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Tung CH, Ye F, Li WY, Nguyen TA, Lee MC, Wen T, Guo ZH, Cheng SZD, Ho RM. Directed Self-Assembly of Polystyrene-Block-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Monolayer by Nano-Trench for Nanopatterning. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403581. [PMID: 39030883 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
This work pioneers to combine fast self-assembly of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) nanocage-based giant surfactants with high etching contrast and directed self-assembly for reliable long-range lateral order to create well-aligned sub-10 nm line nanopatterns via reactive ion etching (RIE). Polystyrene-block-oligo(dimethylsiloxane) substituted POSS (PS-b-oDMS7POSS) with seven oligo(dimethylsiloxane) at the corners of the POSS nanocage and one polystyrene (PS) tail is designed and synthesized as a giant surfactant with self-assembly behaviors like block copolymer (BCP). In contrast to BCP, oDMS7POSS gives a volume-persistent "nanoatom" particle with higher mobility for fast self-assembly and higher segregation strength with PS for smaller feature size. By taking advantage of directed self-assembly using nano-trench fabricated by electron beam lithography, well-ordered nanostructured monolayer with well-aligned parallel oDMS7POSS cylinders can be formed by confined self-assembly within the nano-trench. With the optimization of the RIE treatment using O2 as an etchant, the high etching contrast from the oDMS7POSS and PS gives the formation of well-defined line nanopatterns with sub-10 nm critical dimension that can serve as a mask for pattern transfer in lithography. These results demonstrate a cost-effective approach for nanopatterning by utilizing a creatively designed giant surfactant with sub-10 nm feature size and excellent etching contrast for modern lithographic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsun Tung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Feng Ye
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wei-Yi Li
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - The Anh Nguyen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
- International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 144 Xuan Thuy Str., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ming-Chang Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Tao Wen
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zi-Hao Guo
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Stephen Z D Cheng
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Rong-Ming Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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2
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Banik M, Oded M, Shenhar R. Coupling the chemistry and topography of block copolymer films patterned by soft lithography for nanoparticle organization. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5302-5311. [PMID: 35791685 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00389a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soft lithography techniques have become leading mesoscale approaches for replicating topographic features in polymer films. So far, modified polymer films formed by soft lithography only featured topographic heterogeneity. Here we demonstrate the application of soft lithography techniques to block copolymer films, and show that the preferential affinity of one of the blocks to the stamping material leads to chemical heterogeneity that corresponds to the topographic features. Detailed surface and structural characterization of the patterned films provided information on its three-dimensional structure, revealing insights on the domain reorganization that takes place in the block copolymer film concomitantly with topography formation. The formed structures were utilized for the selective assembly of gold nanoparticles into hierarchical structures. The versatility of this combined nanofabrication/self-assembly approach was demonstrated by the assembly of two types of metallic nanoparticles into two different arrangements with full control over the location of each type of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meneka Banik
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Meirav Oded
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Roy Shenhar
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
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3
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Hariharan P, Sundarrajan S, Arthanareeswaran G, Seshan S, Das DB, Ismail AF. Advancements in modification of membrane materials over membrane separation for biomedical applications-Review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112045. [PMID: 34536369 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive overview of various modifications carried out on polymeric membranes for biomedical applications has been presented in this review paper. In particular, different methods of carrying out these modifications have been discussed. The uniqueness of the review lies in the sense that it discusses the surface modification techniques traversing the timeline from traditionally well-established technologies to emerging new techniques, thus giving an intuitive understanding of the evolution of surface modification techniques over time. A critical comparison of the advantages and pitfalls of commonly used traditional and emerging surface modification techniques have been discussed. The paper also highlights the tuning of specific properties of polymeric membranes that are critical for their increased applications in the biomedical industry specifically in drug delivery, along with current challenges faced and where the future potential of research in the field of surface modification of membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Hariharan
- Membrane Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620015, India
| | - Sujithra Sundarrajan
- Membrane Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620015, India
| | - G Arthanareeswaran
- Membrane Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620015, India.
