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Santana Santos C, Jaato BN, Sanjuán I, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Operando Scanning Electrochemical Probe Microscopy during Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4972-5019. [PMID: 36972701 PMCID: PMC10168669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) techniques can disclose the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces in single-entity and sub-entity studies. Operando SEPM measurements consist of using a SEPM tip to investigate the performance of electrocatalysts, while the reactivity of the interface is simultaneously modulated. This powerful combination can correlate electrochemical activity with changes in surface properties, e.g., topography and structure, as well as provide insight into reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review is to reveal the recent progress in local SEPM measurements of the catalytic activity of a surface toward the reduction and evolution of O2 and H2 and electrochemical conversion of CO2. The capabilities of SEPMs are showcased, and the possibility of coupling other techniques to SEPMs is presented. Emphasis is given to scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bright Nsolebna Jaato
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Sanjuán
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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2
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Abstract
Chemical reactions that occur at nanostructured electrodes have garnered widespread interest because of their potential applications in fields including nanotechnology, green chemistry and fundamental physical organic chemistry. Much of our present understanding of these reactions comes from probes that interrogate ensembles of molecules undergoing various stages of the transformation concurrently. Exquisite control over single-molecule reactivity lets us construct new molecules and further our understanding of nanoscale chemical phenomena. We can study single molecules using instruments such as the scanning tunnelling microscope, which can additionally be part of a mechanically controlled break junction. These are unique tools that can offer a high level of detail. They probe the electronic conductance of individual molecules and catalyse chemical reactions by establishing environments with reactive metal sites on nanoscale electrodes. This Review describes how chemical reactions involving bond cleavage and formation can be triggered at nanoscale electrodes and studied one molecule at a time.
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3
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STM studies of electron transfer through single molecules at electrode-electrolyte interfaces. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Shermukhamedov SA, Nazmutdinov RR, Zinkicheva TT, Bronshtein MD, Zhang J, Mao B, Tian Z, Yan J, Wu DY, Ulstrup J. Electronic Spillover from a Metallic Nanoparticle: Can Simple Electrochemical Electron Transfer Processes Be Catalyzed by Electronic Coupling of a Molecular Scale Gold Nanoparticle Simultaneously to the Redox Molecule and the Electrode? J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10646-10658. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shokirbek A. Shermukhamedov
- Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Street, 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Renat R. Nazmutdinov
- Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Street, 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Tamara T. Zinkicheva
- Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Street, 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Michael D. Bronshtein
- Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Street, 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Bldg. 207, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bingwei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongqun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - De-Yin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jens Ulstrup
- Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Street, 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry, Bldg. 207, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Zimbovskaya NA, Nitzan A. Energy, Work, Entropy, and Heat Balance in Marcus Molecular Junctions. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2632-2642. [PMID: 32163712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a consistent theory of energy balance and conversion in a single-molecule junction with strong interactions between electrons on the molecular linker (dot) and phonons in the nuclear environment where the Marcus-type electron hopping processes predominate in the electron transport. It is shown that the environmental reorganization and relaxation that accompany electron hopping energy exchange between the electrodes and the nuclear (molecular and solvent) environment may bring a moderate local cooling of the latter in biased systems. The effect of a periodically driven dot level on the heat transport and power generated in the system is analyzed, and energy conservation is demonstrated both within and beyond the quasistatic regime. Finally, a simple model of atomic scale engine based on a Marcus single-molecule junction with a driven electron level is suggested and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya A Zimbovskaya
- Department of Physics and Electronics, University of Puerto Rico-Humacao, CUH Station, Humacao, Puerto Rico 00791, United States
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Roemer M, Wild DA, Sobolev AN, Skelton BW, Nealon GL, Piggott MJ, Koutsantonis GA. Carbon-Rich Trinuclear Octamethylferrocenophanes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:3789-3799. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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7
