-calcination/H2-reduction process is used to thermally treat a 0.2 wt% Pt(4+)/SBA-15 sample to obtain small 2D clusters and single atoms that can significantly increase Pt dispersion in SBA-15. Compared with thermal treatments involving air-calcination/H2-reduction, which result in ∼4.6 nm rod-like Pt particles, vacuum-calcination/H2-reduction can dramatically reduce the size of the Pt species to approximately 0.5-0.8 nm. The Pt particles undergoing air-calcination/H2-reduction have poor conversion efficiency because the fraction of terrace sites, the major sites for CO oxidation, on the rod-like Pt particles is small. In contrast, a large amount of low-coordinated Pt sites associated with 2D Pt species and single Pt atoms in SBA-15 is effectively generated through the vacuum-calcination/H2-reduction process, which may facilitate CO adsorption and induce strong reactivity toward CO oxidation. We investigated the effect of vacuum-calcination/H2-reduction on the formation of tiny 2D clusters and single atoms by characterizing the particles, elucidating the mechanism of formation, determining the active sites for CO oxidation and measuring the heat of CO adsorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Wu
- Center for General Education, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhao S, Li Y, Stavitski E, Tappero R, Crowley S, Castaldi MJ, Zakharov DN, Nuzzo RG, Frenkel AI, Stach EA. Operando Characterization of Catalysts through use of a Portable Microreactor. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois; Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11793 USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Physics; Yeshiva University; New York NY 10016 USA
| | - Eli Stavitski
- Photon Sciences Division; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Ryan Tappero
- Photon Sciences Division; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Stephen Crowley
- Department of Chemical Engineering; City College of New York; New York NY 10031 USA
| | - Marco J. Castaldi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; City College of New York; New York NY 10031 USA
| | - Dmitri N. Zakharov
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11793 USA
| | - Ralph G. Nuzzo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois; Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | | | - Eric A. Stach
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11793 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pakharukov IY, Stakheev AY, Beck IE, Zubavichus YV, Murzin VY, Parmon VN, Bukhtiyarov VI. Concentration Hysteresis in the Oxidation of Methane over Pt/γ-Al2O3: X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Kinetic Study. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501964z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Yu. Pakharukov
- Boreskov Institute
of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentieva avenue
5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova
street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Irina E. Beck
- Boreskov Institute
of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentieva avenue
5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yan V. Zubavichus
- National Research
Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov square 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Yu. Murzin
- National Research
Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov square 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
- Topchiev Institute
of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, Leninsky
avenue 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentin N. Parmon
- Boreskov Institute
of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentieva avenue
5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova
street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valerii I. Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute
of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentieva avenue
5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Research
and Educational Center for Energy Efficient Catalysis, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wei Z, Karim AM, Li Y, King DL, Wang Y. Elucidation of the roles of Re in steam reforming of glycerol over Pt–Re/C catalysts. J Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
20
|
Bo M, Guo Y, Huang Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Li C, Sun CQ. Coordination-resolved bonding and electronic dynamics of Na atomic clusters and solid skins. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic undercoordination shortens the interatomic bond, deepens the energy level, raises the local energy density and lowers the atomic cohesive energy of Na solid skins and clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Bo
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Application Technologies (Ministry of Education)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Thin Film Materials and Devices
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Hunan 411105
| | - Yongling Guo
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Application Technologies (Ministry of Education)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Thin Film Materials and Devices
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Hunan 411105
| | - Yongli Huang
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Application Technologies (Ministry of Education)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Thin Film Materials and Devices
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Hunan 411105
| | - Yonghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Application Technologies (Ministry of Education)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Thin Film Materials and Devices
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Xiangtan University
- Hunan 411105
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Information and Electronic Engineering
- Hunan University of Science and Technology
- Hunan 411201
- China
| | - Can Li
- Institute of Coordination Bond Metrology and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- China Jiliang University
- Hangzhou 330018
- China
| | - Chang Q. Sun
- NOVITAS
