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Zachmann R, Yahata K, Holzheimer M, Jarret M, Wirtz C, Fürstner A. Total Syntheses of Nominal and Actual Prorocentin. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2584-2595. [PMID: 36652728 PMCID: PMC9896551 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate-derived polyether prorocentin is a co-metabolite of the archetypical serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid. Whereas a structural relationship cannot be missed and a biosynthetic link was proposed, it is currently unknown whether there is any parallel in the bioactivity profile of these natural products. However, it was insinuated in the past that the structure assigned to prorocentin might need to be revised. Indeed, re-examination of the published spectra cast doubts as to the constitution of the fused/spirotricyclic BCD-ring system in the core. To clarify this issue, a flexible synthesis blueprint was devised that allowed us to obtain the originally proposed structure as well as the most plausible amended structure. The key to success was late-stage gold-catalyzed spirocyclization reactions that furnished the isomeric central segments with excellent selectivity. The lexicon of catalytic transformations used to make the required cyclization precursors comprised a titanium-mediated ester methylenation/metathesis cascade, a rare example of a gold-catalyzed allylic substitution, and chain extensions via organocatalytic asymmetric aldehyde propargylation. A wing sector to be attached to the isomeric cores was obtained by Krische allylation, followed by a superbly selective cobalt-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of the resulting di-unsaturated alcohol with the formation of a 2,5-trans-disubstituted tetrahydrofuran; the remaining terminal alkene was elaborated into an appropriate handle for fragment coupling by platinum-catalyzed asymmetric diboration/oxidation. The assembly of the different building blocks to the envisaged isomeric target compounds proved that the structure of prorocentin needs to be revised as disclosed herein.
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2
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Umeno K, Onoue H, Konoki K, Torikai K, Yasuno Y, Satake M, Oishi T. Convergent Synthesis of the WXYZA’B’C’D’E’F’ Ring Segment of Maitotoxin. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Umeno
- Deparrtment of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Onoue
- Deparrtment of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiichi Konoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Kohei Torikai
- Deparrtment of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoko Yasuno
- Deparrtment of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masayuki Satake
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tohru Oishi
- Deparrtment of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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3
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Belov DS, Tejeda G, Bukhryakov KV. Olefin Metathesis by First-Row Transition Metals. Chempluschem 2021; 86:924-937. [PMID: 34160903 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic olefin metathesis based on the second- and third-row transition metals has become one of the most powerful transformations in modern organic chemistry. The shift to first-row metals to produce fine and commodity chemicals would be an important achievement to complement existing methods with inexpensive and greener alternatives. In addition, those systems can offer unusual reactivity based on the unique electronic structure of the base metals. In this Minireview, we summarize the progress of the development of alkylidenes and metallacycles of first-row transition metals from scandium to nickel capable of performing cycloaddition and cycloreversion steps, crucial reactions in olefin metathesis. In addition, we will discuss systems capable of performing olefin metathesis; however, the nature of active species is not yet known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Belov
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Gabriela Tejeda
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Konstantin V Bukhryakov
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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4
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Marine Heterocyclic Compounds That Modulate Intracellular Calcium Signals: Chemistry and Synthesis Approaches. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19020078. [PMID: 33572583 PMCID: PMC7911796 DOI: 10.3390/md19020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ plays a pivotal role in the control of a large series of cell functions in all types of cells, from neurotransmitter release and muscle contraction to gene expression, cell proliferation and cell death. Ca2+ is transported through specific channels and transporters in the plasma membrane and subcellular organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Therefore, dysregulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis may lead to cell dysfunction and disease. Accordingly, chemical compounds from natural origin and/or synthesis targeting directly or indirectly these channels and proteins may be of interest for the treatment of cell dysfunction and disease. In this review, we show an overview of a group of marine drugs that, from the structural point of view, contain one or various heterocyclic units in their core structure, and from the biological side, they have a direct influence on the transport of calcium in the cell. The marine compounds covered in this review are divided into three groups, which correspond with their direct biological activity, such as compounds with a direct influence in the calcium channel, compounds with a direct effect on the cytoskeleton and drugs with an effect on cancer cell proliferation. For each target, we describe its bioactive properties and synthetic approaches. The wide variety of chemical structures compiled in this review and their significant medical properties may attract the attention of many different researchers.