| | - Sunanda Seshan
- Membrane Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620015, India
| | - Diganta B Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - A F Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
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4
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Matsunaga K, Kukai W, Ishizaki M, Kurihara M, Yamamoto S, Mitsuishi M, Yabu H, Nagano S, Matsui J. Formation of Perpendicularly Aligned Sub-10 nm Nanocylinders in Poly( N-dodecylacrylamide- b-ethylene glycol) Block Copolymer Films by Hierarchical Phase Separation. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shusaku Nagano
- Nagoya University Venture Business Laboratory, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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5
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Xu S, Lei Y. Template-Assisted Fabrication of Nanostructured Arrays for Sensing Applications. Chempluschem 2018; 83:741-755. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shipu Xu
- Institute of Physics & IMN MacroNano (ZIK); Ilmenau University of Technology; Unterpoerlitzer Strasse 38 98693 Ilmenau Germany
| | - Yong Lei
- Institute of Physics & IMN MacroNano (ZIK); Ilmenau University of Technology; Unterpoerlitzer Strasse 38 98693 Ilmenau Germany
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6
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Huang C, Cui M, Sun Z, Liu F, Helms BA, Russell TP. Self-Regulated Nanoparticle Assembly at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces: A Route to Adaptive Structuring of Liquids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7994-8001. [PMID: 28718650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The controlled structuring of liquids into arbitrary shapes can be achieved in biphasic liquid media using the interfacial assemblies of nanoparticle surfactants (NP-surfactants), that consist of a polar nanoparticle "head group" bound to one or more hydrophobic polymer "tails". The nonequilibrium shapes of the suspended liquid phase can be rendered permanent by the jamming of the NP-surfactants formed and assembled at the interface between the liquids as the system attempts to minimize the interfacial area between the liquids. While critical to the structuring process, little is known of the dynamic mechanical properties of the NP-surfactant monolayer at the interface as it is dictated by the characteristics of the component, including NP size and concentration and the molecular weight and concentration of polymers bound to the NPs. Here we provide the first comprehensive understanding of the dynamic mechanical character of two-dimensional NP-surfactant assemblies at liquid/liquid interfaces. Our results indicate that the dynamics of NP-polymer interactions are self-regulated across multiple time scales and are associated with specific mesoscale interactions between self-similar and cross-complementary components. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the NP-surfactant monolayer are tunable over a broad range and deterministic on the basis of those component inputs. This control is key to tailoring the functional attributes of the reconfigurable structured liquids to suit specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caili Huang
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts , 120 Governors Drive, Conte Center for Polymer Research, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Mengmeng Cui
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts , 120 Governors Drive, Conte Center for Polymer Research, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts , 120 Governors Drive, Conte Center for Polymer Research, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | | | | | - Thomas P Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts , 120 Governors Drive, Conte Center for Polymer Research, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University , 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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7
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Yamada Y, Ito K, Miura A, Iizuka H, Wakayama H. Simple and scalable preparation of master mold for nanoimprint lithography. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:205303. [PMID: 28445164 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa6a9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is one of the most prominent bottom-up techniques for duplicating nanostructures with a high throughput. However, fabrication of starting master mold commonly requires expensive equipment of top-down techniques, or additional steps to transfer the fabricated patterns from bottom-up methods. Here we demonstrate that a SiO2 nanostructure manufactured from a self-assembled block copolymer, polystyrene-b-polydimethylsiloxane (PS-b-PDMS), directly serves as a master mold for NIL without further modification. A hexagonally aligned pattern over the entire substrate is established using a simple technique; solvent annealing and etching. Etching also plays an important role in endowing fluorine on the surface of SiO2, thus promoting smooth demolding upon imprinting. The obtained pattern of the SiO2 nanostructure is transferred to a polymer surface using UV nanoimprint. Identical patterns of the SiO2 nanostructure are elaborately reproduced on Ni and Cu nanodot arrays via electroplating on the polymer transcript, which was verified by morphological observations. The uniformity of the replicated Ni nanodot array is evaluated using spectroscopic ellipsometry. The measured optical response of the Ni nanodot is validated by electromagnetically simulated results, indicating that the pattern transfer is not limited to a small local area. In addition, the durability of the SiO2 mold pattern is corroborated after the imprinting process, thus guaranteeing the reusability of the fabricated nanostructure as a master mold. The proposed approach does not require any high-end lithographic techniques; this may result in significant cost and time reductions in future nanofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Yamada