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Hosseini S, Alsiraey N, Riley AJ, Zubkov T, Closson T, Tye J, Bodappa N, Li Z. Variable Growth and Characterizations of Monolayer-Protected Gold Nanoparticles Based on Molar Ratio of Gold and Capping Ligands. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:15517-15525. [PMID: 30472860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the size of nanoscale entities is important because many properties of nanomaterials are directly related to the size of the particles. Gold nanoparticles represent classic materials and are of particular interest due to their potential application in a variety of fields. In this study, hexanethiol-capped gold nanoparticles are synthesized via the Brust-Schiffrin method. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by various analytical techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques. We have varied the molar ratio of gold to the protecting agent (hexanethiol) to discover the effect of gold-to-hexanethiol ligand ratio on the size of gold particles. The clear correlation between particle size and molar ratio is found that the averaged particle size decreases from 4.28 ± 0.83 to 1.54 ± 0.67 nm as the gold-to-ligand molar ratio changes from 1:1 to 1:9. In contrast to a recent report that thiolated gold nanoparticles are under spontaneous disintegration when they are assembled on a gold substrate, our STM experiments proved that these gold nanoparticles can form a stable monolayer or multiple layers on the platinum electrode without observing disintegration within 72 h. Therefore, our STM experiments demonstrate that the disintegration behavior of gold nanoparticles is related to the type of ligands and the nature of substrate materials. In electrochemical experiments, these gold nanoparticles displayed an electrochemical quantized charging effect, making these nanoparticles useful in the device applications such as electrochemical or biological sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nouf Alsiraey
- Department of Chemistry , Ball State University , Muncie , Indiana 47306 , United States
| | - Andrew J Riley
- Department of Chemistry , Ball State University , Muncie , Indiana 47306 , United States
| | - Tykhon Zubkov
- Department of Chemistry , Ball State University , Muncie , Indiana 47306 , United States
| | - Trent Closson
- Department of Chemistry , Ball State University , Muncie , Indiana 47306 , United States
| | - Jesse Tye
- Department of Chemistry , Ball State University , Muncie , Indiana 47306 , United States
| | - Nataraju Bodappa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3 , Bern CH-3012 , Switzerland
| | - Zhihai Li
- Department of Chemistry , Ball State University , Muncie , Indiana 47306 , United States
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8
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Bodappa N, Ren H, Dong JC, Wu DY, Tian ZQ, Li JF. Solvent-Limited Ion-Coupled Electron Transfer and Monolayer Thiol Stability in Au144
Cluster Films. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nataraju Bodappa
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces i ChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - He Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces i ChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jin-Chao Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces i ChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - De-Yin Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces i ChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces i ChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces i ChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
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9
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Asai T, Kitada A, Utsunomiya T, Fukami K, Murase K. Redox of ferrocenylthiol SAMs in electrolytes with bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amide as unique anions: Parallel between aqueous and ionic liquid media. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Arielly R, Nachman N, Zelinskyy Y, May V, Selzer Y. Picosecond time resolved conductance measurements of redox molecular junctions. J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4972073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rani Arielly
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Nirit Nachman
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yaroslav Zelinskyy
- Institute für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Volkhard May
- Institute für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yoram Selzer
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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11
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Seber G, Rudnev AV, Droghetti A, Rungger I, Veciana J, Mas-Torrent M, Rovira C, Crivillers N. Covalent Modification of Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite with a Stable Organic Free Radical by Using Diazonium Chemistry. Chemistry 2016; 23:1415-1421. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonca Seber
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC); and CIBER-BBN, Campus de la UAB; 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Alexander V. Rudnev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freistrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and; Electrochemistry RAS; Leninskii pr.31 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Andrea Droghetti
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical; Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF); Universidad del País Vasco; Av. Tolosa 72 20018 San Sebastian Spain
| | - Ivan Rungger
- Materials Division; National Physical Laboratory; Teddington TW11 0LW UK
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC); and CIBER-BBN, Campus de la UAB; 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Marta Mas-Torrent
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC); and CIBER-BBN, Campus de la UAB; 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Concepció Rovira
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC); and CIBER-BBN, Campus de la UAB; 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Núria Crivillers
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC); and CIBER-BBN, Campus de la UAB; 08193 Bellaterra Spain
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12
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Rudnev AV, Franco C, Crivillers N, Seber G, Droghetti A, Rungger I, Pobelov IV, Veciana J, Mas-Torrent M, Rovira C. A redox-active radical as an effective nanoelectronic component: stability and electrochemical tunnelling spectroscopy in ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:27733-27737. [PMID: 27722361 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05658j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A redox-active persistent perchlorotriphenylmethyl (PTM) radical chemically linked to gold exhibits stable electrochemical activity in ionic liquids. Electrochemical tunnelling spectroscopy in this medium demonstrates that the PTM radical shows a highly effective redox-mediated current enhancement, demonstrating its applicability as an active nanometer-scale electronic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Rudnev
