1
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Zhong Y, Zhang J, Li T, Xu W, Yao Q, Lu M, Bai X, Wu Z, Xie J, Zhang Y. Suppression of kernel vibrations by layer-by-layer ligand engineering boosts photoluminescence efficiency of gold nanoclusters. Nat Commun 2023; 14:658. [PMID: 36746958 PMCID: PMC9902523 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The restriction of structural vibration has assumed great importance in attaining bright emission of luminescent metal nanoclusters (NCs), where tremendous efforts are devoted to manipulating the surface landscape yet remain challenges for modulation of the structural vibration of the metal kernel. Here, we report efficient suppression of kernel vibration achieving enhancement in emission intensity, by rigidifying the surface of metal NCs and propagating as-developed strains into the metal core. Specifically, a layer-by-layer triple-ligands surface engineering is deployed to allow the solution-phase Au NCs with strong metal core-dictated fluorescence, up to the high absolute quantum yields of 90.3 ± 3.5%. The as-rigidified surface imposed by synergistic supramolecular interactions greatly influences the low-frequency acoustic vibration of the metal kernel, resulting in a subtle change in vibration frequency but a reduction in amplitude of oscillation. This scenario therewith impedes the non-radiative relaxation of electron dynamics, rendering the Au NCs with strong emission. The presented study exemplifies the linkage between surface chemistry and core-state emission of metal NCs, and proposes a strategy for brighter emitting metal NCs by regulating their interior metal core-involved motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhong
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012 P. R. China
| | - Jiangwei Zhang
- grid.411643.50000 0004 1761 0411Innovation Center of Energy Material and Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021 P. R. China
| | - Tingting Li
- grid.443314.50000 0001 0225 0773College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130012 P. R. China
| | - Wenwu Xu
- grid.203507.30000 0000 8950 5267Department of Physics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 P. R. China
| | - Qiaofeng Yao
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207 P. R. China
| | - Min Lu
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012 P. R. China
| | - Xue Bai
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012 P. R. China
| | - Zhennan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Jianping Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore.
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
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2
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Casteleiro B, Ribeiro T, Mariz I, Martinho JMG, Farinha JPS. Encapsulation of gold nanoclusters by photo-initiated miniemulsion polymerization. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Chen T, Lin H, Cao Y, Yao Q, Xie J. Interactions of Metal Nanoclusters with Light: Fundamentals and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2103918. [PMID: 34617332 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of materials with light determine their applications in various fields. In the past decade, ultrasmall metal nanoclusters (NCs) have emerged as a promising class of optical materials due to their unique molecular-like properties. Herein, the basic principles of optical absorption and photoluminescence of metal NCs, their interactions with polarized light, and light-induced chemical reactions, are discussed, highlighting the roles of the core and protecting ligands/motifs of metal NCs in their interactions with light. The metal core and protecting ligands/motifs determine the electronic structures of metal NCs, which are closely related to their optical properties. In addition, the protecting ligands/motifs of metal NCs contribute to their photoluminescence and chiral origin, further promoting the interactions of metal NCs with light through various pathways. The fundamentals of light-NC interactions provide guidance for the design of metal NCs in optical applications, which are discussed in the second part. In the last section, some strategies are proposed to further understand light-NC interactions, highlighting the challenges and opportunities. It is hoped that this work will stimulate more research on the optical properties of metal NCs and their applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiankai Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Hongbin Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Yitao Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Qiaofeng Yao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Jianping Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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4
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Metal–Organic Frameworks-Mediated Assembly of Gold Nanoclusters for Sensing Applications. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2022; 6:163-177. [PMID: 35572781 PMCID: PMC9076503 DOI: 10.1007/s41664-022-00224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Li J, Wang P, Pei Y. Ligand Shell Isomerization Induces Different Fluorescence Origins of Two Au 28 Nanoclusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3718-3725. [PMID: 35442683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the origin of the photoluminescence (PL) phenomenon in ligand-protected metal nanoclusters is of paramount importance in both fundamental science and practical applications. In this study, we have studied the origin of fluorescence emission of two thiolate-ligand-protected Au28 clusters (Au28(CHT)20 and Au28(TBBT)20) by means of density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. Theoretical calculation results show that the ligand shell isomerization induces different ligand motif-to-metal core charge transfers (LMCT) of Au28(TBBT)20 and Au28(CHT)20. Moreover, in Au28(CHT)20, the emission process of S2 → S0 can compete favorably with the internal conversion of S2 → S1. Furthermore, the high quantum yield of Au28(CHT)20 is attributed to its high symmetric structure, which leads to less energy dissipation during the structural relaxation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Hunan Province 411105, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Hunan Province 411105, China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Hunan Province 411105, China
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6
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Hulkko E, Lahtinen T, Marjomäki V, Pohjolainen E, Saarnio V, Sokolowska K, Ajitha A, Kuisma M, Lehtovaara L, Groenhof G, Häkkinen H, Pettersson M. Covalent and non-covalent coupling of a Au 102 nanocluster with a fluorophore: energy transfer, quenching and intracellular pH sensing. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6649-6658. [PMID: 36132657 PMCID: PMC9417352 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00368b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between an atomically precise gold nanocluster Au102(p-MBA)44 (p-MBA = para mercaptobenzoic acid) and a fluorescent organic dye molecule (KU, azadioxatriangulenium) are studied. In solution, the constituents form spontaneously a weakly bound complex leading to quenching of fluorescence of the KU dye via energy transfer. The KU can be separated from the complex by lowering pH, leading to recovery of fluorescence, which forms a basis for an optical reversible pH sensor. However, the sensor is not a stable entity, which could be delivered inside cells. For this purpose, a covalently bound hybrid is synthesized by linking the KU dye to the ligand layer of the cluster via an ester bond. Covalent linking facilitates entry of the cluster-dye hybrids into cells via endocytosis. Inside cells, the hybrids accumulate in endosomes where Au102 releases its cargo via hydrolysis of the ester bond. Changes of the local pH inside endosomes regulate reversible fluorescence due to variations in the interactions between the Au102 cluster and the dye. This work presents a concept for delivering reporter molecules into cells by using atomically precise gold nanoclusters as carriers and paves the way for future developments of cluster-reporter sensors for in vivo measurements of e.g. absolute pH values or ion concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Hulkko
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Tanja Lahtinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Emmi Pohjolainen
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Ville Saarnio
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Karolina Sokolowska
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Ardra Ajitha
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Mikael Kuisma
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Lauri Lehtovaara