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Oishi T, Watanabe Y, Torikai K, Yasuno Y. Synthetic Study of the C’D’E’ Ring System of Maitotoxin via Furan Based Strategy. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-21-14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Oishi T. Structure Determination, Chemical Synthesis, and Evaluation of Biological Activity of Super Carbon Chain Natural Products. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Oishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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7
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Nicolaou KC, Rigol S. Perspectives from nearly five decades of total synthesis of natural products and their analogues for biology and medicine. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1404-1435. [PMID: 32319494 PMCID: PMC7578074 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00003e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1970 to 2020By definition total synthesis is the art and science of making the molecules of living Nature in the laboratory, and by extension, their analogues. Although obvious, its application to the synthesis of molecules for biology and medicine was not always the purpose of total synthesis. In recent years, however, the field has acquired momentum as its power to reach higher molecular complexity and diversity is increasing, and as the demand for rare bioactive natural products and their analogues is expanding due to their recognised potential to facilitate biology and drug discovery and development. Today this component of total synthesis endeavors is considered highly desirable, and could be part of interdisciplinary academic and/or industrial partnerships, providing further inspiration and momentum to the field. In this review we provide a brief historical background of the emergence of the field of total synthesis as it relates to making molecules for biology and medicine. We then discuss specific examples of this practice from our laboratories as they developed over the years. The review ends with a conclusion and future perspectives for natural products chemistry and its applications to biology and medicine and other added-value contributions to science and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
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8
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McGeough CP, Strom AE, Jamison TF. Ni-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling for the Synthesis of Skipped Polyenes. Org Lett 2019; 21:3606-3609. [PMID: 31046296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Skipped polyenes featuring high ( E)-selectivity and varying methyl substitution patterns are synthesized using a nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between allyl trifluoroacetates and vinyl bromides. The utility of this cross-electrophile coupling is showcased in part by the synthesis of the RST fragment of the marine ladder polyether, maitotoxin. Construction of this fragment is particularly challenging due to the alternating methyl substitution pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine P McGeough
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Alexandra E Strom
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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9
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Nicolaou KC, Rigol S, Yu R. Total Synthesis Endeavors and Their Contributions to Science and Society:A Personal Account. CCS CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.31635/ccschem.019.20190006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis in the 19th century, serendipitous as it was, set in motion a revolution in science that continues to evolve into increasing levels of sophistication and to expand into new domains of science and technology for the benefits of science and society. Its evolution was always driven by the challenges posed by natural products, whose structures were becoming increasingly complex and diverse. In response to these challenges, synthetic organic chemists were prompted to sharpen their art to reach their target molecules, whose structures were often confirmed only after their synthesis in the laboratory through the art and science of total synthesis. The latter became the “locomotive” and the “flagship” of organic synthesis, for through this practice novel synthetic methods were discovered and invented, and also tested for their generality, applicability, and scope with regard to molecular complexity and diversity. The purpose of total synthesis has also evolved over the years to include aspects beyond the synthesis of the molecule and confirmation of its structure. In this article, we briefly review the evolution of total synthesis in terms of its power and reach and demonstrate its current state of the art that combines fundamentals with translational aspects through examples from our laboratories. The highlighted examples reflect the newly emerged paradigm of the discipline that includes—in addition to the total synthesis of the target molecule—structural elucidations, method discovery and development, design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of analogues for biology and medicine, and training of young students, preparing them for academic and industrial careers in the various disciplines that require knowledge and skills to practice the central science of chemical synthesis. Such disciplines include chemical biology, drug discovery and development, materials science and nanotechnology, and other endeavors whose fundamentals depend and rely on the structure of the molecule and its synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston,TX 77005 (United States of America)