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. and Russian Academy of Sciences A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Carlos Franco
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus la Universitat Autonoma Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Núria Crivillers
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus la Universitat Autonoma Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Gonca Seber
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus la Universitat Autonoma Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Andrea Droghetti
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Universidad del Pais Vasco CFM, CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC & DIPC, Avenida Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ivan Rungger
- Materials Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Ilya V Pobelov
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus la Universitat Autonoma Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Marta Mas-Torrent
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus la Universitat Autonoma Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Concepció Rovira
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) and CIBER-BBN, Campus la Universitat Autonoma Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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13
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Zhao W, Hao J. Colloidal chirality in wormlike micellar systems exclusively originated from achiral species: Role of secondary assembly and stimulus responsivity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 478:303-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Cao L, Yang M, Yuan L, Nerngchamnong N, Feng YP, Wee ATS, Qi DC, Nijhuis CA. Orbital dependent ultrafast charge transfer dynamics of ferrocenyl-functionalized SAMs on gold studied by core-hole clock spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:094006. [PMID: 26870989 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/9/094006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the charge transport properties in general of different molecular components in a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) is of importance for the rational design of SAM molecular structures for molecular electronics. In this study, we study an important aspect of the charge transport properties, i.e. the charge transfer (CT) dynamics between the active molecular component (in this case, the ferrocenyl moieties of a ferrocenyl-n-alkanethiol SAM) and the electrode using synchrotron-based core-hole clock (CHC) spectroscopy. The characteristic CT times are found to depend strongly on the character of the ferrocenyl-derived molecular orbitals (MOs) which mediate the CT process. Furthermore, by systemically shifting the position of the ferrocenyl moiety in the SAM, it is found that the CT characteristics of the ferrocenyl MOs display distinct dependence on its distance to the electrode. These results demonstrate experimentally that the efficiency and rate of charge transport through the molecular backbone can be modulated by resonant injection of charge carriers into specific MOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore. High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China. Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
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16
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Migliore A, Nitzan A. Irreversibility in redox molecular conduction: single versus double metal-molecule interfaces. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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New redox-active layer create via epoxy–amine reaction – The base of genosensor for the detection of specific DNA and RNA sequences of avian influenza virus H5N1. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 65:427-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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18
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Bodappa N, Fluch U, Fu Y, Mayor M, Moreno-García P, Siegenthaler H, Wandlowski T. Controlled assembly and single electron charging of monolayer protected Au144 clusters: an electrochemistry and scanning tunneling spectroscopy study. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:15117-15126. [PMID: 25372883 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03793f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Single gold particles may serve as room temperature single electron memory units because of their size dependent electronic level spacing. Here, we present a proof-of-concept study by electrochemically controlled scanning probe experiments performed on tailor-made Au particles of narrow dispersity. In particular, the charge transport characteristics through chemically synthesized hexane-1-thiol and 4-pyridylbenzene-1-thiol mixed monolayer protected Au(144) clusters (MPCs) by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical scanning tunneling spectroscopy (EC-STS) are reported. The pyridyl groups exposed by the Au-MPCs enable their immobilization on Pt(111) substrates. By varying the humidity during their deposition, samples coated by stacks of compact monolayers of Au-MPCs or decorated with individual, laterally separated Au-MPCs are obtained. DPV experiments with stacked monolayers of Au(144)-MPCs and EC-STS experiments with laterally separated individual Au(144)-MPCs are performed both in aqueous and ionic liquid electrolytes. Lower capacitance values were observed for individual clusters compared to ensemble clusters. This trend remains the same irrespective of the composition of the electrolyte surrounding the Au(144)-MPC. However, the resolution of the energy level spacing of the single clusters is strongly affected by the proximity of neighboring particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataraju Bodappa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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19