- Toyota Central Research & Development Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
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8
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Berrocal JA, Zha RH, de Waal BFM, Lugger JAM, Lutz M, Meijer EW. Unraveling the Driving Forces in the Self-Assembly of Monodisperse Naphthalenediimide-Oligodimethylsiloxane Block Molecules. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3733-3741. [PMID: 28380290 PMCID: PMC5406784 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Block molecules belong to a rapidly growing research field in materials chemistry in which discrete macromolecular architectures bridge the gap between block copolymers (BCP) and liquid crystals (LCs). The merging of characteristics from both BCP and LCs is expected to result in exciting breakthroughs, such as the discovery of unexpected morphologies or significant shrinking of domain spacings in materials that possess the high definition of organic molecules and the processability of polymers. Here we report the bulk self-assembly of two families of monodisperse block molecules comprised of naphthalenediimides (NDIs) and oligodimethylsiloxanes (ODMS). These materials are characterized by waxy texture, strong long-range order, and very low mobility, typical properties of conformationally disordered crystals. Our investigation unambiguously reveals that thermodynamic immiscibility and crystallization direct the self-assembly of ODMS-based block molecules. We show that a synergy of high incompatibility between the blocks and crystallization of the NDIs causes nanophase separation, giving access to hexagonally packed columnar (Colh) and lamellar (LAM) morphologies with sub-10 nm periodicities. The domain spacings can be tuned by mixing molecules with different ODMS lengths and the same number of NDIs, introducing an additional layer of control. X-ray scattering experiments reveal macrophase separation whenever this constitutional bias is not observed. Finally, we highlight our "ingredient approach" to obtain perfect order in sub-10 nm structured materials with a simple strategy built on a crystalline "hard" moiety and an incompatible "soft" ODMS partner. Following this simple rule, our recipe can be extended to a number of systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Augusto Berrocal
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - R Helen Zha
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bas F M de Waal
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jody A M Lugger
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lutz
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University , 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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9
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Borah D, Cummins C, Rasappa S, Watson SMD, Pike AR, Horrocks BR, Fulton DA, Houlton A, Liontos G, Ntetsikas K, Avgeropoulos A, Morris MA. Nanoscale silicon substrate patterns from self-assembly of cylinder forming poly(styrene)-block-poly(dimethylsiloxane) block copolymer on silane functionalized surfaces. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:044001. [PMID: 27981945 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/28/4/044001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(styrene)-block-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PS-b-PDMS) is an excellent block copolymer (BCP) system for self-assembly and inorganic template fabrication because of its high Flory-Huggins parameter (χ ∼ 0.26) at room temperature in comparison to other BCPs, and high selective etch contrast between PS and PDMS block for nanopatterning. In this work, self-assembly in PS-b-PDMS BCP is achieved by combining hydroxyl-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS-OH) brush surfaces with solvent vapor annealing. As an alternative to standard brush chemistry, we report a simple method based on the use of surfaces functionalized with silane-based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). A solution-based approach to SAM formation was adopted in this investigation. The influence of the SAM-modified surfaces upon BCP films was compared with polymer brush-based surfaces. The cylinder forming PS-b-PDMS BCP and PDMS-OH polymer brush were synthesized by sequential living anionic polymerization. It was observed that silane SAMs provided the appropriate surface chemistry which, when combined with solvent annealing, led to microphase segregation in the BCP. It was also demonstrated that orientation of the PDMS cylinders may be controlled by judicious choice of the appropriate silane. The PDMS patterns were successfully used as an on-chip etch mask to transfer the BCP pattern to underlying silicon substrate with sub-25 nm silicon nanoscale features. This alternative SAM/BCP approach to nanopattern formation shows promising results, pertinent in the field of nanotechnology, and with much potential for application, such as in the fabrication of nanoimprint lithography stamps, nanofluidic devices or in narrow and multilevel interconnected lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipu Borah