| | - Stephan Rigol
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston,TX 77005 (United States of America)
| | - Ruocheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston,TX 77005 (United States of America)
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Saito T. Reaction Development Utilizing the Features of Chemical Elements and Synthesis of Marine Natural Products. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2018; 138:1335-1344. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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11
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Takai K. Capturing the Crystal Structure of the Key Species! J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2018. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.76.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Takai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
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12
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Onoue H, Marubayashi R, Ishikawa E, Konoki K, Torikai K, Ebine M, Murata M, Oishi T. Syntheses and Biological Activities of the LMNO, ent-LMNO, and NOPQR(S) Ring Systems of Maitotoxin. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9595-9618. [PMID: 28840731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies of maitotoxin (MTX), a marine natural product produced by an epiphytic dinoflagellate, were conducted using chemically synthesized model compounds corresponding to the partial structures of MTX. Both enantiomers of the LMNO ring system were synthesized via aldol reaction of the LM ring aldehyde and the NO ring ketone. These fragments were derived from a common cis-fused pyranopyran intermediate prepared through a sequence involving Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction, intramolecular oxa-Michael addition, and Pummerer rearrangement. The NOPQR(S) ring system, in which the original seven-membered S ring was substituted with a six-membered ring, was also synthesized through the coupling of the QR(S) ring alkyne and the NO ring aldehyde and the construction of the P ring via 1,4-reduction, dehydration, and hydroboration. The inhibitory activities of the synthetic specimens against MTX-induced Ca2+ influx were evaluated. The LMNO ring system and its enantiomer induced 36 and 18% inhibition, respectively, at 300 μM, whereas the NOPQR(S) ring system elicited no inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaaki Onoue
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Riho Marubayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Erina Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiichi Konoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , 1-1 Tsutsumidori Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Kohei Torikai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Makoto Ebine
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tohru Oishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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13
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Saito T, Morita M, Koshino H, Sodeoka M, Nakata T. Convergent Synthesis of the ent-ZA'B'C'D'-Ring System of Maitotoxin. Org Lett 2017; 19:3203-3206. [PMID: 28571323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective synthesis of the ent-ZA'B'C'D'-ring system of maitotoxin has been accomplished through a convergent strategy utilizing Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reaction of ZA'-ring alkylborane and C'D'-ring (Z)-vinyl iodide, and subsequent construction of the B'-ring by reduction of the O,S-acetal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Saito
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masayuki Morita
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mikiko Sodeoka
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakata
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science , 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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14
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Jacques R, Pal R, Parker NA, Sear CE, Smith PW, Ribaucourt A, Hodgson DM. Recent applications in natural product synthesis of dihydrofuran and -pyran formation by ring-closing alkene metathesis. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:5875-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00593d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Examples from 2003 to 2015 of ring-closing alkene metathesis (RCM) in the generation of dihydro-furans or -pyrans for natural product synthesis, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece Jacques
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Ritashree Pal
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Nicholas A. Parker
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Claire E. Sear
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Peter W. Smith
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Aubert Ribaucourt
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - David M. Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
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15
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Takamura H, Fujiwara T, Kawakubo Y, Kadota I, Uemura D. Stereoselective Synthesis of the Proposed C79-C104 Fragment of Symbiodinolide. Chemistry 2015; 22:1979-1983. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Takamura
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yohei Kawakubo
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Isao Kadota
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Daisuke Uemura
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Kanagawa University; 2946 Tsuchiya Hiratsuka 259-1293 Japan