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Mika Pettersson
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
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7
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Casteleiro B, Martinho JMG, Farinha JPS. Encapsulation of gold nanoclusters: stabilization and more. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:17199-17217. [PMID: 34622909 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04939a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles with only a few atoms, known as gold nanoclusters (AuNCs), have dimensions below 2 nm and feature singular properties such as size dependent luminescence. AuNCs are also highly photostable and have catalytic activity, low toxicity and good biocompatibility. With these properties, they are extremely promising candidates for application in bioimaging, sensing and catalysis. However, when stabilized only with small capping ligands, their use is hindered by lack of colloidal stability. Encapsulation of the AuNCs can contribute to provide a more robust protection and even to improve their properties. Here, we review the encapsulation of AuNCs in polymers, silica and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for applications in bioimaging, sensing and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Casteleiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - José Manuel Gaspar Martinho
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - José Paulo Sequeira Farinha
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
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8
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Zhou M, Du X, Wang H, Jin R. The Critical Number of Gold Atoms for a Metallic State Nanocluster: Resolving a Decades-Long Question. ACS NANO 2021; 15:13980-13992. [PMID: 34490772 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Probing the transition from a metallic state to a molecular state in gold nanoparticles is fundamentally important for understanding the origin of surface plasmon resonance and the nature of the metallic bond. Atomically precise gold nanoclusters are desired for probing such a transition based upon a series of precise sizes with X-ray structures. While the definition of the metallic state in nanoclusters is simple, that is, when the HOMO-LUMO gap (Eg) becomes negligibly small (Eg < kBT, where kB is the Boltzmann constant and T the temperature), the experimental determination of ultrasmall Eg (e.g., of kBT level) is difficult, and the thermal excitation of valence electrons apparently comes into play in ultrasmall Eg nanoclusters. Although a sharp transition from nonmetallic Au246(SR)80 to metallic Au279(SR)84 (SR: thiolate) has been observed, there is still uncertainty about the transition region. Here, we summarize several criteria on determining the metallic state versus the molecular (or nonmetallic) state in gold nanoclusters, including (1) Eg determined by optical and electrochemical methods, (2) steady-state absorption spectra, (3) cryogenic optical spectra, (4) transient absorption spectra, (5) excited-state lifetime and power dependence, and (6) coherent oscillations in ultrafast electron dynamics. We emphasize that multiple analyses should be performed and cross-checked in practice because no single criterion is definitive. We also review the photophysics of several gold nanoclusters with nascent surface plasmon resonance. These criteria are expected to deepen the understanding of the metallic to molecular state transition of gold and other metal nanoclusters and also promote the design of functional nanomaterials and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Xiangsha Du
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - He Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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9
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Omoda T, Takano S, Tsukuda T. Toward Controlling the Electronic Structures of Chemically Modified Superatoms of Gold and Silver. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2001439. [PMID: 32696588 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise gold/silver clusters protected by organic ligands L, [(Au/Ag)x Ly ]z , have gained increasing interest as building units of functional materials because of their novel photophysical and physicochemical properties. The properties of [(Au/Ag)x Ly ]z are intimately associated with the quantized electronic structures of the metallic cores, which can be viewed as superatoms from the analogy of naked Au/Ag clusters. Thus, establishment of the correlation between the geometric and electronic structures of the superatomic cores is crucial for rational design and improvement of the properties of [(Au/Ag)x Ly ]z . This review article aims to provide a qualitative understanding on how the electronic structures of [(Au/Ag)x Ly ]z are affected by geometric structures of the superatomic cores with a focus on three factors: size, shape, and composition, on the basis of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The knowledge accumulated here will constitute a basis for the development of ligand-protected Au/Ag clusters as new artificial elements on a nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Omoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, 615-8520, Japan
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10
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Weerawardene KLDM, Pandeya P, Zhou M, Chen Y, Jin R, Aikens CM. Luminescence and Electron Dynamics in Atomically Precise Nanoclusters with Eight Superatomic Electrons. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18715-18726. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pratima Pandeya
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Christine M. Aikens
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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11
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Jin S, Wang S, Zhu M. Insight into the Geometric and Electronic Structures of Gold/Silver Superatomic Clusters Based on Icosahedron M
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Units and Their Alloys. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3222-3231. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jin
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information TechnologyDepartment of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering, of Advanced Materials, AnHui ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic, Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P.R. China
| | - Shuxin Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information TechnologyDepartment of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering, of Advanced Materials, AnHui ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic, Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P.R. China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information TechnologyDepartment of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering, of Advanced Materials, AnHui ProvinceKey Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic, Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 P.R. China
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12
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Niihori Y, Yoshida K, Hossain S, Kurashige W, Negishi Y. Deepening the Understanding of Thiolate-Protected Metal Clusters Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kana Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Wataru Kurashige
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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13
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Xia J, Wang X, Zhu S, Liu L, Li L. Gold Nanocluster-Decorated Nanocomposites with Enhanced Emission and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:7369-7378. [PMID: 30673272 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-protected gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) show promise for high performance in biological applications, such as imaging and therapeutics. The assembly of AuNCs with biological macromolecules represents a simple but effective approach to fine-tuning of material functionalities. Thus, these materials might enable intracellular applications of AuNCs. Herein, we prepared a new AuNC-based nanometric system through a self-assembly approach mediated by hydrophobic and electrostatic effects. We show that hydrophobic and electrostatic effects between fluorescent AuNCs with protamine and hyaluronic acid contribute to the formation of small nanocomposites with acceptable colloidal stability. More importantly, the AuNC-decorated nanocomposites show assembly enhanced emission and singlet oxygen generation. In vitro experiments showed that our nanocomposites labeled specific cells by targeting CD44 and induced cell death by producing singlet oxygen. Hence, our AuNC-decorated nanocomposites show great potential as theranostic fluorescent nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Shuxian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Lidong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , P. R. China