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen CS, Lai YT, Chen TC, Chen CH, Lee JF, Hsu CW, Kao HM. Synthesis and characterization of Pt nanoparticles with different morphologies in mesoporous silica SBA-15 for methanol oxidation reaction. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:12644-12654. [PMID: 25198619 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03624g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous SBA-15 silica materials functionalized with and without carboxylic acid groups were used to effectively control the morphology of Pt crystals, and the materials thus obtained were applied to methanol oxidation reactions. The Pt particles aggregated to form long spheroids inside the channels in pure SBA-15. When carboxylic acid groups were utilized, the SBA-15(-COOH) material facilitated the formation of higher Pt surface area, smaller Pt nanoparticles and nearly spherical shape due to the strong interaction between Pt(4+) ions and carboxylic acid on SBA-15. The Pt(4+) ions on the SBA-15(-COOH) material can be directly transformed to reduced Pt particles during calcination. The methanol oxidation activity on a Pt surface is strongly dependent on the shape of Pt particles. The near-spherical Pt nanoparticles on the SBA-15(-COOH) exhibited higher catalytic activity during methanol oxidation than Pt catalysts on unmodified SBA-15. The near-spherical Pt particles on the SBA-15(-COOH) contained large numbers of terrace sites on their surfaces, which led to high efficiency during methanol oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Chen
- Center for General Education, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan, Taiwan 333, Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gorczyca A, Moizan V, Chizallet C, Proux O, Del Net W, Lahera E, Hazemann JL, Raybaud P, Joly Y. Monitoring morphology and hydrogen coverage of nanometric Pt/γ-Al2 O3 particles by in situ HERFD-XANES and quantum simulations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12426-9. [PMID: 25056683 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Platinum nanoclusters highly dispersed on γ-alumina are widely used as heterogeneous catalysts. To understand the chemical interplay between the Pt nanoparticles, the support, and the reductive atmosphere, we performed X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) in situ experiments recorded in high energy resolution fluorescence detection (HERFD) mode. Spectra are assigned by comparison with simulated XANES spectra on models obtained by molecular dynamics (DFT-MD). We propose platinum cluster morphologies and quantify the hydrogen coverages compatible with XANES spectra recorded at variable hydrogen pressures and temperatures. Using cutting-edge methodologies to assign XANES spectra, this work gives unequalled atomic insights into the characterization of supported nanoclusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Gorczyca
- IFP Energies nouvelles 69360 Solaize (France); Univ. Grenoble Alpes Inst NEEL, 38042 Grenoble (France); CNRS, Inst NEEL, 38042 Grenoble (France)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gorczyca A, Moizan V, Chizallet C, Proux O, Del Net W, Lahera E, Hazemann JL, Raybaud P, Joly Y. Monitoring Morphology and Hydrogen Coverage of Nanometric Pt/γ-Al2O3Particles by In Situ HERFD-XANES and Quantum Simulations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
24
|
Lira E, Merte LR, Behafarid F, Ono LK, Zhang L, Roldan Cuenya B. Role and Evolution of Nanoparticle Structure and Chemical State during the Oxidation of NO over Size- and Shape-Controlled Pt/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts under Operando Conditions. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500137r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Lira
- Department
of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - L. R. Merte
- Department
of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - F. Behafarid
- Department
of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - L. K. Ono
- Department
of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - L. Zhang
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - B. Roldan Cuenya
- Department
of Physics, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bastakoti BP, Li Y, Miyamoto N, Sanchez-Ballester NM, Abe H, Ye J, Srinivasu P, Yamauchi Y. Polymeric micelle assembly for the direct synthesis of functionalized mesoporous silica with fully accessible Pt nanoparticles toward an improved CO oxidation reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:9101-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pt-decorated mesoporous silica is directly prepared through a polymeric micelles assembly approach using an asymmetric triblock copolymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu Prasad Bastakoti
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yunqi Li
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Waseda University
| | - Nobuyoshi Miyamoto
- Department of Life, Environment, and Materials Science
- Faculty of Engineering
- Fukuoka Institute of Technology (FIT)
- Higashi, Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
| | | | - Hideki Abe
- Environmental Remediation Materials Unit
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jinhua Ye
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba, Japan
- Environmental Remediation Materials Unit
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
| | - Pavuluri Srinivasu
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba, Japan
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division
- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT)
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Waseda University
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mistry H, Behafarid F, Zhou E, Ono LK, Zhang L, Roldan Cuenya B. Shape-Dependent Catalytic Oxidation of 2-Butanol over Pt Nanoparticles Supported on γ-Al2O3. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400888n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Mistry
- Department
of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - F. Behafarid
- Department
of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - E. Zhou
- Department
of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - L. K. Ono
- Department
of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - L. Zhang
- Center
of Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - B. Roldan Cuenya
- Department
of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
- Department
of Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mistry H, Behafarid F, Bare SR, Roldan Cuenya B. Pressure-Dependent Effect of Hydrogen Adsorption on Structural and Electronic Properties of Pt/γ-Al2O3Nanoparticles. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
28
|
Leong GJ, Schulze MC, Strand MB, Maloney D, Frisco SL, Dinh HN, Pivovar B, Richards RM. Shape-directed platinum nanoparticle synthesis: nanoscale design of novel catalysts. Appl Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Jeremy Leong
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401 USA
- Hydrogen Technologies and Systems Center; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Maxwell C. Schulze
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401 USA
| | - Matthew B Strand
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401 USA
| | - David Maloney
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401 USA
| | - Sarah L. Frisco
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401 USA
| | - Huyen N. Dinh
- Hydrogen Technologies and Systems Center; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Bryan Pivovar
- Hydrogen Technologies and Systems Center; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Ryan M. Richards
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401 USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zaera F. Shape-controlled nanostructures in heterogeneous catalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:1797-1820. [PMID: 24014476 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnologies have provided new methods for the preparation of nanomaterials with well-defined sizes and shapes, and many of those procedures have been recently implemented for applications in heterogeneous catalysis. The control of nanoparticle shape in particular offers the promise of a better definition of catalytic activity and selectivity through the optimization of the structure of the catalytic active site. This extension of new nanoparticle synthetic procedures to catalysis is in its early stages, but has shown some promising leads already. Here, we survey the major issues associated with this nanotechnology-catalysis synergy. First, we discuss new possibilities associated with distinguishing between the effects originating from nanoparticle size versus those originating from nanoparticle shape. Next, we survey the information available to date on the use of well-shaped metal and non-metal nanoparticles as active phases to control the surface atom ensembles that define the catalytic site in different catalytic applications. We follow with a brief review of the use of well-defined porous materials for the control of the shape of the space around that catalytic site. A specific example is provided to illustrate how new selective catalysts based on shape-defined nanoparticles can be designed from first principles by using fundamental mechanistic information on the reaction of interest obtained from surface-science experiments and quantum-mechanics calculations. Finally, we conclude with some thoughts on the state of the field in terms of the advances already made, the future potentials, and the possible limitations to be overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 (USA).
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The field of heterogeneous catalysis has received a remarkable amount of interest from scientific and industrial perspectives because of its enormous impact on the world's economy: more than 90% of chemical manufacturing processes use catalysts. Catalysts are also essential in converting hazardous waste into less harmful products (car exhaust) and in generating power (fuel cells). Yet in all applications, it remains a challenge to design long lasting, highly active, selective, and environmentally friendly catalytic materials and processes, ideally based on Earth-abundant elements. In addition, the field needs more satisfactory experimental and theoretical approaches to minimize trial and error experiments in catalyst development. Nanocatalysis is one area that is developing rapidly. Researchers have reported striking novel catalytic properties, including greatly enhanced reactivities and selectivities, for nanocatalysts compared to their bulk counterparts. Fully harnessing the power of nanocatalysts requires detailed understanding of the origin of their enhanced performance at the atomic level, which in turn requires fundamental knowledge of the geometric and electronic structures of these complex systems. Numerous studies report on the properties that affect the catalytic performance of metal naoparticles (NPs) such as their size, interaction with their support, and their oxidation state. Much less research elucidates the role played by the NP shape. Complicating the analysis is that the preceding parameters are not independent, since NP size and support will affect which NP shapes are most stable. In addition, we must consider the dynamic nature of NP catalysts and their response to the environment, since the working state of a NP catalyst might not be the state in which the catalyst was prepared, but rather a structural and/or chemical isomer that responded to the particular reaction conditions. In order to address the complexity of real-world catalysts, researchers must undertake a synergistic approach, taking advantage of a variety of in situ and operando experimental methods. With the continuous shrinking of the scale of material systems, researchers require more sensitive experimental probes and computational approaches that work across a wide range of temperatures and chemical environments. This Account provides examples of recent advances in the preparation and characterization of NP catalysts with well-defined shapes. It discusses how to resolve the shape of nanometer-sized catalysts via a combination of microscopy and spectroscopic approaches, and how to follow their evolution in the course of a chemical reaction. Finally, it highlights that, for structure-sensitive reactions, controlled synthesis can tune catalytic properties such as the reaction rates, onset reaction temperature, activity, and selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Verification of Organic Capping Agent Removal from Supported Colloidal Synthesized Pt Nanoparticle Catalysts. Top Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-013-0120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
32
|
