1
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Neumann M, Wei X, Morales-Inostroza L, Song S, Lee SG, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Götzinger S, Lee YH. Organic Molecules as Origin of Visible-Range Single Photon Emission from Hexagonal Boron Nitride and Mica. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37276077 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of room-temperature single-photon emitters (SPEs) hosted by two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (2D hBN) has sparked intense research interest. Although emitters in the vicinity of 2 eV have been studied extensively, their microscopic identity has remained elusive. The discussion of this class of SPEs has centered on point defects in the hBN crystal lattice, but none of the candidate defect structures have been able to capture the great heterogeneity in emitter properties that is observed experimentally. Employing a widely used sample preparation protocol but disentangling several confounding factors, we demonstrate conclusively that heterogeneous single-photon emission at ∼2 eV associated with hBN originates from organic molecules, presumably aromatic fluorophores. The appearance of those SPEs depends critically on the presence of organic processing residues during sample preparation, and emitters formed during heat treatment are not located within the hBN crystal as previously thought, but at the hBN/substrate interface. We further demonstrate that the same class of SPEs can be observed in a different 2D insulator, fluorophlogopite mica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Neumann
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Xu Wei
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Seunghyun Song
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gyu Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Stephan Götzinger
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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2
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Jelenfi DP, Schneiker A, Tajti A, Magyarfalvi G, Tarczay G. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons with an imperfect aromatic system as catalysts of interstellar H 2 formation. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2142168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dávid P. Jelenfi
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, ELTE – Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Schneiker
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, ELTE – Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Tajti
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, ELTE – Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Magyarfalvi
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, ELTE – Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Tarczay
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, ELTE – Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Laboratory Astrochemistry Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Ahmed J, Mandal SK. Phenalenyl Radical: Smallest Polycyclic Odd Alternant Hydrocarbon Present in the Graphene Sheet. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11369-11431. [PMID: 35561295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenalenyl, a zigzag-edged odd alternant hydrocarbon unit can be found in the graphene nanosheet. Hückel molecular orbital calculations indicate the presence of a nonbonding molecular orbital (NBMO), which originates from the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) arising from 13 carbon atoms of the phenalenyl molecule. Three redox states (cationic, neutral radical, and anionic) of the phenalenyl-based molecules were attributed to the presence of this NBMO. The cationic state can undergo two consecutive reductions to result in neutral radical and anionic states, stepwise, respectively. The phenalenyl-based radicals were found as crucial building blocks and attracted the attention of various research fields such as organic synthesis, material science, computation, and device physics. From 2012 onward, a strategy was devised using the cationic state of phenalenyl-based molecules and in situ generated phenalenyl radicals, which created a new domain of catalysis. The in situ generated phenalenyl radicals were utilized for the single electron transfer (SET) process resulting in redox catalysis. This emerging range of applications rejuvenates the more than six decades-old phenalenyl chemistry. This review captures such developments ranging from fundamental understanding to multidirectional applications of phenalenyl-based radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasimuddin Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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4
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Levey ZD, Laws BA, Sundar SP, Nauta K, Kable SH, da Silva G, Stanton JF, Schmidt TW. PAH Growth in Flames and Space: Formation of the Phenalenyl Radical. J Phys Chem A 2021; 126:101-108. [PMID: 34936357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are intermediates in the formation of soot particles and interstellar grains. However, their formation mechanisms in combustion and interstellar environments are not fully understood. The production of tricyclic PAHs and, in particular, the conversion of a PAH containing a five-membered ring to one with a six-membered ring are of interest to explain PAH abundances in combustion processes. In the present work, resonant ionization mass spectrometry in conjunction with isotopic labeling is used to investigate the formation of the phenalenyl radical from acenaphthylene and methane in an electrical discharge. We show that in this environment the CH cycloaddition mechanism converts a five-membered ring to a six-membered ring. This mechanism can occur in tandem with other PAH formation mechanisms such as hydrogen abstraction/acetylene addition (HACA) to produce larger PAHs in flames and the interstellar medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah D Levey
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Benjamin A Laws
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Srivathsan P Sundar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Klaas Nauta
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Scott H Kable
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Gabriel da Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - John F Stanton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Timothy W Schmidt
- Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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5