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14
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Herbert PJ, Window P, Ackerson CJ, Knappenberger KL. Low-Temperature Magnetism in Nanoscale Gold Revealed through Variable-Temperature Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:189-193. [PMID: 30582816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The low-temperature (0.35-4.2 K) steady-state electronic absorption of the monolayer-protected cluster (MPC) Au102( pMBA)44 was studied using magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy to investigate previously reported low-temperature (<50 K) magnetism in d10 nanogold systems. Variable-temperature variable-field analysis of resolvable MCD extinction components revealed two distinct magnetic anisotropic behaviors. A low-energy, diamagnetic component was correlated to excitation from states localized to the passivating ligands. A high-energy, paramagnetic component was attributed to excitation from the d-band of the Au core. The temperature dependence of the magnetic anisotropy for each component is discussed in terms of previously reported structural parameters of the atomically precise Au102( pMBA)44 MPC. It is concluded that temperature-sensitive structure-dependent Au d-d orbital interactions result in the promotion of 5d-band electrons to the 6sp-band via orbital rehybridization, inducing a 15× increase in the Landé g-factor over the temperature range spanning from 0.35 to 4.2 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Herbert
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Phillip Window
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Christopher J Ackerson
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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Abstract
Over recent years, the field of thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters has made remarkable progress. The successful determination of the structure of some of these clusters by X-ray crystallography was a milestone in this field. X-ray crystallography is arguably the most important technique in the field up to now, and it enabled the study of structure evolution as a function of cluster size. It also shed light on the structure of the Au-S interface. Recently, it has been realized that thiolate-protected gold clusters are very dynamic systems. Metal atoms and ligands can exchange easily between clusters. Furthermore, the adsorbed ligands bear conformational dynamics. Such dynamic effects call for experimental methods that can cope with it. Future efforts in this field will be directed toward applications of thiolate-protected clusters, and many of them will rely on dissolved clusters. Therefore, structure determination in solution is an important issue, though it is very challenging. The structure of the metal core and the Au-S interface is not expected to change in solution with respect to the crystal. However, the structure of the adsorbed ligand itself is sensitive to the environment and may be different in the solid state and in solution, as has been shown in fact in the past. It is this (dynamic) structure of the ligand that determines the interaction between the cluster and its environment, which is crucial, for example, for sensing applications. Vibrational spectroscopy is a promising technique to characterize thiolate-protected clusters in different environments. A vibrational spectrum is sensitive to structure (conformation) although this information is often "hidden" in the spectrum, requiring detailed analysis and support from theory to be deciphered. Compared to other techniques like UV-vis spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, vibrational spectroscopy was not extensively used in the field of thiolate-protected clusters, but we believe that the technique will be very valuable for the future developments in the field. We have used vibrational spectroscopy to investigate thiolate-protected gold clusters for mainly two lines of research. In the first, we studied in detail the low energy region of the vibrational spectrum, in particular the Au-S vibrational modes, in order to understand the structure sensitivity. It emerges that the Au-S vibrational spectrum is indeed sensitive to the structure of the interface but also to other factors, especially the organic part of the thiol, in a complex way. The ability to directly correlate structure, from X-ray crystallography, and vibrational spectra for thiolate-protected clusters, should lead to a database that will help in the future the structure determination of the Au-S interface by vibrational spectroscopy for systems where direct structure determination is not possible, for example, for flat surfaces. A second line of research focused on the determination of the structure of the adsorbed ligands for dissolved clusters. Such information is mostly extracted by the comparison of theoretical and calculated spectra for different conformers. In this respect, vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) is particularly powerful as it strongly depends on the conformation, more than conventional infrared spectroscopy. VCD can be applied to chiral nonracemic compounds, and it is a sensitive probe for chirality. Using this method, it was possible to demonstrate that a cluster can transfer its chirality to achiral thiolate ligands. In this Account, we summarize the possibilities and challenges of vibrational spectroscopy in the field of thiolate-protected clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Nieto-Ortega
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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16
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Higaki T, Li Q, Zhou M, Zhao S, Li Y, Li S, Jin R. Toward the Tailoring Chemistry of Metal Nanoclusters for Enhancing Functionalities. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2764-2773. [PMID: 30372028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasmall metal nanoparticles (often called nanoclusters) possess unique geometrical structures and novel functionalities that are not accessible in conventional nanoparticles. Recent progress in their synthesis and structural determination by X-ray crystallography has led to deep understanding of the structural evolution, structure-property correlation, and growth modes, such as the layer-by-layer growth in face-centered cubic (fcc)-type nanoclusters, linear assembly of vertex-shared icosahedral units, and other unique modes. The enriched knowledge on the correlation between the structure and the properties has rendered metal nanoclusters a new class of functional nanomaterials. Despite the significant achievements in structural determinations, mapping out the structure-property correlation is still very challenging because of the core-shell structures of nanoclusters (e.g., Au n(SR) m protected by thiolate ligands) with metal atoms partitioned between the core and the shell. In such structures, the core and the surface are entangled and cannot be separately studied because changing the core structure would inevitably change the surface (or vice versa). Thus, it is of great importance to develop the "tailoring" chemistry for structural modification of the core (or surface) while retaining the other parts, in order to achieve fundamental understanding of what part of the nanocluster structure plays what role in the functionalities. In this Account, we summarize some recent work on the strategies to control the atomic structures of metal nanoclusters for tuning their properties, such as stability, optical absorption, excited-state electron dynamics, and photoluminescence, as well as their catalytic reactivity. The development of a ligand-based strategy has permitted the synthesis of structural isomers of nanoclusters with the same size but different functionalities. Successful modification of the core (or surface) structure while maintaining the other components has led us to gain some fundamental understanding of the respective roles of the core and the surface in the nanocluster functionalities. Such "tailoring" chemistry on metal nanoclusters can provide a strong basis for functional nanomaterials consisting of nanocluster components with desired properties. Further development of the tailoring chemistry will guide materials chemists to new directions and tailor-made functional nanomaterials for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Higaki
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Shuo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yingwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Site Li