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Nerngchamnong N, Wu H, Sotthewes K, Yuan L, Cao L, Roemer M, Lu J, Loh KP, Troadec C, Zandvliet HJW, Nijhuis CA. Supramolecular structure of self-assembled monolayers of ferrocenyl terminated n-alkanethiolates on gold surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:13447-13455. [PMID: 25325611 DOI: 10.1021/la503493x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is important to understand the structure of redox-active self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) down to the atomic scale, since these SAMS are widely used as model systems in studies of mechanisms of charge transport or to realize electronic functionality in molecular electronic devices. We studied the supramolecular structure of SAMs of n-alkanethiolates with ferrocenyl (Fc) end groups (S(CH2)nFc, n = 3 or 4) on Au(111) by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). In this system, the tilt angle of the Fc units with respect to the surface normal (α) depends on the value of n because the Au-S-C bond angle is fixed. The ordered domains of the SAMs were imaged by STM after annealing at 70 °C at ultrahigh vacuum conditions. High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and cyclic voltammetry show that this annealing step only removed physisorbed material and did not affect the structure of the SAM. The STM images revealed the presence of row defects at intervals of 4 nm, that is, six molecules. We determined by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) that the Fc units of the SAMs of SC3Fc are more parallel to the Au(111) plane with a tilt angle α = 60.2° than the Fc units of SC4Fc SAMs (α = 45.4°). These tilt angles are remarkably close to the tilt angles measured by X-ray diffraction data of bulk crystals (bc-plane). Based on our data, we conclude that the molecules are standing up and the SAMs pack into lattices that are distorted from their bulk crystal structures (because of the build-up stain due to the differences in size between the Fc units and thiolate anchoring groups).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisachol Nerngchamnong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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Kolivoška V, Mohos M, Pobelov IV, Rohrbach S, Yoshida K, Hong WJ, Fu YC, Moreno-García P, Mészáros G, Broekmann P, Hromadová M, Sokolová R, Valášek M, Wandlowski T. Electrochemical control of a non-covalent binding between ferrocene and beta-cyclodextrin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:11757-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04102j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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21
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Li Z, Li H, Chen S, Froehlich T, Yi C, Schönenberger C, Calame M, Decurtins S, Liu SX, Borguet E. Regulating a benzodifuran single molecule redox switch via electrochemical gating and optimization of molecule/electrode coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8867-70. [PMID: 24933522 DOI: 10.1021/ja5034606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel strategy for the regulation of charge transport through single molecule junctions via the combination of external stimuli of electrode potential, internal modulation of molecular structures, and optimization of anchoring groups. We have designed redox-active benzodifuran (BDF) compounds as functional electronic units to fabricate metal-molecule-metal (m-M-m) junction devices by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and mechanically controllable break junctions (MCBJ). The conductance of thiol-terminated BDF can be tuned by changing the electrode potentials showing clearly an off/on/off single molecule redox switching effect. To optimize the response, a BDF molecule tailored with carbodithioate (-CS2(-)) anchoring groups was synthesized. Our studies show that replacement of thiol by carbodithioate not only enhances the junction conductance but also substantially improves the switching effect by enhancing the on/off ratio from 2.5 to 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Arielly R, Vadai M, Kardash D, Noy G, Selzer Y. Real-Time Detection of Redox Events in Molecular Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2674-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ja412668f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rani Arielly
- School
of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Michal Vadai
- School
of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dina Kardash
- School
of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gilad Noy
- School
of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yoram Selzer
- School
of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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23
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Sun YY, Peng ZL, Hou R, Liang JH, Zheng JF, Zhou XY, Zhou XS, Jin S, Niu ZJ, Mao BW. Enhancing electron transport in molecular wires by insertion of a ferrocene center. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:2260-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53269k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Meng F, Hervault YM, Shao Q, Hu B, Norel L, Rigaut S, Chen X. Orthogonally modulated molecular transport junctions for resettable electronic logic gates. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3023. [PMID: 24394717 PMCID: PMC3896775 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual molecules have been demonstrated to exhibit promising applications as functional components in the fabrication of computing nanocircuits. Based on their advantage in chemical tailorability, many molecular devices with advanced electronic functions have been developed, which can be further modulated by the introduction of external stimuli. Here, orthogonally modulated molecular transport junctions are achieved via chemically fabricated nanogaps functionalized with dithienylethene units bearing organometallic ruthenium fragments. The addressable and stepwise control of molecular isomerization can be repeatedly and reversibly completed with a judicious use of the orthogonal optical and electrochemical stimuli to reach the controllable switching of conductivity between two distinct states. These photo-/electro-cooperative nanodevices can be applied as resettable electronic logic gates for Boolean computing, such as a two-input OR and a three-input AND-OR. The proof-of-concept of such logic gates demonstrates the possibility to develop multifunctional molecular devices by rational chemical design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanben Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yves-Marie Hervault