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Schmalz V, Koert U. Visible-Light-Induced Photoannulation of α-Naphthyl Cyclopropane Carboxylic Esters to Functionalized Dihydrophenalenes. Org Lett 2021; 24:152-157. [PMID: 34932368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A general synthetic entry to functionalized dihydrophenalenes has been found using naphthyl-cyclopropane esters as starting materials. The desired annulation was possible with visible light, Ir(Fppy)3 as photocatalyst, BnNMe2 or DABCO as electron donor, HAT-catalyst, and proton source. A broad scope of substituted naphthyl and azanaphthyl derivatives provided the photoannulation products in high yield. Deuteration studies support a photoredox mechanism involving the photoreductive cyclopropane opening to an enolate radical followed by an aryl radical trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Schmalz
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Koert
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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6
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Ahmed J, Datta P, Das A, Jomy S, Mandal SK. Switching between mono and doubly reduced odd alternant hydrocarbon: designing a redox catalyst. Chem Sci 2020; 12:3039-3049. [PMID: 34164073 PMCID: PMC8179390 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05972b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the early Hückel molecular orbital (HMO) calculations in 1950, it has been well known that the odd alternant hydrocarbon (OAH), the phenalenyl (PLY) system, can exist in three redox states: closed shell cation (12π e−), mono-reduced open shell neutral radical (13π e−) and doubly reduced closed shell anion (14π e−). Switching from one redox state of PLY to another leads to a slight structural change owing to its low energy of disproportionation making the electron addition or removal process facile. To date, mono-reduced PLY based radicals have been extensively studied. However, the reactivity and application of doubly reduced PLY species have not been explored so far. In this work, we report the synthesis of the doubly reduced PLY species (14π e−) and its application towards the development of redox catalysis via switching with the mono-reduced form (13π e−) for aryl halide activation and functionalization under transition metal free conditions without any external stimuli such as heat, light or cathodic current supply. A doubly reduced redox non-innocent phenalenyl based transition metal free catalyst has been designed and utilized in the development of the C–C cross coupling reaction through the activation of aryl halides at room temperature.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasimuddin Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
| | - Paramita Datta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
| | - Arpan Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
| | - Stephy Jomy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India .,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai-600036 India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
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7
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Influence of zinc and copper on the electronic, linear, and nonlinear optical properties of organometallic complexes with phenalenyl radical: a computational study. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Schneiker A, Csonka IP, Tarczay G. Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions of the phenalenyl radical/1H-phenalene system at low temperatures. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Zhao L, Kaiser RI, Lu W, Ahmed M, Oleinikov AD, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM, Howlader AH, Wnuk SF. Gas phase formation of phenalene via 10π-aromatic, resonantly stabilized free radical intermediates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15381-15388. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02216k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1H-Phenalene can be synthesized via the reaction of the 1-naphthyl radical with methylacetylene and allene under high temperature conditions prevalent in carbon-rich circumstellar environments and combustion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawaii at Manoa
- Honolulu
- USA
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawaii at Manoa
- Honolulu
- USA
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Artem D. Oleinikov
- Department of Physics
- Samara National Research University
- Samara 443086
- Russian Federation
- Lebedev Physical Institute
| | - Valeriy N. Azyazov
- Department of Physics
- Samara National Research University
- Samara 443086
- Russian Federation
- Lebedev Physical Institute
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Physics
- Samara National Research University
- Samara 443086
- Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - A. Hasan Howlader
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Florida International University
- Miami
- USA
| | - Stanislaw F. Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Florida International University
- Miami
- USA
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10
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O'Connor GD, Chan B, Sanelli JA, Cergol KM, Dryza V, Payne RJ, Bieske EJ, Radom L, Schmidt TW. Hydrogen-adduction to open-shell graphene fragments: spectroscopy, thermochemistry and astrochemistry. Chem Sci 2017; 8:1186-1194. [PMID: 28451259 PMCID: PMC5369534 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We apply a combination of state-of-the-art experimental and quantum-chemical methods to elucidate the electronic and chemical energetics of hydrogen adduction to a model open-shell graphene fragment. The lowest-energy adduct, 1H-phenalene, is determined to have a bond dissociation energy of 258.1 kJ mol-1, while other isomers exhibit reduced or in some cases negative bond dissociation energies, the metastable species being bound by the emergence of a conical intersection along the high-symmetry dissociation coordinate. The gas-phase excitation spectrum of 1H-phenalene and its radical cation are recorded using laser spectroscopy coupled to mass-spectrometry. Several electronically excited states of both species are observed, allowing the determination of the excited-state bond dissociation energy. The ionization energy of 1H-phenalene is determined to be 7.449(17) eV, consistent with high-level W1X-2 calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard D O'Connor
- School of Chemistry , UNSW Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 439 386 109
| | - Bun Chan
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
- Graduate School of Engineering , Nagasaki University , Bunkyo 1-14 , Nagasaki 852-8521 , Japan
| | - Julian A Sanelli
- School of Chemistry , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Katie M Cergol
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Viktoras Dryza
