1
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Kerr RWF, Craze AR, Williams CK. Cyclic ether and anhydride ring opening copolymerisation delivering new ABB sequences in poly(ester- alt-ethers). Chem Sci 2024; 15:11617-11625. [PMID: 39055022 PMCID: PMC11268503 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(ester-alt-ethers) are interesting as they combine the ester linkage rigidity and potential for hydrolysis with ether linkage flexibility. This work describes a generally applicable route to their synthesis applying commercial monomers and yielding poly(ester-alt-ethers) with variable compositions and structures. The ring-opening copolymerisation of anhydrides (A), epoxides (B) and cyclic ethers (C), using a Zr(iv) catalyst, produces either ABB or ABC type poly(ester-alt-ethers). The catalysis is effective using a range of commercial anhydrides (A), including those featuring aromatic, unsaturated or tricyclic monomers, and with different alkylene oxides (epoxides, B), including those featuring aliphatic, alkene or ether substituents. The range of effective cyclic ethers (C) includes tetrahydrofuran, 2,5-dihydrofuran (DHF) or 1,4-bicyclic ether (OBH). In these investigations, the catalyst:anhydride loadings are generally held constant and deliver copolymers with degrees of copolymerisation of 25, with molar mass values from 4 to 11 kg mol-1 and mostly with narrow dispersity molar mass distributions. All the new copolymers are amorphous, they show the onset of thermal decomposition between 270 and 344 °C and variable glass transition temperatures (-50 to 48 °C), depending on their compositions. Several of the new poly(ester-alt-ethers) feature alkene substituents which are reacted with mercaptoethanol, by thiol-ene processes, to install hydroxyl substituents along the copolymer chain. This strategy affords poly(ether-alt-esters) featuring 30, 70 and 100% hydroxyl substituents (defined as % of monomer repeat units featuring a hydroxyl group) which moderate physical properties such as hydrophilicity, as quantified by water contact angles. Overall, the new sequence selective copolymerisation catalysis is shown to be generally applicable to a range of anhydrides, epoxides and cyclic ethers to produce new families of poly(ester-alt-ethers). In future these copolymers should be explored for applications in liquid formulations, electrolytes, surfactants, plasticizers and as components in adhesives, coatings, elastomers and foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W F Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Alexander R Craze
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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2
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Rosetto G, Vidal F, McGuire TM, Kerr RWF, Williams CK. High Molar Mass Polycarbonates as Closed-Loop Recyclable Thermoplastics. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8381-8393. [PMID: 38484170 PMCID: PMC10979403 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Using carbon dioxide (CO2) to make recyclable thermoplastics could reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with polymer manufacturing. CO2/cyclic epoxide ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) allows for >30 wt % of the polycarbonate to derive from CO2; so far, the field has largely focused on oligocarbonates. In contrast, efficient catalysts for high molar mass polycarbonates are underinvestigated, and the resulting thermoplastic structure-property relationships, processing, and recycling need to be elucidated. This work describes a new organometallic Mg(II)Co(II) catalyst that combines high productivity, low loading tolerance, and the highest polymerization control to yield polycarbonates with number average molecular weight (Mn) values from 4 to 130 kg mol-1, with narrow, monomodal distributions. It is used in the ROCOP of CO2 with bicyclic epoxides to produce a series of samples, each with Mn > 100 kg mol-1, of poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC), poly(vinyl-cyclohexene carbonate) (PvCHC), poly(ethyl-cyclohexene carbonate) (PeCHC, by hydrogenation of PvCHC), and poly(cyclopentene carbonate) (PCPC). All these materials are amorphous thermoplastics, with high glass transition temperatures (85 < Tg < 126 °C, by differential scanning calorimetry) and high thermal stability (Td > 260 °C). The cyclic ring substituents mediate the materials' chain entanglements, viscosity, and glass transition temperatures. Specifically, PCPC was found to have 10× lower entanglement molecular weight (Me)n and 100× lower zero-shear viscosity compared to those of PCHC, showing potential as a future thermoplastic. All these high molecular weight polymers are fully recyclable, either by reprocessing or by using the Mg(II)Co(II) catalyst for highly selective depolymerizations to epoxides and CO2. PCPC shows the fastest depolymerization rates, achieving an activity of 2500 h-1 and >99% selectivity for cyclopentene oxide and CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas M. McGuire
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Ryan W. F. Kerr
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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3
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Smith M, McGuire TM, Buchard A, Williams CK. Evaluating Heterodinuclear Mg(II)M(II) (M = Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn) Catalysts for the Chemical Recycling of Poly(cyclohexene carbonate). ACS Catal 2023; 13:15770-15778. [PMID: 38125977 PMCID: PMC10728899 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Polymer chemical recycling to monomers (CRM) is important to help achieve a circular plastic economy, but the "rules" governing catalyst design for such processes remain unclear. Here, carbon dioxide-derived polycarbonates undergo CRM to produce epoxides and carbon dioxide. A series of dinuclear catalysts, Mg(II)M(II) where M(II) = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, are compared for poly(cyclohexene carbonate) depolymerizations. The recycling is conducted in the solid state, at 140 °C monitored using thermal gravimetric analyses, or performed at larger-scale using laboratory glassware. The most active catalysts are, in order of decreasing rate, Mg(II)Co(II), Mg(II)Ni(II), and Mg(II)Zn(II), with the highest activity reaching 8100 h-1 and with >99% selectivity for cyclohexene oxide. Both the activity and selectivity values are the highest yet reported in this field, and the catalysts operate at low loadings and moderate temperatures (from 1:300 to 1:5000, 140 °C). For the best heterodinuclear catalysts, the depolymerization kinetics and activation barriers are determined. The rates in both reverse depolymerization and forward CHO/CO2 polymerization catalysis show broadly similar trends, but the processes feature different intermediates; forward polymerization depends upon a metal-carbonate intermediate, while reverse depolymerization depends upon a metal-alkoxide intermediate. These dinuclear catalysts are attractive for the chemical recycling of carbon dioxide-derived plastics and should be prioritized for recycling of other oxygenated polymers and copolymers, including polyesters and polyethers. This work provides insights into the factors controlling depolymerization catalysis and steers future recycling catalyst design toward exploitation of lightweight and abundant s-block metals, such as Mg(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine
L. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Thomas M. McGuire
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Institute
for Sustainability, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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4
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Ni K, Dawe LN, Sarjeant AA, Kozak CM. Controlled synthesis of polycarbonate diols and their polylactide block copolymers using amino-bis(phenolate) chromium hydroxide complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17249-17257. [PMID: 37966801 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03168c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