Merte LR, Ahmadi M, Behafarid F, Ono LK, Lira E, Matos J, Li L, Yang JC, Roldan Cuenya B. Correlating Catalytic Methanol Oxidation with the Structure and Oxidation State of Size-Selected Pt Nanoparticles. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400234h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R. Merte
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Mahdi Ahmadi
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Farzad Behafarid
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Luis K. Ono
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Estephania Lira
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Jeronimo Matos
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Long Li
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15261, United States
| | - Judith C. Yang
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15261, United States
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bordiga S, Groppo E, Agostini G, van Bokhoven JA, Lamberti C. Reactivity of Surface Species in Heterogeneous Catalysts Probed by In Situ X-ray Absorption Techniques. Chem Rev 2013; 113:1736-850. [DOI: 10.1021/cr2000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, Università di Torino and INSTM Reference Center, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, Università di Torino and INSTM Reference Center, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Agostini
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, Università di Torino and INSTM Reference Center, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, HCI E127 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry (LSK) Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Instituteaul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Lamberti
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, Università di Torino and INSTM Reference Center, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pretzer LA, Song HJ, Fang YL, Zhao Z, Guo N, Wu T, Arslan I, Miller JT, Wong MS. Hydrodechlorination catalysis of Pd-on-Au nanoparticles varies with particle size. J Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
35
|
Yancey DF, Chill ST, Zhang L, Frenkel AI, Henkelman G, Crooks RM. A theoretical and experimental examination of systematic ligand-induced disorder in Au dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50614b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
36
|
Matos J, Ono LK, Behafarid F, Croy JR, Mostafa S, DeLaRiva AT, Datye AK, Frenkel AI, Roldan Cuenya B. In situ coarsening study of inverse micelle-prepared Pt nanoparticles supported on γ-Al2O3: pretreatment and environmental effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:11457-67. [PMID: 22801490 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41339f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thermal stability of inverse micelle prepared Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on nanocrystalline γ-Al(2)O(3) was monitored in situ under different chemical environments (H(2), O(2), H(2)O) via extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) and ex situ via scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Drastic differences in the stability of identically synthesized NP samples were observed upon exposure to two different pre-treatments. In particular, exposure to O(2) at 400 °C before high temperature annealing in H(2) (800 °C) was found to result in the stabilization of the inverse micelle prepared Pt NPs, reaching a maximum overall size after moderate coarsening of ∼1 nm. Interestingly, when an analogous sample was pre-treated in H(2) at ∼400 °C, a final size of ∼5 nm was reached at 800 °C. The beneficial role of oxygen in the stabilization of small Pt NPs was also observed in situ during annealing treatments in O(2) at 450 °C for several hours. In particular, while NPs of 0.5 ± 0.1 nm initial average size did not display any significant sintering (0.6 ± 0.2 nm final size), an analogous thermal treatment in hydrogen leads to NP coarsening (1.2 ± 0.3 nm). The same sample pre-dosed and annealed in an atmosphere containing water only displayed moderate sintering (0.8 ± 0.3 nm). Our data suggest that PtO(x) species, possibly modifying the NP/support interface, play a role in the stabilization of small Pt NPs. Our study reveals the enhanced thermal stability of inverse micelle prepared Pt NPs and the importance of the sample pre-treatment and annealing environment in the minimization of undesired sintering processes affecting the catalytic performance of nanosized particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Matos
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Small MW, Sanchez SI, Marinkovic NS, Frenkel AI, Nuzzo RG. Influence of adsorbates on the electronic structure, bond strain, and thermal properties of an alumina-supported Pt catalyst. ACS NANO 2012; 6:5583-5595. [PMID: 22575058 DOI: 10.1021/nn3015322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe the results of an X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) study of adsorbate and temperature-dependent alterations of the atomic level structure of a prototypical, noble metal hydrogenation and reforming catalyst: ∼1.0 nm Pt clusters supported on gamma alumina (Pt/γ-Al(2)O(3)). This work demonstrates that the metal-metal (M-M) bonding in these small clusters is responsive to the presence of adsorbates, exhibiting pronounced coverage-dependent strains in the clusters' M-M bonding, with concomitant modifications of their electronic structures. Hydrogen and CO adsorbates demonstrate coverage-dependent bonding that leads to relaxation of the M-M bond strains within the clusters. These influences are partially compensated, and variably mediated, by the temperature-dependent electronic perturbations that arise from cluster-support and adsorbate-support interactions. Taken together, the data reveal a strikingly fluxional system with implications for understanding the energetics of catalysis. We estimate that a 9.1 ± 1.1 kJ/mol strain exists for these clusters under H(2) and that this strain increases to 12.8 ± 1.7 kJ/mol under CO. This change in the energy of the particle is in addition to the different heats of adsorption for each gas (64 ± 3 and 126 ± 2 kJ/mol for H(2) and CO, respectively).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Small