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland. AMBER, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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10
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Majewski PW, Yager KG. Rapid ordering of block copolymer thin films. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:403002. [PMID: 27537062 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/40/403002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Block-copolymers self-assemble into diverse morphologies, where nanoscale order can be finely tuned via block architecture and processing conditions. However, the ultimate usage of these materials in real-world applications may be hampered by the extremely long thermal annealing times-hours or days-required to achieve good order. Here, we provide an overview of the fundamentals of block-copolymer self-assembly kinetics, and review the techniques that have been demonstrated to influence, and enhance, these ordering kinetics. We discuss the inherent tradeoffs between oven annealing, solvent annealing, microwave annealing, zone annealing, and other directed self-assembly methods; including an assessment of spatial and temporal characteristics. We also review both real-space and reciprocal-space analysis techniques for quantifying order in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel W Majewski
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Xu X, He Z, Wang Q, Chen F, Fu Q. Self-Assembly of PS-b-PDMS on a Tunable PDMS Template with Nanoscale Channels and Enhanced Anisotropic Wetting. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4605-4611. [PMID: 25844896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we systematically studied the self-assembly of poly(styrene-block-dimethylsiloxane) (PS-b-PDMS) on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate with nanoscale channels. The channeled PDMS substrate was achieved by a simple replica molding method. To decrease the effect that the subsequent solvent treatments had in distorting the soft PDMS substrate, a simple UV/O3 treatment was provided before the self-assembly, resulting in a relatively stable, harder and hydrophilic silicon oxide (SiO2) layer on the channeled PDMS surface. Ultimately, the isotropic SiO2 nanopatterns with spherical and long cylindrical morphologies were successfully fabricated by the self-assembly of two kinds of PS-b-PDMS on the PDMS substrate with nanoscale channels, respectively. In particular, we demonstrated that the introduction of isotropic SiO2 patterns is an effective approach to greatly enhance anisotropic wetting rather than that of the anisotropic structure with channels.
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12
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Block Co-Polymers for Nanolithography: Rapid Microwave Annealing for Pattern Formation on Substrates. Polymers (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/polym7040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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13
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Hofman AH, Alberda van Ekenstein GOR, Woortman AJJ, ten Brinke G, Loos K. Poly(4-vinylpyridine)-block-poly(N-acryloylpiperidine) diblock copolymers: synthesis, self-assembly and interaction. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter confirmed the self-assembly of a series of RAFT-synthesized poly(4-vinylpyridine)-block-poly(N-acryloylpiperidine) diblock copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton H. Hofman
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | | | - Albert J. J. Woortman
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit ten Brinke
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
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14
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Vukovic I, Punzhin S, Voet VSD, Vukovic Z, de Hosson JTM, ten Brinke G, Loos K. Gyroid nickel nanostructures from diblock copolymer supramolecules. J Vis Exp 2014:50673. [PMID: 24797367 PMCID: PMC4181504 DOI: 10.3791/50673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoporous metal foams possess a unique combination of properties - they are catalytically active, thermally and electrically conductive, and furthermore, have high porosity, high surface-to-volume and strength-to-weight ratio. Unfortunately, common approaches for preparation of metallic nanostructures render materials with highly disordered architecture, which might have an adverse effect on their mechanical properties. Block copolymers have the ability to self-assemble into ordered nanostructures and can be applied as templates for the preparation of well-ordered metal nanofoams. Here we describe the application of a block copolymer-based supramolecular complex - polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine)(pentadecylphenol) PS-b-P4VP(PDP) - as a precursor for well-ordered nickel nanofoam. The supramolecular complexes exhibit a phase behavior similar to conventional block copolymers and can self-assemble into the bicontinuous gyroid morphology with two PS networks placed in a P4VP(PDP) matrix. PDP can be dissolved in ethanol leading to the formation of a porous structure that can be backfilled with metal. Using electroless plating technique, nickel can be inserted into the template's channels. Finally, the remaining polymer can be removed via pyrolysis from the polymer/inorganic nanohybrid resulting in nanoporous nickel foam with inverse gyroid morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Vukovic