A diamine-bis(phenolate) chromium(III) complex, CrOH[L] ([L] = dimethylaminoethylamino-N,N-bis(2-methylene-4,6-tert-butylphenolate)), 2, in the presence of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide effectively copolymerizes CO2 and cyclohexene oxide (CHO) into a polycarbonate diol. The resultant low molar mass (6.3 kg mol-1) diol is used to initiate ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) giving ABA-type block copolymers with good molar mass control through varying rac-LA-to-diol loadings and with narrow dispersities. As the degree of rac-LA incorporation increases, the glass transition temperatures (Tg) are found to decrease, whereas decomposition temperatures (Td) increase. (Diphenylphosphonimido)triphenylphosphorane (Ph2P(O)NPPh3) was used as a neutral nucleophilic cocatalyst with 2, giving phosphorus-containing polycarbonates with an Mn value of 28.5 kg mol-1, a dispersity of 1.13, a Tg value of 110 °C and a Td value of over 300 °C. A related Cr(III) complex (4) having a methoxyethyl pendent group rather than a dimethylaminoethyl group was structurally characterized as a hydroxide-bridged dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Louise N Dawe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Amy A Sarjeant
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Christopher M Kozak
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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5
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Kuang Q, Zhang R, Zhou Z, Liao C, Liu S, Chen X, Wang X. A Supported Catalyst that Enables the Synthesis of Colorless CO 2 -Polyols with Ultra-Low Molecular Weight. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305186. [PMID: 37157011 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-low molecular weight (ULMW) CO2 -polyols with well-defined hydroxyl end groups represent useful soft segments for the preparation of high-performance polyurethane foams. However, owing to the poor proton tolerance of catalysts towards CO2 /epoxide telomerization, it remains challenging to synthesize ULMW yet colorless CO2 -polyols. Herein, we propose an immobilization strategy of constructing supported catalysts by chemical anchoring of aluminum porphyrin on Merrifield resin. The resulting supported catalyst displays both extremely high proton tolerance (≈8000 times the equivalents of metal centers) and independence of cocatalyst, affording CO2 -polyols with ULMW (580 g mol-1 ) and high polymer selectivity (>99 %). Moreover, the ULMW CO2 -polyols with various architectures (tri-, quadra-, and hexa-arm) can be obtained, suggesting the wide proton universality of supported catalysts. Notably, benefiting from the heterogeneous nature of the supported catalyst, colorless products can be facilely achieved by simple filtration. The present strategy provides a platform for the synthesis of colorless ULMW polyols derived from not only CO2 /epoxides, but also lactone, anhydrides etc. or their combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxian Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Can Liao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shunjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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6
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Grimaldi I, Santulli F, Lamberti M, Mazzeo M. Chromium Complexes Supported by Salen-Type Ligands for the Synthesis of Polyesters, Polycarbonates, and Their Copolymers through Chemoselective Catalysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087642. [PMID: 37108806 PMCID: PMC10144741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salen, Salan, and Salalen chromium (III) chloride complexes have been investigated as catalysts for the ring-opening copolymerization reactions of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) with CO2 and of phthalic anhydride (PA) with limonene oxide (LO) or cyclohexene oxide (CHO). In the production of polycarbonates, the more flexible skeleton of salalen and salan ancillary ligands favors high activity. Differently, in the copolymerization of phthalic anhydride with the epoxides, the salen complex showed the best performance. Diblock polycarbonate-polyester copolymers were selectively obtained by one-pot procedures from mixtures of CO2, cyclohexene oxide, and phthalic anhydride with all complexes. In addition, all chromium complexes were revealed to be very active in the chemical depolymerization of polycyclohexene carbonate producing cyclohexene oxide with high selectivity, thus offering the opportunity to close the loop on the life of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Grimaldi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Federica Santulli
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Marina Lamberti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Mina Mazzeo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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7
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Castro-Ruiz A, Grefe L, Mejía E, Suman SG. Cobalt complexes with α-amino acid ligands catalyze the incorporation of CO 2 into cyclic carbonates. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:4186-4199. [PMID: 36892234 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03595b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Arguably one of the largest research areas involving carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation is the coupling of CO2 to epoxides to form cyclic carbonates and polycarbonates. In this sense, there is an ever-increasing demand for the development of higher-performing catalytic systems that could counterbalance sustainability and energy efficiency in the production of cyclic carbonates. The use of abundant first-row transition metals combined with naturally occurring amino acids may be an ideal catalytic platform to fulfill this demand. Nevertheless, detailed information on the interactions between metal centers and natural products as catalysts in this transformation is lacking. Here a series of Co(III) amino acid catalysts operating in a binary system showed outstanding performance for the coupling reaction of epoxides and CO2. Nine new complexes of the type trans(N)-[Co(aa)2(bipy)]Cl (aa: ala, asp, lys, met, phe, pro, ser, tyr, and val) were used to explore the structure-activity relationship influenced by the complex outer coordination sphere, and its effect on the catalytic activity in the coupling reaction of CO2 and epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Castro-Ruiz
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Lea Grefe
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Esteban Mejía
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sigridur G Suman
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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8
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Jung HJ, Nyamayaro K, Baalbaki HA, Goonesinghe C, Mehrkhodavandi P. Cooperative Initiation in a Dinuclear Indium Complex for CO 2 Epoxide Copolymerization. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1968-1977. [PMID: 36688644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dinuclear indium complexes have been synthesized and characterized. These include neutral and cationic indium complexes supported by a Schiff base ligand bearing a binaphthol linker. The new compounds were investigated for alternating copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide. In particular, the neutral indium chloride complex (±)-[(ONapNiN)InCl2]2 (4) showed high conversion of cyclohexene oxide and selectivity for poly(cyclohexene carbonate) formation without cocatalysts at 80 °C under various CO2 pressures (2-30 bar). Importantly, the reactivity of the dinuclear indium chloride complex 4 is drastically different from that of the mononuclear indium chloride complex (±)-(NNiOtBu)InCl2 (5), suggesting a cooperative initiation mechanism involving the two indium centers in 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Joon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kudzanai Nyamayaro
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hassan A Baalbaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chatura Goonesinghe
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Parisa Mehrkhodavandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, British Columbia, Canada
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9
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Qu R, Wei Z, Suo H, Gu Y, Wang X, Xin Z, Qin Y.