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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17
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Maioli P, Stoll T, Sauceda HE, Valencia I, Demessence A, Bertorelle F, Crut A, Vallée F, Garzón IL, Cerullo G, Del Fatti N. Mechanical Vibrations of Atomically Defined Metal Clusters: From Nano- to Molecular-Size Oscillators. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:6842-6849. [PMID: 30247927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic vibrations of small nanoparticles are still ruled by continuum mechanics laws down to diameters of a few nanometers. The elastic behavior at lower sizes (<1-2 nm), where nanoparticles become molecular clusters made by few tens to few atoms, is still little explored. The question remains to which extent the transition from small continuous-mass solids to discrete-atom molecular clusters affects their specific low-frequency vibrational modes, whose period is classically expected to linearly scale with diameter. Here, we investigate experimentally by ultrafast time-resolved optical spectroscopy the acoustic response of atomically defined ligand-protected metal clusters Au n(SR) m with a number n of atoms ranging from 10 to 102 (0.5-1.5 nm diameter range). Two periods, corresponding to fundamental breathing- and quadrupolar-like acoustic modes, are detected, with the latter scaling linearly with cluster diameters and the former taking a constant value. Theoretical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) predict in the case of bare clusters vibrational periods scaling with size down to diatomic molecules. For ligand-protected clusters, they show a pronounced effect of the ligand molecules on the breathing-like mode vibrational period at the origin of its constant value. This deviation from classical elasticity predictions results from mechanical mass-loading effects due to the protecting layer. This study shows that clusters characteristic vibrational frequencies are compatible with extrapolation of continuum mechanics model down to few atoms, which is in agreement with DFT computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Maioli
- Institut Lumière Matière , Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , F-69622 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Tatjana Stoll
- Institut Lumière Matière , Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , F-69622 Villeurbanne , France
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano , IFN-CNR , Piazza L. da Vinci 32 , I-20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Huziel E Sauceda
- Fritz-Haber-Institute der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Israel Valencia
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , 54090 Tlanepantla , Estado de México México
| | - Aude Demessence
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON) , Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , F-69622 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Franck Bertorelle
- Institut Lumière Matière , Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , F-69622 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Aurélien Crut
- Institut Lumière Matière , Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , F-69622 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Fabrice Vallée
- Institut Lumière Matière , Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , F-69622 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Ignacio L Garzón
- Instituto de Física , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Apartado Postal 20-364, 01000 CDMX , México
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano , IFN-CNR , Piazza L. da Vinci 32 , I-20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Natalia Del Fatti
- Institut Lumière Matière , Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , F-69622 Villeurbanne , France
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18
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Nasaruddin RR, Chen T, Yan N, Xie J. Roles of thiolate ligands in the synthesis, properties and catalytic application of gold nanoclusters. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Wang X, Wang C, Yang N, Xia J, Li L. Preparation of fluorescent nanocomposites based on gold nanoclusters self-assembly. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Jin S, Xu F, Du W, Kang X, Chen S, Zhang J, Li X, Hu D, Wang S, Zhu M. Isomerism in Au-Ag Alloy Nanoclusters: Structure Determination and Enantioseparation of [Au 9Ag 12(SR) 4(dppm) 6X 6] 3. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5114-5119. [PMID: 29624376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Revealing structural isomerism in a nanocluster remains significant but challenging. Herein, we have obtained a pair of structural isomers, [Au9Ag12(SR)4(dppm)6X6]3+-C and [Au9Ag12(SR)4(dppm)6X6]3+-Ac [dppm = bis(diphenyphosphino)methane; HSR = 1-adamantanethiol/ tert-butylmercaptan; X = Br/Cl; C stands for one of the structural isomers being chiral; Ac stands for another being achiral], that show different structures as well as different chiralities. These structures are determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and further confirmed by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. On the basis of the isomeric structures, the most important finding is the different arrangements of the Au5Ag8@Au4 metal core, leading to changes in the overall shape of the cluster, which is responsible for structural isomerism. Meanwhile, the two enantiomers of [Au9Ag12(SR)4(dppm)6X6]3+-C are separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Our work will contribute to a deeper understanding of the structural isomerism in noble-metal nanoclusters and enrich the chiral nanocluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials & AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , China
| | - Fengqing Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials & AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , China
| | - Wenjun Du
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials & AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , China
| | - Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials & AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials & AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials & AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , China
| | - Xiaowu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials & AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , China
| | - Daqiao Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials & AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , China
| | - Shuxin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials & AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials & AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials , Anhui University , Hefei , Anhui 230601 , China
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21
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Wang X, Xia J, Wang C, Liu L, Zhu S, Feng W, Li L. Preparation of Novel Fluorescent Nanocomposites Based on Au Nanoclusters and Their Application in Targeted Detection of Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:44856-44863. [PMID: 29199424 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have drawn considerable research interest owing to their unique emission properties. However, the environment surrounding the NC greatly influences its luminous behavior. In this work, a novel nanocomposite based on AuNCs with bright fluorescence and high biocompatibility was prepared. In this nanocomposite, mesoporous silica nanospheres provided a mesoporous framework, which helped to template the formation of ultrasmall AuNCs and also prevented their aggregation in different solutions. These nanocomposites emitted stable fluorescence even in complex biological environments. After the self-assembly of folic acid-conjugated poly(l-lysine), the presence of folic acid on the nanocomposites guaranteed a good recognition in folate receptor (FR)-positive cells, improving detection selectivity. Cellular experiments demonstrated that the nanocomposites had good dispersity in the physiological environment and could be internalized by FR-positive cancer cells, resulting in bright fluorescence. We believe that this research provides a simple approach to the fabrication of stable fluorescent AuNC nanocomposites, which show good compatibility with complex biological systems and great potential for applications in biological imaging and cell detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Junhan Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Chun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Shuxian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Lidong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