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Onoue H, Baba T, Konoki K, Torikai K, Ebine M, Oishi T. Synthesis and Biological Activity of the QRS Ring System of Maitotoxin. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisaaki Onoue
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Tomomi Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Keiichi Konoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Kohei Torikai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Makoto Ebine
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Tohru Oishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University
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17
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Nicolaou KC, Heretsch P, Nakamura T, Rudo A, Murata M, Konoki K. Synthesis and biological evaluation of QRSTUVWXYZA' domains of maitotoxin. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:16444-51. [PMID: 25374117 PMCID: PMC4244842 DOI: 10.1021/ja509829e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of QRSTUVWXYZA' domains 7, 8, and 9 of the highly potent marine neurotoxin maitotoxin (1), the largest secondary metabolite isolated to date, is described. The devised synthetic strategy entailed a cascade Takai-Utimoto ester olefination/ring closing metathesis to construct ring Y, a hydroxydithioketal cyclization/methylation sequence to cast ring X, a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons coupling of WXYZA' ketophosphonate 11 with QRSTU aldehyde 12 to form enone 10, and a reductive hydroxyketone ring closure to forge ring V. 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis and comparison of (13)C chemical shifts with those of the corresponding carbons of maitotoxin revealed close similarities supporting the originally assigned structure of this region of the natural product. Biological evaluations of various synthesized domains of maitotoxin in this and previous studies from these laboratories led to fragment structure-activity relationships regarding their ability to inhibit maitotoxin-elicited Ca(2+) influx in rat C6 glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research
Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research
Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakamura
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Anna Rudo
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michio Murata
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1
Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Keiichi Konoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1
Tsutsumidori Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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18
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Kunitake M, Oshima T, Konoki K, Ebine M, Torikai K, Murata M, Oishi T. Synthesis and biological activity of the C'D'E'F' ring system of maitotoxin. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4948-62. [PMID: 24810995 DOI: 10.1021/jo5005235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective synthesis of the C'D'E'F' ring system of maitotoxin was achieved starting from the E' ring through successive formation of the D' and C' rings based on SmI2-mediated reductive cyclization. Construction of the F' ring was accomplished via Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling with a side chain fragment and Pd(II)-catalyzed cyclization of an allylic alcohol. The C'D'E'F' ring system inhibited maitotoxin-induced Ca(2+) influx in rat glioma C6 cells with an IC50 value of 59 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kunitake
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University , 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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19
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Lanier ML, Kasper AC, Kim H, Hong J. Synthesis of α,α'-trans-oxepanes through an organocatalytic oxa-conjugate addition reaction. Org Lett 2014; 16:2406-9. [PMID: 24724535 PMCID: PMC4018174 DOI: 10.1021/ol500773w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Oxepanes
are found in a wide range of natural products; however,
they are challenging synthetic targets due to enthalpic and entropic
barriers. Organocatalytic oxa-conjugate addition reactions promoted
by the gem-disubstituent (Thorpe–Ingold) effect
stereoselectively provided α,α′-trans-oxepanes. In addition, the potential of an organocatalytic tandem
oxa-conjugate addition/α-oxidation was demonstrated in a rapid
generation of molecular complexity. These organocatalytic oxa-conjugate
addition reactions would provide powerful tools for the synthesis
of natural products that contain highly functionalized oxepanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Lanier
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun He
- Department of Chemistry and
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Jesse Ling
- Department of Chemistry and