CO
2
‐based
amphiphilic block copolymers: Facile
one‐step
synthesis and aqueous
self‐assembly. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yantai University Yantai China
| | - Zhenyu Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yantai University Yantai China
| | - Hongyi Suo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yantai University Yantai China
| | - Yanan Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yantai University Yantai China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yantai University Yantai China
| | - Zhirong Xin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yantai University Yantai China
| | - Yusheng Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yantai University Yantai China
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10
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Wong KT, Brigljević B, Lee JH, Yoon SY, Jang SB, Choong CE, Nah I, Kim H, Roh HS, Kwak SK, Lim H, Jang M. Highly Exposed NH 2 Edge on Fragmented g-C 3 N 4 Framework with Integrated Molybdenum Atoms for Catalytic CO 2 Cycloaddition: DFT and Techno-Economic Assessment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2204336. [PMID: 36403243 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the applicability of single-atom Mo-doped graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) nanosheets which are specifically engineered with high surface area (exfoliated GCN), NH2 rich edges, and maximum utilization of isolated atomic Mo for propylene carbonate (PC) production through CO2 cycloaddition of propylene oxide (PO). Various operational parameters are optimized, for example, temperature (130 °C), pressure (20 bar), catalyst (Mo2 GCN), and catalyst mass (0.1 g). Under optimal conditions, 2% Mo-doped GCN (Mo2 GCN) has the highest catalytic performance, especially the turnover frequency (TOF) obtained, 36.4 h-1 is higher than most reported studies. DFT simulations prove the catalytic performance of Mo2 GCN significantly decreases the activation energy barrier for PO ring-opening from 50-60 to 4.903 kcal mol-1 . Coexistence of Lewis acid/base group improves the CO2 cycloaddition performance by the formation of coordination bond between electron-deficient Mo atom with O atom of PO, while NH2 surface group disrupts the stability of CO2 bond by donating electrons into its low-level empty orbital. Steady-state process simulation of the industrial-scale consumes 4.4 ton h-1 of CO2 with PC production of 10.2 ton h-1 . Techno-economic assessment profit from Mo2 GCN is estimated to be 60.39 million USD year-1 at a catalyst loss rate of 0.01 wt% h-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Tiek Wong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Boris Brigljević
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technolog, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Carbon Value Co., Ltd, 2801 A-dong, 97, Centum Jungang-ro, Haeundae-gu, Busan, 48058, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyeon Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technolog, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Yoon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Byum Jang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Choe Earn Choong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Inwook Nah
- Center for Energy Convergence, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongjun Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technolog, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seog Roh
- Department of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Yonsei University, Gangwon, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kwak
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technolog, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hankwon Lim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technolog, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
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11
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Laiwattanapaisarn N, Virachotikul A, Chumsaeng P, Jaenjai T, Phomphrai K. Ring-Opening Co- and Terpolymerization of Epoxides, Cyclic Anhydrides, and l-Lactide Using Constrained Aluminum Inden Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20616-20628. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nattiya Laiwattanapaisarn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan, Rayong21210, Thailand
| | - Arnut Virachotikul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan, Rayong21210, Thailand
| | - Phongnarin Chumsaeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan, Rayong21210, Thailand
| | - Tiphanan Jaenjai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan, Rayong21210, Thailand
| | - Khamphee Phomphrai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan, Rayong21210, Thailand
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12
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Xia Y, He S, Bao J, Hirao H, Yiu SM, Chan MCW. Cooperativity in Shape-Persistent Bis-(Zn-salphen) Catalysts for Efficient Cyclic Carbonate Synthesis under Mild Conditions. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19543-19551. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Xia
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shixiong He
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junhui Bao
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hajime Hirao
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, P.R. China
| | - Shek-Man Yiu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael C. W. Chan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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13
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Zhuo C, Cao H, Wang X, Liu S, Wang X. Polymeric aluminum porphyrin: Controllable synthesis of ultra-low molecular weight CO2-based polyols. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.108011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Wu YC, Fan HZ, Zhang W, Wang MY, Cai Z, Zhu JB. Biobased Bifunctional Monomers toward Functionalizable Polycarbonates and Poly(cyclic olefin)s with Tunable Properties. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chen Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Zhong Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Yuan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhongzheng Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Bo Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
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15
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Ren BH, Teng YQ, Wang SN, Wang S, Liu Y, Ren WM, Lu XB. Mechanistic Basis for the High Enantioselectivity and Activity in the Multichiral Bimetallic Complex-Mediated Enantioselective Copolymerization of meso-Epoxides. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Si-Nuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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16