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS—Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, F-35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Qi Shao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Benhui Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Lucie Norel
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS—Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, F-35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Rigaut
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS—Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, F-35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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25
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Baghernejad M, Manrique DZ, Li C, Pope T, Zhumaev U, Pobelov I, Moreno-García P, Kaliginedi V, Huang C, Hong W, Lambert C, Wandlowski T. Highly-effective gating of single-molecule junctions: an electrochemical approach. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15975-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06519k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report an electrochemical gating approach with ∼100% efficiency to tune the conductance of single-molecule 4,4′-bipyridine junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Baghernejad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Chen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pope
- Department of Physics
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Ulmas Zhumaev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ilya Pobelov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Cancan Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wenjing Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- Bern, Switzerland
| | - Colin Lambert
- Department of Physics
- Lancaster University
- Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Wandlowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
- Bern, Switzerland
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26
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Li Z, Smeu M, Afsari S, Xing Y, Ratner MA, Borguet E. Single-Molecule Sensing of Environmental pH-an STM Break Junction and NEGF-DFT Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:1098-102. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Li Z, Smeu M, Afsari S, Xing Y, Ratner MA, Borguet E. Single-Molecule Sensing of Environmental pH-an STM Break Junction and NEGF-DFT Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Kolivoska V, Moreno-García P, Kaliginedi V, Hong W, Mayor M, Weibel N, Wandlowski T. Electron transport through catechol-functionalized molecular rods. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Xiang D, Jeong H, Lee T, Mayer D. Mechanically controllable break junctions for molecular electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:4845-67. [PMID: 23913697 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) represents a fundamental technique for the investigation of molecular electronic junctions, especially for the study of the electronic properties of single molecules. With unique advantages, the MCBJ technique has provided substantial insight into charge transport processes in molecules. In this review, the techniques for sample fabrication, operation and the various applications of MCBJs are introduced and the history, challenges and future of MCBJs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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30
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Rudnev AV, Zhumaev U, Utsunomiya T, Fan C, Yokota Y, Fukui KI, Wandlowski T. Ferrocene-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers: An electrochemical and in situ surface-enhanced infra-red absorption spectroscopy study. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.05.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Migliore A, Nitzan A. Irreversibility and Hysteresis in Redox Molecular Conduction Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9420-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ja401336u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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32
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Rudnev AV, Yoshida K, Wandlowski T. Electrochemical characterization of self-assembled ferrocene-terminated alkanethiol monolayers on low-index gold single crystal electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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34
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Cui K, De Feyter S, Mertens SF. Immersion transients reveal potential of zero charge of nanoparticle films. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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35
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Medvedev IG. A theory of single-electron non-adiabatic tunneling through a small metal nanoparticle with due account of the strong interaction of valence electrons with phonons of the condensed matter environment. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:174705. [PMID: 22070315 DOI: 10.1063/1.3656767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A theory of electrochemical behavior of small metal nanoparticles (NPs) which is governed both by the charging effect and the effect of the solvent reorganization on the dynamic of the electron transfer (ET) is considered under ambient conditions. The exact expression for the rate constant of ET from an electrode to NP which is valid for all values of the reorganization free energy E(r), bias voltage, and overpotential is obtained in the non-adiabatic limit. The tunnel current/overpotential relations are studied and calculated for different values of the bias voltage and E(r). The effect of E(r) on the full width at half maximum of the charging peaks is investigated at different values of the bias voltage. The differential conductance/bias voltage and the tunnel current/bias voltage dependencies are also studied and calculated. It is shown that, at room temperature, the pronounced Coulomb blockade oscillations in the differential conductance/bias voltage curves and the noticeable Coulomb staircase in the tunnel current/bias voltage relations are observed only at rather small values of E(r) in the case of the strongly asymmetric tunneling contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor G Medvedev