- School of Chemical Sciences and the Fredrick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yao T, Liu S, Sun Z, Li Y, He S, Cheng H, Xie Y, Liu Q, Jiang Y, Wu Z, Pan Z, Yan W, Wei S. Probing Nucleation Pathways for Morphological Manipulation of Platinum Nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9410-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja302642x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yao
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Shoujie Liu
- Department of Nanomaterials
and Nanochemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences
at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhihu Sun
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Shi He
- Department of Nanomaterials
and Nanochemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences
at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Nanomaterials
and Nanochemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences
at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Ziyu Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Zhiyun Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Wensheng Yan
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Shiqiang Wei
- National Synchrotron Radiation
Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Behafarid F, Cuenya BR. Nano Pinstripes: TiO2 Nanostripe Formation by Nanoparticle-Mediated Pinning of Step Edges. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:608-12. [PMID: 26286156 DOI: 10.1021/jz300022c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The present scanning tunneling microscopy study describes the high-temperature growth of TiO2 nanostripes with tunable width, orientation, and spacing, mediated by thermally stable micellar Pt and Au NPs deposited on TiO2(110). This phenomenon could not be explained by spillover effects but is based on the preferential stabilization of [11̅0] step edges on TiO2(110) by the metal NPs. Contrary to the behavior of physical-vapor-deposited NPs, which are known to move toward step edges upon annealing, our micellar NPs remain immobile up to 1000 °C. Instead, the mobility of TiO2 step edges toward the micellar NPs, where they become stabilized, is observed. Our findings are relevant to the technological application of nanostructured materials in the fields of catalysis, molecular electronics, and plasmonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Behafarid
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - B Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Myers VS, Frenkel AI, Crooks RM. In situ structural characterization of platinum dendrimer-encapsulated oxygen reduction electrocatalysts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:1596-1603. [PMID: 22221003 DOI: 10.1021/la203756z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In situ electrochemical extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) was used to evaluate the structure of Pt dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs) during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The DENs contained an average of just 225 atoms each. The results indicate that the Pt coordination number (CN) decreases when the electrode potential is moved to positive values. The results are interpreted in terms of an ordered core, disordered shell model. The structure of the DENs is not significantly impacted by the presence of dioxygen, but other electrogenerated species may have a significant impact on nanoparticle structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Sue Myers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Electrochemistry, Texas Materials Institute, Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Behafarid F, Ono LK, Mostafa S, Croy JR, Shafai G, Hong S, Rahman TS, Bare SR, Roldan Cuenya B. Electronic properties and charge transfer phenomena in Pt nanoparticles on γ-Al2O3: size, shape, support, and adsorbate effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:11766-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41928a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
42
|
Frenkel AI. Applications of extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy to studies of bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:8163-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
43
|
Behafarid F, Cuenya BR. Nanoepitaxy using micellar nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:5290-6. [PMID: 22026561 DOI: 10.1021/nl2027525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The shape of platinum and gold nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized via inverse micelle encapsulation and supported on TiO2(110) has been resolved by scanning tunneling microscopy. Annealing these systems at high temperature (∼1000 °C) and subsequent cooling to room temperature produced ordered arrays of well-separated three-dimensional faceted NPs in their equilibrium state. The observed shapes differ from the kinetically limited shapes of conventional physical vapor deposited NPs, which normally form two-dimensional flat islands upon annealing at elevated temperatures. The initial NP volume was found to provide a means to control the final NP shape. Despite the liquid-phase ex situ synthesis of the micellar particles, the in situ removal of the encapsulating ligands and subsequent annealing consistently lead to the development of a well-defined epitaxial relationship of the metal NPs with the oxide support. The observed epitaxial relationships could be explained in terms of the best overlap between the interfacial Pt (or Au) and TiO2 lattices. In most cases, the ratio of {100}/{111} facets obtained for the NP shapes resolved clearly deviates from that of conventional bulklike Wulff structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Behafarid