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Diment WT, Lindeboom W, Fiorentini F, Deacy AC, Williams CK. Synergic Heterodinuclear Catalysts for the Ring-Opening Copolymerization (ROCOP) of Epoxides, Carbon Dioxide, and Anhydrides. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1997-2010. [PMID: 35863044 PMCID: PMC9350912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The development of sustainable
plastic materials is an essential
target of chemistry in the 21st century. Key objectives toward this
goal include utilizing sustainable monomers and the development of
polymers that can be chemically recycled/degraded. Polycarbonates
synthesized from the ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of epoxides
and CO2, and polyesters synthesized from the ROCOP of epoxides
and anhydrides, meet these criteria. Despite this, designing efficient
catalysts for these processes remains challenging. Typical issues
include the requirement for high catalyst loading; low catalytic activities
in comparison with other commercialized polymerizations; and the requirement
of costly, toxic cocatalysts. The development of efficient catalysts
for both types of ROCOP is highly desirable. This Account details
our work on the development of catalysts for these two related polymerizations
and, in particular, focuses on dinuclear complexes, which are typically
applied without any cocatalyst. We have developed mechanistic hypotheses
in tandem with our catalysts, and throughout the Account, we describe
the kinetic, computational, and structure–activity studies
that underpin the performance of these catalysts. Our initial research
on homodinuclear M(II)M(II) complexes for cyclohexene oxide (CHO)/CO2 ROCOP provided data to support a chain shuttling catalytic
mechanism, which implied different roles for the two metals in the
catalysis. This mechanistic hypothesis inspired the development of
mixed-metal, heterodinuclear catalysts. The first of this class of
catalysts was a heterodinuclear Zn(II)Mg(II) complex, which showed
higher rates than either of the homodinuclear [Zn(II)Zn(II) and Mg(II)Mg(II)]
analogues for CHO/CO2 ROCOP. Expanding on this finding,
we subsequently developed a Co(II)Mg(II) complex that showed field
leading rates for CHO/CO2 ROCOP and allowed for unique
insight into the role of the two metals in this complex, where it
was established that the Mg(II) center reduced transition state entropy
and the Co(II) center reduced transition state enthalpy. Following
these discoveries, we subsequently developed a range of heterodinuclear
M(III)M(I) catalysts that were capable of catalyzing a broad range
of copolymerizations, including the ring-opening copolymerization
of CHO/CO2, propylene oxide (PO)/CO2, and CHO/phthalic
anhydride (PA). Catalysts featuring Co(III)K(I) and Al(III)K(I) were
found to be exceptionally effective for PO/CO2 and CHO/PA
ROCOP, respectively. Such M(III)M(I) complexes operate through a dinuclear
metalate mechanism, where the M(III) binds and activates monomers
while the M(I) species binds the polymer change in close proximity
to allow for insertion into the activated monomer. Our research illustrates
how careful catalyst design can yield highly efficient systems and
how the development of mechanistic understanding aids this process.
Avenues of future research are also discussed, including the applicability
of these heterodinuclear catalysts in the synthesis of sustainable
materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred T Diment
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Wouter Lindeboom
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Fiorentini
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Arron C Deacy
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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17
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Zhuo C, Cao H, You H, Liu S, Wang X, Wang F. Two-in-One: Photothermal Ring-Opening Copolymerization of CO 2 and Epoxides. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:941-947. [PMID: 35815849 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A two-in-one strategy for the photothermal ring-opening copolymerization (PROCOP) of carbon dioxide (CO2) and epoxides was developed by using visible light as an external stimulus. This strategy bridges two processes involving light-to-heat conversion and the alternating copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides. As a proof-of-concept, aluminum porphyrin complexes were explored as photothermal catalysts to afford the copolymerization of CO2/epoxides under a 635 nm laser irradiation. We demonstrated photothermally enhanced polymerization activity, in which the polymerization initiated by the photothermal effect showed a much higher turnover frequency than in the thermal system. Moreover, the PROCOP demonstrated a spatial-temporal control by a light on/off switch. This study provides a fascinating photothermal strategy not only for the CO2/epoxides copolymerization but also for the ring-opening (co)polymerization of other cyclic monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Han Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Huai You
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shunjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Fosong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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18
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Della Monica F, Capacchione C. Recent Advancements in Metal‐Catalysts Design for CO2/Epoxide Reactions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Della Monica
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria: Universita degli Studi dell'Insubria Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita ITALY
| | - Carmine Capacchione
- Università degli Studi di Salerno Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "Adolfo Zambelli" via Giovanni Paolo II 84081 Fisciano SA ITALY
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19
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Singer FN, Deacy AC, McGuire TM, Williams CK, Buchard A. Chemical Recycling of Poly(Cyclohexene Carbonate) Using a Di-Mg II Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201785. [PMID: 35442558 PMCID: PMC9322669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of polymers to true monomers is pivotal for a circular plastics economy. Here, the first catalyzed chemical recycling of the widely investigated carbon dioxide derived polymer, poly(cyclohexene carbonate), to cyclohexene oxide and carbon dioxide is reported. The reaction requires dinuclear catalysis, with the di-MgII catalyst showing both high monomer selectivity (>98 %) and activity (TOF=150 h-1 , 0.33 mol %, 120 °C). The depolymerization occurs via a chain-end catalyzed depolymerization mechanism and DFT calculations indicate the high selectivity arises from Mg-alkoxide catalyzed epoxide extrusion being kinetically favorable compared to cyclic carbonate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances N Singer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Arron C Deacy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Thomas M McGuire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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20