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22
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Stark MC, Baikoghli MA, Lahtinen T, Malola S, Xing L, Nguyen M, Nguyen M, Sikaroudi A, Marjomäki V, Häkkinen H, Cheng RH. Structural characterization of site-modified nanocapsid with monodispersed gold clusters. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17048. [PMID: 29213060 PMCID: PMC5719084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E Virus-like particles self-assemble in to noninfectious nanocapsids that are resistant to proteolytic/acidic mucosal delivery conditions. Previously, the nanocapsid was engineered to specifically bind and enter breast cancer cells, where successful tumor targeting was demonstrated in animal models. In the present study, the nanocapsid surface was modified with a solvent-exposed cysteine to conjugate monolayer protected gold nanoclusters (AuNC). Unlike commercially available gold nanoparticles, AuNCs monodisperse in water and are composed of a discrete number of gold atoms, forming a crystalline gold core. Au102 pMBA44 (Au102) was an ideal conjugate given its small 2.5 nm size and detectability in cryoEM. Au102 was bound directly to nanocapsid surface cysteines via direct ligand exchange. In addition, Au102 was functionalized with a maleimide linker (Au102_C6MI) for maleimide-thiol conjugation to nanocapsid cysteines. The AuNC-bound nanocapsid constructs were conjugated in various conditions. We found Au102_C6MI to bind nanocapsid more efficiently, while Au102 remained more soluble over time. Nanocapsids conjugated to Au102_C6MI were imaged in cryoEM for single particle reconstruction to localize AuNC position on the nanocapsid surface. We resolved five unique high intensity volumes that formed a ring-shaped density at the 5-fold symmetry center. This finding was further supported by independent rigid modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C Stark
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mo A Baikoghli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tanja Lahtinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Sami Malola
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Li Xing
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Michelle Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Marina Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Aria Sikaroudi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland.
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland.
| | - R Holland Cheng
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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23
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Higaki T, Liu C, Zhou M, Luo TY, Rosi NL, Jin R. Tailoring the Structure of 58-Electron Gold Nanoclusters: Au103S2(S-Nap)41 and Its Implications. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:9994-10001. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Higaki
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Chong Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tian-Yi Luo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Nathaniel L. Rosi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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24
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Tiekink ER, Henderson W. Coordination chemistry of 3- and 4-mercaptobenzoate ligands: Versatile hydrogen-bonding isomers of the thiosalicylate (2-mercaptobenzoate) ligand. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Muñoz-Castro A. Doping the cage. Re@Au11Pt and Ta@Au11Hg, as novel 18-ve trimetallic superatoms displaying a doped icosahedral golden cage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:2459-2465. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07519c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trimetallic superatomic clusters. Theoretical proposal and evaluation of the 18-ve Ta@Au11Hg and Re@Au11Pt clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares
- Universidad Autonoma de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
- Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular
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26
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Lahtinen T, Hulkko E, Sokołowska K, Tero TR, Saarnio V, Lindgren J, Pettersson M, Häkkinen H, Lehtovaara L. Covalently linked multimers of gold nanoclusters Au 102(p-MBA) 44 and Au ∼250(p-MBA) n. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18665-18674. [PMID: 27714130 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr05267c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present the synthesis, separation, and characterization of covalently-bound multimers of para-mercaptobenzoic acid (p-MBA) protected gold nanoclusters. The multimers were synthesized by performing a ligand-exchange reaction of a pre-characterized Au102(p-MBA)44 nanocluster with biphenyl-4,4'-dithiol (BPDT). The reaction products were separated using gel electrophoresis yielding several distinct bands. The bands were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealing monomer, dimer, and trimer fractions of the nanocluster. TEM analysis of dimers in combination with molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the nanoclusters are covalently bound via a disulfide bridge between BPDT molecules. The linking chemistry is not specific to Au102(p-MBA)44. The same approach yields multimers also for a larger monodisperse p-MBA-protected cluster of approximately 250 gold atoms, Au∼250(p-MBA)n. While the Au102(p-MBA)44 is not plasmonic, the Au∼250(p-MBA)n nanocluster supports localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at 530 nm. Multimers of the Au∼250(p-MBA)n exhibit additional transitions in their UV-vis spectrum at 630 nm and 810 nm, indicating the presence of hybridized LSPR modes. Well-defined structures and relatively small sizes make these systems excellent candidates for connecting ab initio theoretical studies and experimental quantum plasmonics. Moreover, our work opens new possibilities in the controlled synthesis of advanced monodisperse nanocluster superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Lahtinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Eero Hulkko
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Karolina Sokołowska
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Tiia-Riikka Tero
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Ville Saarnio
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Johan Lindgren
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Mika Pettersson
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland. and Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lauri Lehtovaara
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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27
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Weerawardene KLDM, Aikens CM. Theoretical Insights into the Origin of Photoluminescence of Au25(SR)18– Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11202-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine M. Aikens
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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28
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Sengupta T, Pal S. Radical attached aluminum nanoclusters: an alternative way of cluster stabilization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:21746-59. [PMID: 27435912 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03601e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The stability and electronic structure of radical attached aluminum nanoclusters are investigated using density functional theory (DFT). A detailed investigation shows good correlation between the thermodynamic stability of radical attached clusters and the stability of the attached radical anions. All other calculated parameters like HOMO-LUMO gap and charge transfer are also found to be consistent with the observed thermodynamic stabilities of the complexes. Investigation of the electronic structure of radical attached complexes further shows the presence of jellium structures within the core similar to the ligated clusters. Comparison with available experimental and theoretical data also proves the validity of superatomic complex theory for the radical attached clusters as well. Based on the evaluated thermodynamic parameters, selected radical attached clusters are observed to be more thermodynamically stable in comparison with experimentally synthesized ligated clusters. Stabilization of small metal clusters is one of the greatest challenges in current cluster science and the present investigation confirms the fact that radical attached clusters can provide a viable alternative to ligated clusters in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turbasu Sengupta
- Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India.