- School of Chemistry , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Evan J Bieske
- School of Chemistry , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Leo Radom
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Timothy W Schmidt
- School of Chemistry , UNSW Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 439 386 109
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11
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Richter M, Schellhammer KS, Machata P, Cuniberti G, Popov A, Ortmann F, Berger R, Müllen K, Feng X. Polycyclic heteroaromatic hydrocarbons containing a benzoisoindole core. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
By the combination of 9a-azaphenalene and a perpendicularly oriented acene, we have synthesized three derivatives of a series of novel, fully-conjugated nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Richter
- Institute for Molecular Functional Materials
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed)
- Dresden University of Technology
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Karl Sebastian Schellhammer
- Institute for Materials Science
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science
- Dresden University of Technology
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Peter Machata
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science
- Dresden University of Technology
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Alexey Popov
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Frank Ortmann
- Institute for Materials Science
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science
- Dresden University of Technology
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Reinhard Berger
- Institute for Molecular Functional Materials
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed)
- Dresden University of Technology
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Institute for Molecular Functional Materials
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed)
- Dresden University of Technology
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
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12
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Trinquier G, Malrieu JP. Spreading out spin density in polyphenalenyl radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:27623-27642. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04930g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Properly-designed monoradicals built from polycondensed phenalene units can enforce flattening of spin distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Trinquier
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (CNRS-UMR5626)
- IRSAMC
- Université Paul-Sabatier (Toulouse III)
- 31062 Toulouse Cedex
- France
| | - Jean-Paul Malrieu
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (CNRS-UMR5626)
- IRSAMC
- Université Paul-Sabatier (Toulouse III)
- 31062 Toulouse Cedex
- France
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13
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Ravat P, Ribar P, Rickhaus M, Häussinger D, Neuburger M, Juríček M. Spin-Delocalization in a Helical Open-Shell Hydrocarbon. J Org Chem 2016; 81:12303-12317. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prince Ravat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring
19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Ribar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring
19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michel Rickhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring
19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring
19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Neuburger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring
19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michal Juríček
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring
19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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14
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An insight on the aromatic changes in closed shell icosagen, tetrel, and pnictogen phenalenyl derivatives. Struct Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-016-0882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Wang X, Zhang F, Schellhammer KS, Machata P, Ortmann F, Cuniberti G, Fu Y, Hunger J, Tang R, Popov AA, Berger R, Müllen K, Feng X. Synthesis of NBN-Type Zigzag-Edged Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: 1,9-Diaza-9a-boraphenalene as a Structural Motif. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11606-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal
Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal
Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Karl Sebastian Schellhammer
- Institute
for Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden
Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Machata
- Center
of Spectroelectrochemistry, Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting
Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Ortmann
- Institute
for Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden
Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute
for Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden
Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yubin Fu
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Hunger
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ruizhi Tang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal
Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Center
of Spectroelectrochemistry, Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting
Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Reinhard Berger
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal
Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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16
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Aromatic changes in isoelectronic derivatives of phenalenyl radicals by central carbon replacement. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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18