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Singer FN, Deacy AC, McGuire TM, Williams CK, Buchard A. Chemical Recycling of Poly(Cyclohexene Carbonate) Using a Di‐Mg
II
Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances N. Singer
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Arron C. Deacy
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Thomas M. McGuire
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY UK
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21
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Li ZQ, Zhang YY, Zheng YJ, Li B, Wu GP. Insights into Thiourea-Based Bifunctional Catalysts for Efficient Conversion of CO2 to Cyclic Carbonates. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3145-3155. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Qun Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Yao-Yao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yu-Jia Zheng
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Guang-Peng Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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22
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Cao H, Zhang R, Zhou Z, Liu S, Tao Y, Wang F, Wang X. On-Demand Transformation of Carbon Dioxide into Polymers Enabled by a Comb-Shaped Metallic Oligomer Catalyst. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Shunjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Fosong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
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23
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Tsao WF, Liu GL, Su YC, Lin CC, Ko BT. Bimetallic Nickel Complexes Containing Benzotriazole-Derived Diamine-Bisphenolate Ligands as Highly Active Catalysts for the Copolymerization of Carbon Dioxide with Cyclohexene Oxide: Synthesis, Catalysis, and Kinetics. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Fang Tsao
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Lin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chieh Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Bao-Tsan Ko
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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24
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la Cruz-Martínez FD, Sarasa Buchaca MMD, Fernández-Baeza J, Sánchez-Barba LF, Rodríguez AM, Alonso-Moreno C, Castro-Osma JA, Lara-Sánchez A. Heteroscorpionate Rare-Earth Catalysts for the Low-Pressure Coupling Reaction of CO 2 and Cyclohexene Oxide. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe de la Cruz-Martínez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marc Martínez de Sarasa Buchaca
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Juan Fernández-Baeza
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Luis F. Sánchez-Barba
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Ana M. Rodríguez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Moreno
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Farmacia, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - José A. Castro-Osma
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Farmacia, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Agustín Lara-Sánchez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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25
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Maity R, Birenheide BS, Breher F, Sarkar B. Cooperative Effects in Multimetallic Complexes Applied in Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramananda Maity
- Department of Chemistry University of Calcutta 92, A. P. C. Road Kolkata 700009 India
| | - Bernhard S. Birenheide
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 D 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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26
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Gray SJ, Brown K, Lam FYT, Garden JA, Arnold PL. Dinuclear Ce(IV) Aryloxides: Highly Active Catalysts for Anhydride/Epoxide Ring-Opening Copolymerization. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Gray
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Karen Brown
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Francis Y. T. Lam
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Jennifer A. Garden
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Polly L. Arnold
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
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27
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Yang GW, Xu CK, Xie R, Zhang YY, Zhu XF, Wu GP. Pinwheel-Shaped Tetranuclear Organoboron Catalysts for Perfectly Alternating Copolymerization of CO 2 and Epichlorohydrin. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3455-3465. [PMID: 33591738 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The copolymerization of carbon dioxide (CO2) and epoxides to produce aliphatic polycarbonates is a burgeoning technology for the large-scale utilization of CO2 and degradable polymeric materials. Even with the wealth of advancements achieved over the past 50 years on this green technology, many challenges remain, including the use of metal-containing catalysts for polymerization, the removal of the chromatic metal residue after polymerization, and the limited practicable epoxides, especially for those containing electron-withdrawing groups. Herein, we provide kinds of pinwheel-shaped tetranuclear organoboron catalysts for epichlorohydrin/CO2 copolymerization with >99% polymer selectivity and quantitative CO2 uptake (>99% carbonate linkages) under mild conditions (25-40 °C, 25 bar of CO2). The produced poly(chloropropylene carbonate) has the highest molecular weight of 36.5 kg/mol and glass transition temperature of 45.4 °C reported to date. The energy difference (ΔEa = 60.7 kJ/mol) between the cyclic carbonate and polycarbonate sheds light on the robust performance of our metal-free catalyst. Control experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed a cyclically sequential copolymerization mechanism. The metal-free feature, high catalytic performance under mild conditions, and no trouble with chromaticity for the produced polymers imply that our catalysts are practical candidates to advance the CO2-based polycarbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Wen Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Kai Xu
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Xie
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Yao Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Peng Wu
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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28