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Pauline Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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Kleinke AS, Webb D, Jamison TF. Recent progress in the synthesis of oxepanes and medium ring ethers. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2010. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Yu M, Ibrahem I, Hasegawa M, Schrock RR, Hoveyda AH. Enol ethers as substrates for efficient Z- and enantioselective ring-opening/cross-metathesis reactions promoted by stereogenic-at-Mo complexes: utility in chemical synthesis and mechanistic attributes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:2788-99. [PMID: 22272931 DOI: 10.1021/ja210946z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of catalytic enantioselective ring-opening/cross-metathesis (EROCM) reactions that involve enol ethers are reported. Specifically, we demonstrate that catalytic EROCM of several oxa- and azabicycles, cyclobutenes and a cyclopropene with an alkyl- or aryl-substituted enol ether proceed readily in the presence of a stereogenic-at-Mo monopyrrolide-monoaryloxide. In some instances, as little as 0.15 mol % of the catalytically active alkylidene is sufficient to promote complete conversion within 10 min. The desired products are formed in up to 90% yield and >99:1 enantiomeric ratio (er) with the disubstituted enol ether generated in >90% Z selectivity. The enol ether of the enantiomerically enriched products can be easily differentiated from the terminal alkene through a number of functionalization procedures that lead to the formation of useful intermediates for chemical synthesis (e.g., efficient acid hydrolysis to afford the enantiomerically enriched carboxaldehyde). In certain cases, enantioselectivity is strongly dependent on enol ether concentration: larger equivalents of the cross partner leads to the formation of products of high enantiomeric purity (versus near racemic products with one equivalent). The length of reaction time can be critical to product enantiomeric purity; high enantioselectivity in reactions that proceed to >98% conversion in as brief a reaction time as 30 s can be nearly entirely eroded within 30 min. Mechanistic rationale that accounts for the above characteristics of the catalytic process is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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Abstract
Maitotoxin holds a special place in the annals of natural products chemistry as the largest and most toxic secondary metabolite known to date. Its fascinating, ladder-like, polyether molecular structure and diverse spectrum of biological activities elicited keen interest from chemists and biologists who recognized its uniqueness and potential as a probe and inspiration for research in chemistry and biology. Synthetic studies in the area benefited from methodologies and strategies that were developed as part of chemical synthesis programs directed toward the total synthesis of some of the less complex members of the polyether marine biotoxin class, of which maitotoxin is the flagship. This account focuses on progress made in the authors' laboratories in the synthesis of large maitotoxin domains with emphasis on methodology development, strategy design, and structural comparisons of the synthesized molecules with the corresponding regions of the natural product. The article concludes with an overview of maitotoxin's biological profile and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-784-2469, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093 (USA)
| | - Robert J. Aversa
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-784-2469, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093 (USA)
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Abstract
This Article describes the total synthesis of the marine ladder toxin brevenal utilizing a convergent synthetic strategy. Critical to the success of this work was the use of olefinic-ester cyclization reactions and the utilization of glycal epoxides as precursors to C-C and C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Nicolaou KC, Seo JH, Nakamura T, Aversa RJ. Synthesis of the C'D'E'F' domain of maitotoxin. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:214-9. [PMID: 21166429 DOI: 10.1021/ja109531d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A devised biomimetic strategy toward the C'D'E'F' domain (6) of maitotoxin (1) led to hydroxy triepoxide 8 as a postulated polyepoxide precursor. However, all attempts to induce the desired cascade to form the targeted compound through a zip-type reaction under neutral or acidic conditions failed, prompting adoption of a linear stepwise approach to 6. The successful synthetic strategy for the synthesis of the C'D'E'F' domain of maitotoxin commenced from furfuryl alcohol (11), proceeded through F' ring building block 15, and involved two regio- and stereoselective intramolecular hydroxy epoxide openings and a stereoselective SmI(2)-mediated ring closure to forge rings C', E', and D', respectively. (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of the synthesized domain (6) and comparisons with previous results confirmed the original structural assignment of this region of maitotoxin. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 6 provided unambiguous proof of its structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.
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Nicolaou KC, Baker TM, Nakamura T. Synthesis of the WXYZA' domain of maitotoxin. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:220-6. [PMID: 21166430 DOI: 10.1021/ja109533y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of the WXYZA' domain (7) of the marine neurotoxin maitotoxin (1) is reported. The convergent synthetic strategy involves construction of key building blocks 11 and 12, their coupling, and the elaboration of the resulting ester (10) to the target molecule through a ring-closing metathesis and a hydroxy dithioketal cyclization as the key steps. For the construction of fragment 11, the Noyori reduction/Achmatowicz rearrangement and hydroxy epoxide opening technologies were applied (starting from furfuryl alcohol (13)), whereas for the synthesis of fragment 12, a carbohydrate-based approach was adopted (starting from 2-deoxy-D-ribose (14)). The synthesized WXYZA' domain (7) of maitotoxin (1) exhibited the expected (13)C NMR chemical shifts, supporting the originally assigned structure of the corresponding region of the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.
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