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Muniz-Miranda F, Menziani MC, Pedone A. Assessment of the basis set effect on the structural and electronic properties of organic-protected gold nanoclusters. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-1856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Conformation and dynamics of the ligand shell of a water-soluble Au102 nanoparticle. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10401. [PMID: 26791253 PMCID: PMC4736050 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic nanoparticles, stabilized by a passivating layer of organic molecules, form a versatile class of nanostructured materials with potential applications in material chemistry, nanoscale physics, nanomedicine and structural biology. While the structure of the nanoparticle core is often known to atomic precision, gaining precise structural and dynamical information on the organic layer poses a major challenge. Here we report a full assignment of 1H and 13C NMR shifts to all ligands of a water-soluble, atomically precise, 102-atom gold nanoparticle stabilized by 44 para-mercaptobenzoic acid ligands in solution, by using a combination of multidimensional NMR methods, density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. Molecular dynamics simulations augment the data by giving information about the ligand disorder and visualization of possible distinct ligand conformations of the most dynamic ligands. The method demonstrated here opens a way to controllable strategies for functionalization of ligated nanoparticles for applications. The core structure of inorganic nanoparticles, stabilized by a passivating layer of organic molecules, is often known but information about the organic layer is tougher to derive. Here, the authors use NMR and computational methods to probe the ligand disorder and visualize possible ligand conformations.
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31
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Fernando A, Weerawardene KLDM, Karimova NV, Aikens CM. Quantum Mechanical Studies of Large Metal, Metal Oxide, and Metal Chalcogenide Nanoparticles and Clusters. Chem Rev 2015; 115:6112-216. [PMID: 25898274 DOI: 10.1021/cr500506r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amendra Fernando
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | | | - Natalia V Karimova
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Christine M Aikens
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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32
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Mustalahti S, Myllyperkiö P, Malola S, Lahtinen T, Salorinne K, Koivisto J, Häkkinen H, Pettersson M. Molecule-like photodynamics of Au102(pMBA)44 nanocluster. ACS NANO 2015; 9:2328-35. [PMID: 25703546 DOI: 10.1021/nn506711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Photophysical properties of a water-soluble cluster Au102(pMBA)44 (pMBA = para-mercaptobenzoic acid) are studied by ultrafast time-resolved mid-IR spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations in order to distinguish between molecular and metallic behavior. In the mid-IR transient absorption studies, visible or near-infrared light is used to electronically excite the sample, and the subsequent relaxation is monitored by studying the transient absorption of a vibrational mode in the ligands. Based on these studies, a complete picture of energy relaxation dynamics is obtained: (1) 0.5-1.5 ps electronic relaxation, (2) 6.8 ps vibrational cooling, (3) intersystem crossing from the lowest triplet state to the ground state with a time constant 84 ps, and (4) internal conversion to the ground state with a time constant of ∼3.5 ns. A remarkable finding based on this work is that a large cluster containing 102 metal atoms behaves like a small molecule in a striking contrast to a previously studied slightly larger Au144(SC2H4Ph)60 cluster, which shows relaxation typical for metallic particles. These results therefore establish that the transition between molecular and metallic behavior occurs between Au102 and Au144 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Mustalahti
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pasi Myllyperkiö
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami Malola
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tanja Lahtinen
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kirsi Salorinne
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jaakko Koivisto
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mika Pettersson
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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33
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Optical Properties and Chirality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-100086-1.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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34
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35
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Nimmala PR, Dass A. Au99(SPh)42 nanomolecules: aromatic thiolate ligand induced conversion of Au144(SCH2CH2Ph)60. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17016-23. [PMID: 25426672 DOI: 10.1021/ja5103025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new aromatic thiolate protected gold nanomolecule Au99(SPh)42 has been synthesized by reacting the highly stable Au144(SCH2CH2Ph)60 with thiophenol, HSPh. The ubiquitous Au144(SR)60 is known for its high stability even at elevated temperature and in the presence of excess thiol. This report demonstrates for the first time the reactivity of the Au144(SCH2CH2Ph)60 with thiophenol to form a different 99-Au atom species. The resulting Au99(SPh)42 compound, however, is unreactive and highly stable in the presence of excess aromatic thiol. The molecular formula of the title compound is determined by high resolution electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and confirmed by the preparation of the 99-atom nanomolecule using two ligands, namely, Au99(SPh)42 and Au99(SPh-OMe)42. This mass spectrometry study is an unprecedented advance in nanoparticle reaction monitoring, in studying the 144-atom to 99-atom size evolution at such high m/z (∼12k) and resolution. The optical and electrochemical properties of Au99(SPh)42 are reported. Other substituents on the phenyl group, HS-Ph-X, where X = -F, -CH3, -OCH3, also show the Au144 to Au99 core size conversion, suggesting minimal electronic effects for these substituents. Control experiments were conducted by reacting Au144(SCH2CH2Ph)60 with HS-(CH2)n-Ph (where n = 1 and 2), bulky ligands like adamantanethiol and cyclohexanethiol. It was observed that conversion of Au144 to Au99 occurs only when the phenyl group is directly attached to the thiol, suggesting that the formation of a 99-atom species is largely influenced by aromaticity of the ligand and less so on the bulkiness of the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneeth Reddy Nimmala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi , Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
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36