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Price SWT, Speed JD, Kannan P, Russell AE. Exploring the first steps in core-shell electrocatalyst preparation: in situ characterization of the underpotential deposition of Cu on supported Au nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:19448-58. [PMID: 22032178 PMCID: PMC3548434 DOI: 10.1021/ja206763e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The underpotential deposition (upd) of a Cu shell on a non-Pt nanoparticle core followed by galvanic displacement of the Cu template shell to form core–shell electrocatalyst materials is one means by which the Pt-based mass activity targets required for commercialization of PEM fuel cells may be reached. In situ EXAFS measurements were conducted at both the Au L3 and the Cu K absorption edges during deposition of Cu onto a carbon-supported Au electrocatalyst to study the initial stages of formation of such a core–shell electrocatalyst. The Au L3 EXAFS data obtained in 0.5 mol dm–3 H2SO4 show that the shape of the Au core is potential dependent, from a flattened to a round spherical shape as the Cu upd potential is approached. Following the addition of 2 mmol dm–3 Cu, the structure was also measured as a function of the applied potential. At +0.2 V vs Hg/Hg2SO4, the Cu2+ species was found to be a hydrated octahedron. As the potential was made more negative, single-crystal studies predict an ordered bilayer of sulfate anions and partially discharged Cu ions, followed by a complete/uniform layer of Cu atoms. In contrast, the model obtained by fitting the Au L3 and Cu K EXAFS data corresponds first to partially discharged Cu ions deposited at the defect sites in the outer shell of the Au nanoparticles at −0.42 V, followed by the growth of clusters of Cu atoms at −0.51 V. The absence of a uniform/complete Cu shell, even at the most negative potentials investigated, has implications for the structure, and the activity and/or stability, of the core–shell catalyst that would be subsequently formed following galvanic displacement of the Cu shell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W T Price
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Paredis K, Ono LK, Mostafa S, Li L, Zhang Z, Yang JC, Barrio L, Frenkel AI, Cuenya BR. Structure, Chemical Composition, And Reactivity Correlations during the In Situ Oxidation of 2-Propanol. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:6728-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ja200178f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Paredis
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Luis K. Ono
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Simon Mostafa
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Long Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Zhongfan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Judith C. Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Laura Barrio
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, Madrid 28049
| | - Anatoly I. Frenkel
- Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Evaluation of the intrinsic kinetic activity of nanoparticle ensembles under steady-state conditions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
47
|
Frenkel AI, Yevick A, Cooper C, Vasic R. Modeling the structure and composition of nanoparticles by extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2011; 4:23-39. [PMID: 21351882 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061010-113906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Many metal clusters in the 1-nm size range are catalytically active, and their enhanced reactivity is often attributed to their size, structure, morphology, and details of alloying. Synchrotron sources provide a wide range of opportunities for studying catalysis. Among them, extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy is the premier method for investigating structure and composition of nanocatalysts. In this review, we summarize common methods of EXAFS analysis for geometric and compositional characterization of nanoparticles. We discuss several aspects of the experiments and analyses that are critical for reliably modeling EXAFS data. The most important are sample homogeneity, the width of the size and compositional distribution functions, and accounting for multiple-scattering contributions to EXAFS. We focus on the contribution of structural disorder and structural/compositional heterogeneity to the accuracy of three-dimensional modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly I Frenkel
- Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mostafa S, Behafarid F, Croy JR, Ono LK, Li L, Yang JC, Frenkel AI, Cuenya BR. Shape-dependent catalytic properties of Pt nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2010. [PMID: 20949968 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.82.155450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring the chemical reactivity of nanomaterials at the atomic level is one of the most important challenges in catalysis research. In order to achieve this elusive goal, fundamental understanding of the geometric and electronic structure of these complex systems at the atomic level must be obtained. This article reports the influence of the nanoparticle shape on the reactivity of Pt nanocatalysts supported on γ-Al(2)O(3). Nanoparticles with analogous average size distributions (∼0.8-1 nm), but with different shapes, synthesized by inverse micelle encapsulation, were found to display distinct reactivities for the oxidation of 2-propanol. A correlation between the number of undercoordinated atoms at the nanoparticle surface and the onset temperature for 2-propanol oxidation was observed, demonstrating that catalytic properties can be controlled through shape-selective synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mostafa
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mostafa S, Behafarid F, Croy JR, Ono LK, Li L, Yang JC, Frenkel AI, Cuenya BR. Shape-Dependent Catalytic Properties of Pt Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:15714-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja106679z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mostafa
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States, and Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Farzad Behafarid
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States, and Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Jason R. Croy
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States, and Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Luis K. Ono
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States, and Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Long Li
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States, and Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Judith C. Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States, and Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Anatoly I. Frenkel
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States, and Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States, and Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, United States
| |
Collapse
|