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Su YC, Ko BT. Alternating Copolymerization of Carbon Dioxide with Epoxides Using Highly Active Dinuclear Nickel Complexes: Catalysis and Kinetics. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:852-865. [PMID: 33401910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of well-defined dicarboxylate dinuclear nickel complexes containing benzotriazole based 1,3-diamine-bisphenolate (1,3-DiBTP) ligands were readily synthesized through a one-pot procedure, which were highly active single-component catalysts for copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides. X-ray structural determination of dinickel complexes 1-11 indicates that the DiBTP ligand acted as a N,O,N,N,O,N-hexadentate framework to chelate two nickel atoms, and two carboxylates are nonequivalently coordinated. The best benzoate-bonded dinickel catalyst 6 displayed the effective activity for both high-pressure and 1 atm CO2-copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) in a controllable manner. Noteworthily, a high turnover frequency up to 9600 h-1 could be reached at 140 °C and a CO2 pressure of 20.7 bar utilizing a low catalyst loading of 0.01 mol %, and the same copolymerization conditions were capable of producing narrowly dispersed poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC) having >99% polycarbonate selectivity. In addition to CO2/CHO copolymerization, 4-vinyl-1,2-cyclohexene oxide or cyclopentene oxide was also applied to efficiently copolymerize CO2 under conditions of 80 °C and 20.7 bar initial CO2 pressure. Kinetic studies of CO2/CHO copolymerization catalyzed by 6 were investigated. Such polymerization revealed first-order dependence for both catalyst 6 and CHO concentrations, and the activation energy for PCHC generation by 6 is 57.69 kJ mol-1. A possible polymerization mechanism for CO2-copolymerization of CHO was proposed based on kinetics and structural studies of the obtained polycarbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chia Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Bao-Tsan Ko
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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29
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Paradiso V, Della Monica F, Lamparelli DH, D'Aniello S, Rieger B, Capacchione C. Dinuclear [OSSO]-Fe complexes for the reaction of CO 2 with epoxides. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00622c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and characterization of new dinuclear iron complexes for the coupling of CO2 with epoxides. A bimetallic cooperative reaction mechanism is proposed on the basis of kinetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Paradiso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis
| | - Francesco Della Monica
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
| | - David Hermann Lamparelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis
| | - Sara D'Aniello
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie
- Zentralinstitut für Katalyseforschung (CRC)
- Technische Universitat München
- 85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - Carmine Capacchione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis
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30
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Deacy AC, Durr CB, Kerr RWF, Williams CK. Heterodinuclear catalysts Zn(ii)/M and Mg(ii)/M, where M = Na(i), Ca(ii) or Cd(ii), for phthalic anhydride/cyclohexene oxide ring opening copolymerisation. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00238d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of heterodinuclear catalysts, coordinated by a Schiff base ligand, for ring opening copolymerisation of phthalic anhydride/cyclohexene oxide, highlight the best metal combinations for fast and selective catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arron C. Deacy
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Oxford OX1 3TA
- UK
| | | | - Ryan W. F. Kerr
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Oxford OX1 3TA
- UK
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31
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Rehman A, Saleem F, Javed F, Qutab H, Eze VC, Harvey A. Kinetic study for styrene carbonate synthesis via CO2 cycloaddition to styrene oxide using silica-supported pyrrolidinopyridinium iodide catalyst. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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32
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Deacy A, Moreby E, Phanopoulos A, Williams CK. Co(III)/Alkali-Metal(I) Heterodinuclear Catalysts for the Ring-Opening Copolymerization of CO 2 and Propylene Oxide. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19150-19160. [PMID: 33108736 PMCID: PMC7662907 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ring-opening copolymerization of carbon dioxide and propene oxide is a useful means to valorize waste into commercially attractive poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) polyols. The reaction is limited by low catalytic activities, poor tolerance to a large excess of chain transfer agent, and tendency to form byproducts. Here, a series of new catalysts are reported that comprise heterodinuclear Co(III)/M(I) macrocyclic complexes (where M(I) = Group 1 metal). These catalysts show highly efficient production of PPC polyols, outstanding yields (turnover numbers), quantitative carbon dioxide uptake (>99%), and high selectivity for polyol formation (>95%). The most active, a Co(III)/K(I) complex, shows a turnover frequency of 800 h-1 at low catalyst loading (0.025 mol %, 70 °C, 30 bar CO2). The copolymerizations are well controlled and produce hydroxyl telechelic PPC with predictable molar masses and narrow dispersity (Đ < 1.15). The polymerization kinetics show a second order rate law, first order in both propylene oxide and catalyst concentrations, and zeroth order in CO2 pressure. An Eyring analysis, examining the effect of temperature on the propagation rate coefficient (kp), reveals the transition state barrier for polycarbonate formation: ΔG‡ = +92.6 ± 2.5 kJ mol-1. The Co(III)/K(I) catalyst is also highly active and selective in copolymerizations of other epoxides with carbon dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arron
C. Deacy
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Emma Moreby
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Andreas Phanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
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33
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Liu Y, Yu Y, Bao Y, Lu X. Kinetic Study and Nonlinear Phenomenon during the Copolymerization of CO
2
with
meso
‐Epoxides Catalyzed by Various Bimetallic Co
III
Complexes. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Yan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Yuan‐Ye Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Xiao‐Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
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34
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Veronese L, Brivio M, Biagini P, Po R, Tritto I, Losio S, Boggioni L. Effect of Quaternary Phosphonium Salts as Cocatalysts on Epoxide/CO2 Copolymerization Catalyzed by salen-Type Cr(III) Complexes. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Veronese
- CNR-SCITEC, Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “G. Natta”, via A. Corti 12, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Brivio