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Fulara J, Chakraborty A, Maier JP. Electronic Characterization of Reaction Intermediates: The Fluorenylium, Phenalenylium, and Benz[f]indenylium Cations and Their Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3424-7. [PMID: 26845059 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Three vibrationally resolved absorption systems commencing at 538, 518, and 392 nm were detected in a 6 K neon matrix after mass-selected deposition of C13 H9 (+) ions (m/z=165) produced from fluorene in a hot-cathode discharge ion source. The benz[f]indenylium (BfI(+) : 538 nm), fluorenylium (FL9(+) : 518 nm), and phenalenylium (PHL(+) : 392 nm) cations are the absorbing molecules. Two electronic systems corresponding to neutral species are apparent at 490 and 546 nm after irradiation of the matrix with λ<260 nm photons and were assigned to the FL9 and BfI radicals, respectively. The strongest peak at 518 nm is the origin of the 2 (1) B2 ←X̃ (1) A1 absorption of FL9(+) , and the 490 nm band is the 2 (2) A2 ←X̃ (2) B1 origin of FL9. The electronic systems commencing at 538 nm and 546 nm were assigned to the 1 (1) A1 ←X̃ (1) A1 and 1 (2) A2 ←X̃ (2) A2 transitions of BfI(+) and BfI. The 392 nm band is the 1 (1) E'←X̃ (1) A1 ' transition of PHL(+). The electronic spectra of C13 H9 (+) /C13 H9 were assigned on the basis of the vertical excitation energies calculated with SAC-CI and MS-CASPT2 methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fulara
- Departement Chemie, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników, 32/46, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arghya Chakraborty
- Departement Chemie, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John P Maier
- Departement Chemie, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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19
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Fulara J, Chakraborty A, Maier JP. Electronic Characterization of Reaction Intermediates: The Fluorenylium, Phenalenylium, and Benz[f
]indenylium Cations and Their Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fulara
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; Klingelbergstrasse 80 4056 Basel Switzerland
- Institute of Physics; Polish Academy of Sciences; Al. Lotników, 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Arghya Chakraborty
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; Klingelbergstrasse 80 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - John P. Maier
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; Klingelbergstrasse 80 4056 Basel Switzerland
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20
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Trujillo C, Sánchez-Sanz G. A Study of π-π Stacking Interactions and Aromaticity in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon/Nucleobase Complexes. Chemphyschem 2015; 17:395-405. [PMID: 26663678 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201501019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We analysed the interactions and aromaticity electron-density delocalisation observed in π-π complexes between the phenalenyl radical and acenaphthylene, and the DNA and RNA nucleobases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil). Interaction energies are obtained at the M06-2X/6-311++G(2df,p) computational level for gas phase and PCM-water conditions. For both the phenalenyl radical and acenaphthylene, the complexes formed with guanine are the most stable ones. Atoms in molecules and natural bond orbital results reveal weak π-π interactions between both interacting moieties, characterized by bond critical points between C⋅⋅⋅C and C⋅⋅⋅N atoms. Nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) indicate the retention of the aromatic character of the monomers in the outer region of the complex. The fluctuation indexes reveal a loss of electron delocalisation upon complexation for all cases except guanine complexes. Nevertheless, the interface region shows large negative NICS values, which is not associated with an increase of the aromaticity or electron-density delocalisation, but with magnetic couplings of both molecules, leading to an unrealistic description of the aromatic behaviour in that region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Trujillo
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Goar Sánchez-Sanz
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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21
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Anamimoghadam O, Symes MD, Long DL, Sproules S, Cronin L, Bucher G. Electronically Stabilized Nonplanar Phenalenyl Radical and Its Planar Isomer. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14944-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ommid Anamimoghadam
- WestChem, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Symes
- WestChem, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - De-Liang Long
- WestChem, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Sproules
- WestChem, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Leroy Cronin
- WestChem, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Götz Bucher
- WestChem, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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22
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Pariyar A, Vijaykumar G, Bhunia M, Dey SK, Singh SK, Kurungot S, Mandal SK. Switching closed-shell to open-shell phenalenyl: toward designing electroactive materials. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:5955-60. [PMID: 25933051 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Open-shell phenalenyl chemistry started more than half a century back, and the first solid-state phenalenyl radical was realized only 15 years ago highlighting the synthetic challenges associated in stabilizing carbon-based radical chemistry, though it has great promise as building blocks for molecular electronics and multifunctional materials. Alternatively, stable closed-shell phenalenyl has tremendous potential as it can be utilized to create an in situ open-shell state by external spin injection. In the present study, we have designed a closed-shell phenalenyl-based iron(III) complex, Fe(III)(PLY)3 (PLY-H = 9-hydroxyphenalenone) displaying an excellent electrocatalytic property as cathode material for one compartment membraneless H2O2 fuel cell. The power density output of Fe(III)(PLY)3 is nearly 15-fold higher than the structurally related model compound Fe(III)(acac)3 (acac = acetylacetonate) and nearly 140-fold higher than an earlier reported mononuclear Fe(III) complex, Fe(III)(Pc)Cl (Pc = pthalocyaninate), highlighting the role of switchable closed-shell phenalenyl moiety for electron-transfer process in designing electroactive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Pariyar
- †Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Gonela Vijaykumar
- †Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Mrinal Bhunia
- †Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Suman Kr Dey
- †Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Santosh K Singh
- ‡Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sreekumar Kurungot
- ‡Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- †Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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23