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Goswami N, Zheng K, Xie J. Bio-NCs--the marriage of ultrasmall metal nanoclusters with biomolecules. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:13328-47. [PMID: 25266043 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04561k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasmall metal nanoclusters (NCs) have attracted increasing attention due to their fascinating physicochemical properties. Today, functional metal NCs are finding growing acceptance in biomedical applications. To achieve a better performance in biomedical applications, metal NCs can be interfaced with biomolecules, such as proteins, peptides, and DNA, to form a new class of biomolecule-NC composites (or bio-NCs in short), which typically show synergistic or novel physicochemical and physiological properties. This feature article focuses on the recent studies emerging at the interface of metal NCs and biomolecules, where the interactions could impart unique physicochemical properties to the metal NCs, as well as mutually regulate biological functions of the bio-NCs. In this article, we first provide a broad overview of key concepts and developments in the novel biomolecule-directed synthesis of metal NCs. A special focus is placed on the key roles of biomolecules in metal NC synthesis. In the second part, we describe how the encapsulated metal NCs affect the structure and function of biomolecules. Followed by that, we discuss several unique synergistic effects observed in the bio-NCs, and illustrate them with examples highlighting their potential biomedical applications. Continued interdisciplinary efforts are required to build up in-depth knowledge about the interfacial chemistry and biology of bio-NCs, which could further pave their ways toward biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Goswami
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
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37
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Azubel M, Koivisto J, Malola S, Bushnell D, Hura GL, Koh AL, Tsunoyama H, Tsukuda T, Pettersson M, Häkkinen H, Kornberg RD. Nanoparticle imaging. Electron microscopy of gold nanoparticles at atomic resolution. Science 2014; 345:909-12. [PMID: 25146285 DOI: 10.1126/science.1251959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Structure determination of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is necessary for understanding their physical and chemical properties, but only one AuNP larger than 1 nanometer in diameter [a 102-gold atom NP (Au102NP)] has been solved to atomic resolution. Whereas the Au102NP structure was determined by x-ray crystallography, other large AuNPs have proved refractory to this approach. Here, we report the structure determination of a Au68NP at atomic resolution by aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy, performed with the use of a minimal electron dose, an approach that should prove applicable to metal NPs in general. The structure of the Au68NP was supported by small-angle x-ray scattering and by comparison of observed infrared absorption spectra with calculations by density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Azubel
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jaakko Koivisto
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami Malola
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - David Bushnell
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Greg L Hura
- Physical Bioscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ai Leen Koh
- Stanford Nanocharacterization Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mika Pettersson
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland. Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Roger D Kornberg
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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38
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Weissker HC, Escobar HB, Thanthirige VD, Kwak K, Lee D, Ramakrishna G, Whetten RL, López-Lozano X. Information on quantum states pervades the visible spectrum of the ubiquitous Au144(SR)60 gold nanocluster. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3785. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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39
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Knoppe S, Wong OA, Malola S, Häkkinen H, Bürgi T, Verbiest T, Ackerson CJ. Chiral Phase Transfer and Enantioenrichment of Thiolate-Protected Au102 Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4129-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ja500809p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Knoppe
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - O. Andrea Wong
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | | | | | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Verbiest
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Christopher J. Ackerson
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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40
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Koivisto J, Salorinne K, Mustalahti S, Lahtinen T, Malola S, Häkkinen H, Pettersson M. Vibrational Perturbations and Ligand-Layer Coupling in a Single Crystal of Au144(SC2H4Ph)60 Nanocluster. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:387-392. [PMID: 26270716 DOI: 10.1021/jz4026003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have determined vibrational signatures and optical gap of the Au144(PET)60 (PET: phenylethylthiol, SC2H4Ph) nanocluster solvated in deuterated dichloromethane (DCM-D2, CD2Cl2) and in a single crystal. For crystals, solid-state (13)C NMR and X-ray diffraction were also measured. A revised value of 2200 cm(-1) (0.27 eV) was obtained for the optical gap in both phases. The vibrational spectra of solvated AU144(PET)60 closely resembles that of neat PET, while the crystalline-state spectrum exhibits significant inhomogeneous spectral broadening, frequency shifts, intensity transfer between vibrational modes, and an increase in the overtone and combination transition intensities. Spectral broadening was also observed in the (13)C NMR spectrum. Changes in the intensity are explained due to vibrational coupling of the normal modes induced by the crystal packing, and the vibrational broadening is caused by ligand-environment inhomogeneity in the crystal. This indicates a pseudocrystalline state where the cluster cores are arranged in periodic fashion, while the ligand-layer molecules between the cores form amorphous structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Koivisto
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kirsi Salorinne
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Satu Mustalahti
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tanja Lahtinen
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami Malola
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mika Pettersson
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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41
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Dass A, Nimmala PR, Jupally VR, Kothalawala N. Au103(SR)45, Au104(SR)45, Au104(SR)46 and Au105(SR)46 nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:12082-12085. [PMID: 24132473 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03872f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
High resolution ESI mass spectrometry of the "22 kDa" nanocluster reveals the presence of a mixture containing Au103(SR)45, Au104(SR)45, Au104(SR)46, and Au105(SR)46 nanoclusters, where R = -CH2CH2Ph. MALDI TOF MS data confirm the purity of the sample and a UV-vis spectrum shows minor features. Au102(SC6H5COOH)44, whose XRD crystal structure was recently reported, is not observed. This is due to ligand effects, because the 102 : 44 composition is produced using aromatic ligands. However, the 103-, 104- and 105-atom nanoclusters, protected by -SCH2CH2Ph and -SC6H13 ligands, are at or near 58 electron shell closing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amala Dass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 352 Coulter Hall, Mississippi, MS 38677, USA.