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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36
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37
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Migliore A, Nitzan A. Nonlinear charge transport in redox molecular junctions: a Marcus perspective. ACS NANO 2011; 5:6669-6685. [PMID: 21721583 DOI: 10.1021/nn202206e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Redox molecular junctions are molecular conduction junctions that involve more than one oxidation state of the molecular bridge. This property is derived from the ability of the molecule to transiently localize transmitting electrons, implying relatively weak molecule-leads coupling and, in many cases, the validity of the Marcus theory of electron transfer. Here we study the implications of this property on the nonlinear transport properties of such junctions. We obtain an analytical solution of the integral equations that describe molecular conduction in the Marcus kinetic regime and use it in different physical limits to predict some important features of nonlinear transport in metal-molecule-metal junctions. In particular, conduction, rectification, and negative differential resistance can be obtained in different regimes of interplay between two different conduction channels associated with different localization properties of the excess molecular charge, without specific assumptions about the electronic structure of the molecular bridge. The predicted behaviors show temperature dependences typically observed in the experiment. The validity of the proposed model and ways to test its predictions and implement the implied control strategies are discussed.
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38
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Medvedev IG. Single-electron non-adiabatic tunneling through a metal nanoparticle with due account of the solvent dynamic effect: The generalization of the “orthodox” theory. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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39
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Zhou XS, Liu L, Fortgang P, Lefevre AS, Serra-Muns A, Raouafi N, Amatore C, Mao BW, Maisonhaute E, Schöllhorn B. Do Molecular Conductances Correlate with Electrochemical Rate Constants? Experimental Insights. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7509-16. [DOI: 10.1021/ja201042h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shun Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Reactive Chemistry on Solid Surfaces, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
- Chemistry Department and State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- UMR CNRS 8640 Pasteur, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie − Paris 06, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ling Liu
- Chemistry Department and State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Philippe Fortgang
- UMR CNRS 8640 Pasteur, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie − Paris 06, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Lefevre
- UMR CNRS 8640 Pasteur, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie − Paris 06, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Anna Serra-Muns
- UMR CNRS 8640 Pasteur, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie − Paris 06, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Noureddine Raouafi
- UMR CNRS 8640 Pasteur, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie − Paris 06, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et d’Electrochimie, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, 2092 Tunis El-Manar, Tunisia
| | - Christian Amatore
- UMR CNRS 8640 Pasteur, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie − Paris 06, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- Chemistry Department and State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Emmanuel Maisonhaute
- UMR CNRS 8640 Pasteur, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie − Paris 06, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
- LISE-Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, UPR 15 du CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie − Paris 06, Case Courrier no. 133, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Bernd Schöllhorn
- UMR CNRS 8640 Pasteur, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie − Paris 06, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Diderot – Paris 07, CNRS UMR 7591, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, Bat. Lavoisier, 75013 Paris, France
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40
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Pia EAD, Chi Q, Jones DD, Macdonald JE, Ulstrup J, Elliott M. Single-molecule mapping of long-range electron transport for a cytochrome b(562) variant. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:176-182. [PMID: 21105644 DOI: 10.1021/nl103334q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome b(562) was engineered to introduce a cysteine residue at a surface-exposed position to facilitate direct self-assembly on a Au(111) surface. The confined protein exhibited reversible and fast electron exchange with a gold substrate over a distance of 20 Å between the heme redox center and the gold surface, a clear indication that a long-range electron-transfer pathway is established. Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy was used to map electron transport features of the protein at the single-molecule level. Tunneling resonance was directly imaged and apparent molecular conductance was measured, which both show strong redox-gated effects. This study has addressed the first case of heme proteins and offered new perspectives in single-molecule bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Antonio Della Pia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens's Building, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, U.K
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41
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42
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Charge Transport in Single Molecular Junctions at the Solid/Liquid Interface. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 313:121-88. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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