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen
| | - Sergey Punzhin
- Materials Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen
| | - Vincent S D Voet
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen
| | | | - Jeff Th M de Hosson
- Materials Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen
| | - Gerrit ten Brinke
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen
| | - Katja Loos
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen;
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15
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Tavakkoli AKG, Nicaise SM, Hannon AF, Gotrik KW, Alexander-Katz A, Ross CA, Berggren KK. Sacrificial-post templating method for block copolymer self-assembly. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:493-418. [PMID: 23839974 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201301066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A sacrificial-post templating method is presented for directing block copolymer self-assembly to form nanostructures consisting of monolayers and bilayers of microdomains. In this approach, the topographical post template is removed after self-assembly and therefore is not incorporated into the final microdomain pattern. Arrays of nanoscale holes of different shapes and symmetries, including mesh structures and perforated lamellae with a bimodal pore size distribution, are produced. The ratio of the pore sizes in the bimodal distributions can be varied via the template pitch, and agrees with predictions of self consistent field theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir K G Tavakkoli
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), 117456, Singapore
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Cohen
- Raymond
and Beverly Sackler
School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - David Andelman
- Raymond
and Beverly Sackler
School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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17
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Luo M, Epps TH. Directed Block Copolymer Thin Film Self-Assembly: Emerging Trends in Nanopattern Fabrication. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401112y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Borah D, Senthamaraikannan R, Rasappa S, Kosmala B, Holmes JD, Morris MA. Swift nanopattern formation of PS-b-PMMA and PS-b-PDMS block copolymer films using a microwave assisted technique. ACS NANO 2013; 7:6583-6596. [PMID: 23859379 DOI: 10.1021/nn4035519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microphase separation of block copolymer (BCPs) thin films has high potential as a surface patterning technique. However, the process times (during thermal or solvent anneal) can be inordinately long, and for it to be introduced into manufacturing, there is a need to reduce these times from hours to minutes. We report here BCP self-assembly on two different systems, polystyrene-b-polymethylmethacrylate (PS-b-PMMA) (lamellar- and cylinder-forming) and polystyrene-b-polydimethylsiloxane (PS-b-PDMS) (cylinder-forming) by microwave irradiation to achieve ordering in short times. Unlike previous reports of microwave assisted microphase segregation, the microwave annealing method reported here was undertaken without addition of solvents. Factors such as the anneal time and temperature, BCP film thickness, substrate surface type, etc. were investigated for their effect of the ordering behavior. The microwave technique was found to be compatible with graphoepitaxy, and in the case of the PS-b-PDMS system, long-range translational alignment of the BCP domains was observed within the topographic patterns. To demonstrate the usefulness of the method, the BCP nanopatterns were turned into an 'on-chip' resist by an initial plasma etch and these were used to transfer the pattern into the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipu Borah
- Materials Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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19
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Borah D, Rasappa S, Senthamaraikannan R, Holmes JD, Morris MA. Tuning PDMS brush chemistry by UV-O3 exposure for PS-b-PDMS microphase separation and directed self-assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:8959-8968. [PMID: 23751134 DOI: 10.1021/la401561k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymer (BCP) thin films could enable a scalable, bottom-up alternative to photolithography for the generation of substrate features. The PS-b-PDMS (polystyrene-b-polydimethylsiloxane) system is attractive as it can be extended toward very small feature sizes as well as having two blocks that can be readily differentiated during pattern transfer. However, PS-b-PDMS offers a considerable challenge because of the chemical differences in the blocks which lead to poor surface-wetting, poor pattern orientation control, and structural instabilities. These challenges can be mitigated by careful definition of the interface chemistry between the substrate and the BCP. Here, we report controlled pattern formation in cylinder forming PS-b-PDMS system by use of a carefully controlled PDMS brush. Control of the brush was achieved using exposure to UV-O3 for varying time. It is demonstrated that this treatment enhances surface wetting and coverage of the BCP. The modified brushes also enable DSA of the BCP on topographically patterned substrates. UV-O3 exposure was also used to reveal the BCP structure and provide an in situ "hard mask" for pattern transfer to the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipu Borah