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Cave RJ, Stanton JF. Block diagonalization of the equation-of-motion coupled cluster effective Hamiltonian: treatment of diabatic potential constants and triple excitations. J Chem Phys 2015; 140:214112. [PMID: 24907995 DOI: 10.1063/1.4880757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a diabatization method applicable to spectroscopic studies based on Equation-of-Motion Coupled Cluster (EOM-CC) energies and biorthogonal wavefunctions that uses the Block Diagonalization (BD) approaches of Cederbaum et al. [L. S. Cederbaum, J. Schirmer, and H. D. Meyer, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 22, 2427 (1989)] and Domcke et al. [W. Domcke and C. Woywod, Chem. Phys. Lett. 216, 362 (1993); W. Domcke, C. Woywod, and M. Stengle, Chem. Phys. Lett. 226, 257 (1994)]. The method gives excellent agreement with coupling constants calculated using the analytic gradient approach of Ichino et al. [T. Ichino, J. Gauss, and J. F. Stanton, J. Chem. Phys. 130, 174105 (2009)]. While the BD method is a finite difference approach, it can be applied at any geometry, can generate (pointwise) diabatic potential energy surfaces, and can be used with EOM wavefunctions that include triple (or higher) excitations. The method is applied to several model systems and its sensitivity to orbital choice, excitation space, and projection space is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Cave
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 241 Platt Blvd., Claremont, California 91711, USA
| | - John F Stanton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Ave., Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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24
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O’Connor GD, Woodhouse GV, Troy TP, Schmidt TW. Double-resonance spectroscopy of radicals: higher electronic excited states of 1- and 2-naphthylmethyl, 1-phenylpropargyl and 9-anthracenylmethyl. Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2015.1012127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Krechkivska O, Wilcox CM, Chan B, Jacob R, Liu Y, Nauta K, Kable SH, Radom L, Schmidt TW. H and D Attachment to Naphthalene: Spectra and Thermochemistry of Cold Gas-Phase 1-C10H9 and 1-C10H8D Radicals and Cations. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3225-32. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olha Krechkivska
- School
of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Callan M. Wilcox
- School
of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Bun Chan
- School
of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and
Biotechnology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Jacob
- School
of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and
Biotechnology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Yu Liu
- School
of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Klaas Nauta
- School
of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Scott H. Kable
- School
of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Leo Radom
- School
of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and
Biotechnology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Timothy W. Schmidt
- School
of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Troy TP, Tayebjee MJ, Nauta K, Kable SH, Schmidt TW. Atmospheric oxidation intermediates: Laser spectroscopy of resonance-stabilized radicals from p-cymene. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Krechkivska O, Wilcox C, O’Connor GD, Nauta K, Kable SH, Schmidt TW. Ionization Energies of Three Resonance-Stabilized Radicals: Cyclohexadienyl (dn, n = 0, 1, 6, 7), 1-Phenylpropargyl, and Methylcyclohexadienyl. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10252-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp508985s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olha Krechkivska
- School
of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Callan Wilcox
- School
of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Gerard D. O’Connor
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Klaas Nauta
- School
of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Scott H. Kable
- School
of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Timothy W. Schmidt
- School
of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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28
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Berger R, Giannakopoulos A, Ravat P, Wagner M, Beljonne D, Feng X, Müllen K. Synthese Stickstoff-dotierter Zickzackkanten: Dibenzo-9a-azaphenalen als molekularer Baustein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Berger R, Giannakopoulos A, Ravat P, Wagner M, Beljonne D, Feng X, Müllen K. Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped ZigZag-Edge Peripheries: Dibenzo-9a-azaphenalene as Repeating Unit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10520-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Kidwell NM, Mehta-Hurt DN, Korn JA, Sibert EL, Zwier TS. Ground and excited state infrared spectroscopy of jet-cooled radicals: Exploring the photophysics of trihydronaphthyl and inden-2-ylmethyl. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:214302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4879550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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31
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O'Connor GD, Bacskay GB, Woodhouse GVG, Troy TP, Nauta K, Schmidt TW. Excitation spectra of large jet-cooled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radicals: 9-anthracenylmethyl (C15H11) and 1-pyrenylmethyl (C17H11). J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:13899-907. [PMID: 24079545 DOI: 10.1021/jp4088833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The 9-anthracenylmethyl (C15H11) and 1-pyrenylmethyl (C17H11) radicals were identified by a combination of mass-resolved laser spectroscopy of a jet-cooled electrical discharge and quantum chemical methods. The 9-anthracenylmethyl radical was found to exhibit an origin band at 13757 cm(-1), with vibrational structure observed in a1 modes, and even quanta of b1 and a2 modes. The 1-pyrenylmethyl radical was found to exhibit an origin band at 13,417 cm(-1), with a more complex vibrational structure as compared to 9-anthracenylmethyl, on account of its lower symmetry and larger size. The origin bands of these species were predicted to within 250 cm(-1) by fitting a linear relationship between observed origin wavelengths of similar chromophores and the calculated TD-B3LYP transition energies. A refined fit including the title radicals provides estimated absorption energies for the larger 2-perylenylmethyl and 6-anthanthrenylmethyl species of 1.44 and 1.41 eV, respectively, with an estimated error of 30 meV.
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