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42
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Varnholt B, Dolamic I, Knoppe S, Bürgi T. On the flexibility of the gold-thiolate interface: racemization of the Au40(SR)24 cluster. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:9568-71. [PMID: 23986368 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03389a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The two enantiomers of the Au40(2-PET)24 cluster were collected using HPLC and analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, UV-vis- and CD-spectroscopy. The flexibility of the cluster surface allows racemization of the intrinsically chiral cluster at elevated temperatures (80-130 °C) which was monitored following the optical activity. The determined activation energy (25 kcal mol(-1)) lies in the range of previously reported values for Au38 nanoclusters whereas the activation entropy deviates significantly from the one in Au38. The latter may indicate that the racemization can take place via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Varnholt
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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43
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Kogo A, Takahashi Y, Sakai N, Tatsuma T. Gold cluster-nanoparticle diad systems for plasmonic enhancement of photosensitization. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:7855-7860. [PMID: 23846615 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02420b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantum-sized gold clusters are deposited on TiO2 both as a photosensitizer and catalyst, and coupled to plasmonic gold nanoparticles as a light harvesting antenna. Photocurrent enhancement was observed for Au25(SG)18 and Au38(SG)24 but not for Au102(SG)44 (SG = glutathione). The maximum enhancement factor of ~9 is reached at 900 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kogo
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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44
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Jiang DE. The expanding universe of thiolated gold nanoclusters and beyond. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:7149-7160. [PMID: 23629814 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr34192e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thiolated gold nanoclusters form a universe of their own. Researchers in this field are constantly pushing the boundary of this universe by identifying new compositions and in a few "lucky" cases, solving their structures. Such solved structures, even if there are only few, provide important hints for predicting the many identified compositions that are yet to be crystallized or structure determined. Structure prediction is the most pressing issue for a computational chemist in this field. The success of the density functional theory method in gauging the energetic ordering of isomers for thiolated gold clusters has been truly remarkable, but to predict the most stable structure for a given composition remains a great challenge. In this feature article from a computational chemist's point of view, the author shows how one understands and predicts structures for thiolated gold nanoclusters based on his old and new results. To further entertain the reader, the author also offers several "imaginative" structures, claims, and challenges for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-en Jiang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
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45
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Dolamic I, Varnholt B, Bürgi T. Far-infrared spectra of well-defined thiolate-protected gold clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:19561-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53845a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Lu Y, Chen W. Progress in the Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoclusters. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2013_126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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47
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Koivisto J, Malola S, Kumara C, Dass A, Häkkinen H, Pettersson M. Experimental and Theoretical Determination of the Optical Gap of the Au144(SC2H4Ph)60 Cluster and the (Au/Ag)144(SC2H4Ph)60 Nanoalloys. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:3076-80. [PMID: 26292253 DOI: 10.1021/jz301261x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Au144PET60 and Au144-xAgxPET60 (PET = SC2H4Ph, phenylethylthiolate, and 30 ≤ x ≤ 53) clusters were studied by optical spectroscopy and linear response time-dependent density functional theory. Spectra of thin dry films were measured in order to reveal the onset for electronic absorption. The optical gap of the Au144PET60 cluster was determined at 0.19 ± 0.01 eV, which agrees well with the computed energy for the first optical transition at 0.32 eV for a model cluster Au144(SH)60 when the line width of individual transitions is taken into account. The optical gaps for the Au144-xAgxPET60 alloy clusters were observed in a range of 0.12-0.26 eV, in good agreement with the calculations giving 0.16-0.36 eV for the lowest-energy optical transitions for corresponding Au144-xAgx(SH)60 models. This indicates that the gap is only moderately affected by doping Au with Ag. This work constitutes the first accurate determination of the fundamental spectroscopic gap of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chanaka Kumara
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Amal Dass
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
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48
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Qian H, Zhu M, Wu Z, Jin R. Quantum sized gold nanoclusters with atomic precision. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1470-9. [PMID: 22720781 DOI: 10.1021/ar200331z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 597] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles typically have a metallic core, and the electronic conduction band consists of quasicontinuous energy levels (i.e. spacing δ ≪ k(B)T, where k(B)T is the thermal energy at temperature T (typically room temperature) and k(B) is the Boltzmann constant). Electrons in the conduction band roam throughout the metal core, and light can collectively excite these electrons to give rise to plasmonic responses. This plasmon resonance accounts for the beautiful ruby-red color of colloidal gold first observed by Faraday back in 1857. On the other hand, when gold nanoparticles become extremely small (<2 nm in diameter), significant quantization occurs to the conduction band. These quantum-sized nanoparticles constitute a new class of nanomaterial and have received much attention in recent years. To differentiate quantum-sized nanoparticles from conventional plasmonic gold nanoparticles, researchers often refer to the ultrasmall nanoparticles as nanoclusters. In this Account, we chose several typical sizes of gold nanoclusters, including Au(25)(SR)(18), Au(38)(SR)(24), Au(102)(SR)(44), and Au(144)(SR)(60), to illustrate the novel properties of metal nanoclusters imparted by quantum size effects. In the nanocluster size regime, many of the physical and chemical properties of gold nanoparticles are fundamentally altered. Gold nanoclusters have discrete electronic energy levels as opposed to the continuous band in plasmonic nanoparticles. Quantum-sized nanoparticles also show multiple optical absorption peaks in the optical spectrum versus a single surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 520 nm for spherical gold nanocrystals. Although larger nanocrystals show an fcc structure, nanoclusters often have non-fcc atomic packing structures. Nanoclusters also have unique fluorescent, chiral, and magnetic properties. Due to the strong quantum confinement effect, adding or removing one gold atom significantly changes the structure and the electronic and optical properties of the nanocluster. Therefore, precise atomic control of nanoclusters is critically important: the nanometer precision typical of conventional nanoparticles is not sufficient. Atomically precise nanoclusters are represented by molecular formulas (e.g. Au(n)(SR)(m) for thiolate-protected ones, where n and m denote the respective number of gold atoms and ligands). Recently, major advances in the synthesis and structural characterization of molecular purity gold nanoclusters have made in-depth investigations of the size evolution of metal nanoclusters possible. Metal nanoclusters lie in the intermediate regime between localized atomic states and delocalized band structure in terms of electronic properties. We anticipate that future research on quantum-sized nanoclusters will stimulate broad scientific and technological interests in this special type of metal nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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49
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Kogo A, Sakai N, Tatsuma T. Photoelectrochemical analysis of size-dependent electronic structures of gold clusters supported on TiO2. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4217-4221. [PMID: 22688523 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30480e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Size-dependent electronic structures around the Fermi level of glutathione-protected gold clusters (0.9-1.4 nm in core diameter) were analyzed on the basis of photoinduced charge separation at the interface between the gold cluster and TiO(2). Electron levels such as HOMO and LUMO were estimated from the dependencies of the photocurrents on the irradiation wavelength and the standard electrode potentials of electron donors employed. The potential of the occupied levels involved in the charge separation under visible or near infrared light shifts negatively as the cluster size increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kogo
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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Qian H, Liu C, Jin R. Controlled growth of molecularly pure Au25(SR)18 and Au38(SR)24 nanoclusters from the same polydispersed crude product. Sci China Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-012-4669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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