- Materials Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Hirai T, Haraguchi M, Sakai A, Penaloza, Jr. DP, Ozawa M, Miyaji K, Tanaka K. Water-sliding Property of Polyacrylates with Different Fluoro Side Chains. CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.130012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masayuki Haraguchi
- Department of Automotive Science, Kyushu University
- Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd
| | | | | | | | | | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University
- Department of Automotive Science, Kyushu University
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University
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21
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Vukovic I, Brinke GT, Loos K. Block copolymer template-directed synthesis of well-ordered metallic nanostructures. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Sun G, Cho S, Clark C, Verkhoturov SV, Eller MJ, Li A, Pavía-Jiménez A, Schweikert EA, Thackeray JW, Trefonas P, Wooley KL. Nanoscopic cylindrical dual concentric and lengthwise block brush terpolymers as covalent preassembled high-resolution and high-sensitivity negative-tone photoresist materials. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4203-6. [PMID: 23480169 DOI: 10.1021/ja3126382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe a high-resolution, high-sensitivity negative-tone photoresist technique that relies on bottom-up preassembly of differential polymer components within cylindrical polymer brush architectures that are designed to align vertically on a substrate and allow for top-down single-molecule line-width imaging. By applying cylindrical diblock brush terpolymers (DBTs) with a high degree of control over the synthetic chemistry, we achieved large areas of vertical alignment of the polymers within thin films without the need for supramolecular assembly processes, as required for linear block copolymer lithography. The specially designed chemical compositions and tuned concentric and lengthwise dimensions of the DBTs enabled high-sensitivity electron-beam lithography of patterns with widths of only a few DBTs (sub-30 nm line-width resolution). The high sensitivity of the brush polymer resists further facilitated the generation of latent images without postexposure baking, providing a practical approach for controlling acid reaction/diffusion processes in photolithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, USA
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23
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Borah D, Shaw MT, Holmes JD, Morris MA. Sub-10 nm feature size PS-b-PDMS block copolymer structures fabricated by a microwave-assisted solvothermal process. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:2004-2012. [PMID: 23421383 DOI: 10.1021/am302830w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer (BCP) microphase separation at surfaces might enable the generation of substrate features in a scalable, manufacturable, bottom-up fashion provided that pattern structure, orientation, alignment can be strictly controlled. A further requirement is that self-assembly takes place within periods of the order of minutes so that continuous manufacturingprocesses do not require lengthy pretreatments and sample storageleading to contamination and large facility costs. We report here microwave-assisted solvothermal (in toluene environments) self-assembly and directed self-assembly of a very low molecular weight cylinder-forming polystyrene-block-polydimethylsiloxane (PS-b-PDMS) BCP on planar and patterned silicon nitride (Si3N4) substrates. Good pattern ordering was achieved in the order of minutes. Factors affecting BCP self-assembly, notably anneal time and temperature were studied and seen to have significant effects. Graphoepitaxy to direct self-assembly in the BCP yielded promising results producing BCP patterns with long-range translational alignment commensurate with the pitch period of the topographic patterns. This rapid BCP ordering method is consistent with the standard thermal/solvent anneal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipu Borah
- Materials Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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25
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Voet VSD, Tichelaar M, Tanase S, Mittelmeijer-Hazeleger MC, ten Brinke G, Loos K. Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/nickel nanocomposites from semicrystalline block copolymer precursors. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:184-192. [PMID: 23138962 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32990e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of nanoporous poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and PVDF/nickel nanocomposites from semicrystalline block copolymer precursors is reported. Polystyrene-block-poly(vinylidene fluoride)-block-polystyrene (PS-b-PVDF-b-PS) is prepared through functional benzoyl peroxide initiated polymerization of VDF, followed by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene. The crystallization of PVDF plays a dominant role in the formation of the block copolymer structure, resulting in a spherulitic superstructure with an internal crystalline-amorphous lamellar nanostructure. The block copolymer promotes the formation of the ferroelectric β-polymorph of PVDF. Selective etching of the amorphous regions with nitric acid leads to nanoporous PVDF, which functions as a template for the generation of PVDF/Ni nanocomposites. The lamellar nanostructure and the β-crystalline phase are conserved during the etching procedure and electroless nickel deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S D Voet