- CNR-SCITEC, Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “G. Natta”, via A. Corti 12, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Biagini
- Research Center for Renewable Energy & Enviromental Istituto Guido Donegani, Eni S.p.A., via Fauser 4, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Po
- Decarbonization & Enviromental R&D Research & Technological Innovation Istituto Guido Donegani, Eni S.p.A., via Fauser 4, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Incoronata Tritto
- CNR-SCITEC, Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “G. Natta”, via A. Corti 12, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Losio
- CNR-SCITEC, Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “G. Natta”, via A. Corti 12, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Boggioni
- CNR-SCITEC, Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “G. Natta”, via A. Corti 12, 20133, Milano, Italy
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35
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Yang GW, Zhang YY, Xie R, Wu GP. Scalable Bifunctional Organoboron Catalysts for Copolymerization of CO2 and Epoxides with Unprecedented Efficiency. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12245-12255. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Wen Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yao-Yao Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Rui Xie
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guang-Peng Wu
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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36
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Design and structure of catalysts: syntheses of carbon dioxide-based copolymers with cyclic anhydrides and/or cyclic esters. Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-0374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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37
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Catalysis and kinetics for alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide with epoxides using dinuclear nickel catalysts of pyrazolyl based diamine-bisphenolate ligands. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Plommer H, Stein L, Murphy JN, Ikpo N, Mora-Diez N, Kerton FM. Copolymerization of CHO/CO 2 catalyzed by a series of aluminum amino-phenolate complexes and insights into structure-activity relationships. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:6884-6895. [PMID: 32368772 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Two series of monometallic aluminum complexes were prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography: Al[L]X, where [L] = dimethylaminoethylamino-N,N-bis(2-methylene-4,6-tert-butylphenolate) and X = Cl, OEt, and Al[L]2Cl, where [L] = 6-{[(2R,6R)-2,6-dimethyl-4-morpholino]methylene}-2,4-bis(tert-butyl)phenolate or 6-(piperidinomethylene)-2-(tert-butyl)-4-(methyl)phenolate. All the complexes, including the previously reported morpholinyl complex Al[L]Cl, where [L] = 4-(2-aminoethyl)morpholinylamino-N,N-bis(2-methylene-4,6-tert-butylphenolate), were tested as catalysts for copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide and CO2 in the presence and absence of PPNCl. When coupled with 1 equiv. PPNCl, the complexes exhibit similar activities and the best selectivity for poly(cyclohexenecarbonate) vs. the cyclic product, cyclohexene carbonate, was obtained with the morpholinyl complex (ca. 90%) whereas significantly lower selectivities (<1-63%) were obtained with the other complexes. Preliminary DFT calculations investigating this difference in selectivity were carried out by analyzing the aluminum partial atomic charges in the Al-carbonate intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hart Plommer
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X7, Canada.
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39
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Deng J, Ratanasak M, Sako Y, Tokuda H, Maeda C, Hasegawa JY, Nozaki K, Ema T. Aluminum porphyrins with quaternary ammonium halides as catalysts for copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide and CO 2: metal-ligand cooperative catalysis. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5669-5675. [PMID: 32864082 PMCID: PMC7425082 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01609h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifunctional Al porphyrins worked as excellent catalysts for the copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and CO2.
Bifunctional AlIII porphyrins with quaternary ammonium halides, 2-Cl and 2-Br, worked as excellent catalysts for the copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and CO2 at 120 °C. Turnover frequency (TOF) and turnover number (TON) reached 10 000 h–1 and 55 000, respectively, and poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC) with molecular weight of up to 281 000 was obtained with a catalyst loading of 0.001 mol%. In contrast, bifunctional MgII and ZnII counterparts, 3-Cl and 4-Cl, as well as a binary catalyst system, 1-Cl with bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium chloride (PPNCl), showed poor catalytic performances. Kinetic studies revealed that the reaction rate was first-order in [CHO] and [2-Br] and zero-order in [CO2], and the activation parameters were determined: ΔH‡ = 12.4 kcal mol–1, ΔS‡ = –26.1 cal mol–1 K–1, and ΔG‡ = 21.6 kcal mol–1 at 80 °C. Comparative DFT calculations on two model catalysts, AlIII complex 2′ and MgII complex 3′, allowed us to extract key factors in the catalytic behavior of the bifunctional AlIII catalyst. The high polymerization activity and carbonate-linkage selectivity originate from the cooperative actions of the metal center and the quaternary ammonium cation, both of which facilitate the epoxide-ring opening by the carbonate anion to form the carbonate linkage in the key transition state such as TS3b (ΔH‡ = 13.3 kcal mol–1, ΔS‡ = –3.1 cal mol–1 K–1, and ΔG‡ = 14.4 kcal mol–1 at 80 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology , Graduate School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan .
| | - Manussada Ratanasak
- Institute for Catalysis , Hokkaido University , Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo , Hokkaido 001-0021 , Japan .
| | - Yuma Sako
- Division of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , Tsushima , Okayama 700-8530 , Japan .
| | - Hideki Tokuda
- Division of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , Tsushima , Okayama 700-8530 , Japan .
| | - Chihiro Maeda
- Division of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , Tsushima , Okayama 700-8530 , Japan .
| | - Jun-Ya Hasegawa
- Institute for Catalysis , Hokkaido University , Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo , Hokkaido 001-0021 , Japan .
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology , Graduate School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan .
| | - Tadashi Ema
- Division of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , Tsushima , Okayama 700-8530 , Japan .