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Voet VSD, Hermida-Merino D, ten Brinke G, Loos K. Block copolymer route towards poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(methacrylic acid)/nickel nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40365c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Man X, Andelman D, Orland H. Block copolymer films with free interfaces: ordering by nanopatterned substrates. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 86:010801. [PMID: 23005359 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.010801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We study block copolymers (BCPs) on patterned substrates, where the top polymer film surface is not constrained but is free and can adapt its shape self-consistently. In particular, we investigate the combined effect of free interface undulations with wetting of the BCP film as induced by nanopatterned substrates. Under wetting conditions and for a finite volume of BCP material, we find equilibrium droplets composed of coexisting perpendicular and parallel lamellar domains. The self-assembly of BCPs on topographic patterned substrates is also investigated and it is found that the free interface induces mixed morphologies of parallel and perpendicular domains coupled with a nonflat free interface. Our study has some interesting consequences for experimental setups of graphoepitaxy and nanoimprint lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingkun Man
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Thébault P, Niedermayer S, Landis S, Chaix N, Guenoun P, Daillant J, Man X, Andelman D, Orland H. Tailoring nanostructures using copolymer nanoimprint lithography. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:1952-1955. [PMID: 22434566 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The generation of defect-free polymer nanostructures by nanoimprinting methods is described. Long-range nanorheology and shorter-range surface energy effects can be efficiently combined to provide alignment of copolymer lamellae over several micrometers. As an example, a perpendicular organization with respect to circular tracks is shown, demonstrating the possibility of writing ordered radial nanostructures over large distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Thébault
- CEA, IRAMIS, SIS2M LIONS, CNRS, UMR n° 3299, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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29
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Lin YC, Kuo SW. Hierarchical self-assembly structures of POSS-containing polypeptide block copolymers synthesized using a combination of ATRP, ROP and click chemistry. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py00574c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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30
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Weiss VM, Naolou T, Amado E, Busse K, Mäder K, Kressler J. Formation of Structured Polygonal Nanoparticles by Phase-Separated Comb-Like Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 33:35-40. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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31
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Park SM, Liang X, Harteneck BD, Pick TE, Hiroshiba N, Wu Y, Helms BA, Olynick DL. Sub-10 nm nanofabrication via nanoimprint directed self-assembly of block copolymers. ACS NANO 2011; 5:8523-8531. [PMID: 21995511 DOI: 10.1021/nn201391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs), either by selective wetting of surface chemical prepatterns or by graphoepitaxial alignment with surface topography, has ushered in a new era for high-resolution nanopatterning. These pioneering approaches, while effective, require expensive and time-consuming lithographic patterning of each substrate to direct the assembly. To overcome this shortcoming, nanoimprint molds--attainable via low-cost optical lithography--were investigated for their potential to be reusable and efficiently template the assembly of block copolymers (BCPs) while under complete confinement. Nanoimprint directed self-assembly conveniently avoids repetitive and expensive chemical or topographical prepatterning of substrates. To demonstrate this technique for high-resolution nanofabrication, we aligned sub-10 nm resolution nanopatterns using a cylinder-forming, organic-inorganic hybrid block copolymer, polystyrene-block-polydimethylsiloxane (PS-b-PDMS). Nanopatterns derived from oxidized PDMS microdomains were successfully transferred into the underlying substrate using plasma etching. In the development phase of this procedure, we investigated the role of mold treatments and pattern geometries as DSA of BCPs are driven by interfacial chemistry and physics. In the optimized route, silicon molds treated with PDMS surface brushes promoted rapid BCP alignment and reliable mold release while appropriate mold geometries provided a single layer of cylinders and negligible residual layers as required for pattern transfer. Molds thus produced were reusable to the same efficacy between nanoimprints. We also demonstrated that shear flow during the nanoimprint process enhanced the alignment of the BCP near open edges, which may be engineered in future schemes to control the BCP microdomain alignment kinetics during DSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Park
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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