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40
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Gregory GL, Sulley GS, Carrodeguas LP, Chen TTD, Santmarti A, Terrill NJ, Lee KY, Williams CK. Triblock polyester thermoplastic elastomers with semi-aromatic polymer end blocks by ring-opening copolymerization. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6567-6581. [PMID: 34094122 PMCID: PMC8159401 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00463d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic elastomers benefit from high elasticity and straightforward (re)processability; they are widely used across a multitude of sectors. Currently, the majority derive from oil, do not degrade or undergo chemical recycling. Here a new series of ABA triblock polyesters are synthesized and show high-performances as degradable thermoplastic elastomers; their composition is poly(cyclohexene-alt-phthalate)-b-poly(ε-decalactone)-b-poly(cyclohexene-alt-phthalate) {PE-PDL-PE}. The synthesis is accomplished using a zinc(ii)/magnesium(ii) catalyst, in a one-pot procedure where ε-decalactone ring-opening polymerization yielding dihydroxyl telechelic poly(ε-decalatone) (PDL, soft-block) occurs first and, then, addition of phthalic anhydride/cyclohexene oxide ring-opening copolymerization delivers semi-aromatic polyester (PE, hard-block) end-blocks. The block compositions are straightforward to control, from the initial monomer stoichiometry, and conversions are high (85-98%). Two series of polyesters are prepared: (1) TBPE-1 to TBPE-5 feature an equivalent hard-block volume fraction (f hard = 0.4) and variable molar masses 40-100 kg mol-1; (2) TBPE-5 to TBPE-9 feature equivalent molar masses (∼100 kg mol-1) and variable hard-block volume fractions (0.12 < f hard < 0.4). Polymers are characterized using spectroscopies, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). They are amorphous, with two glass transition temperatures (∼-51 °C for PDL; +138 °C for PE), and block phase separation is confirmed using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Tensile mechanical performances reveal thermoplastic elastomers (f hard < 0.4 and N > 1300) with linear stress-strain relationships, high ultimate tensile strengths (σ b = 1-5 MPa), very high elongations at break (ε b = 1000-1900%) and excellent elastic recoveries (98%). There is a wide operating temperature range (-51 to +138 °C), an operable processing temperature range (+100 to +200 °C) and excellent thermal stability (T d,5% ∼ 300 °C). The polymers are stable in aqueous environments, at room temperature, but are hydrolyzed upon gentle heating (60 °C) and treatment with an organic acid (para-toluene sulfonic acid) or a common lipase (Novozyme® 51032). The new block polyesters show significant potential as sustainable thermoplastic elastomers with better properties than well-known styrenic block copolymers or polylactide-derived elastomers. The straightforward synthesis allows for other commercially available and/or bio-derived lactones, epoxides and anhydrides to be developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina L Gregory
- Oxford Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Gregory S Sulley
- Oxford Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | | | - Thomas T D Chen
- Oxford Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Alba Santmarti
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot Harwell OX11 0DE UK
| | - Koon-Yang Lee
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Oxford Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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42
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Understanding metal synergy in heterodinuclear catalysts for the copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides. Nat Chem 2020; 12:372-380. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Cozzolino M, Melchionno F, Santulli F, Mazzeo M, Lamberti M. Aldimine‐Thioether‐Phenolate Based Mono‐ and Bimetallic Zinc Complexes as Catalysts for the Reaction of CO
2
with Cyclohexene Oxide. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Cozzolino
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “Adolfo Zambell” University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano SA Italy
| | - Flavia Melchionno
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “Adolfo Zambell” University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano SA Italy
| | - Federica Santulli
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “Adolfo Zambell” University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano SA Italy
| | - Mina Mazzeo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “Adolfo Zambell” University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano SA Italy
| | - Marina Lamberti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “Adolfo Zambell” University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano SA Italy
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44
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Sulley G, Gregory GL, Chen TTD, Peña Carrodeguas L, Trott G, Santmarti A, Lee KY, Terrill NJ, Williams CK. Switchable Catalysis Improves the Properties of CO 2-Derived Polymers: Poly(cyclohexene carbonate- b-ε-decalactone- b-cyclohexene carbonate) Adhesives, Elastomers, and Toughened Plastics. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4367-4378. [PMID: 32078313 PMCID: PMC7146851 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide/epoxide copolymerization is an efficient way to add value to waste CO2 and to reduce pollution in polymer manufacturing. Using this process to make low molar mass polycarbonate polyols is a commercially relevant route to new thermosets and polyurethanes. In contrast, high molar mass polycarbonates, produced from CO2, generally under-deliver in terms of properties, and one of the most widely investigated, poly(cyclohexene carbonate), is limited by its low elongation at break and high brittleness. Here, a new catalytic polymerization process is reported that selectively and efficiently yields degradable ABA-block polymers, incorporating 6-23 wt % CO2. The polymers are synthesized using a new, highly active organometallic heterodinuclear Zn(II)/Mg(II) catalyst applied in a one-pot procedure together with biobased ε-decalactone, cyclohexene oxide, and carbon dioxide to make a series of poly(cyclohexene carbonate-b-decalactone-b-cyclohexene carbonate) [PCHC-PDL-PCHC]. The process is highly selective (CO2 selectivity >99% of theoretical value), allows for high monomer conversions (>90%), and yields polymers with predictable compositions, molar mass (from 38-71 kg mol-1), and forms dihydroxyl telechelic chains. These new materials improve upon the properties of poly(cyclohexene carbonate) and, specifically, they show good thermal stability (Td,5 ∼ 280 °C), high toughness (112 MJ m-3), and very high elongation at break (>900%). Materials properties are improved by precisely controlling both the quantity and location of carbon dioxide in the polymer chain. Preliminary studies show that polymers are stable in aqueous environments at room temperature over months, but they are rapidly degraded upon gentle heating in an acidic environment (60 °C, toluene, p-toluene sulfonic acid). The process is likely generally applicable to many other lactones, lactides, anhydrides, epoxides, and heterocumulenes and sets the scene for a host of new applications for CO2-derived polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory
S. Sulley
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Georgina L. Gregory
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Thomas T. D. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Leticia Peña Carrodeguas
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Gemma Trott
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Alba Santmarti
- Department
of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Koon-Yang Lee
- Department
of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Nicholas J. Terrill
- Beamline
I22, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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Huang J, Worch JC, Dove AP, Coulembier O. Update and Challenges in Carbon Dioxide-Based Polycarbonate Synthesis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:469-487. [PMID: 31769174 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of carbon dioxide as a comonomer to produce polycarbonates has attracted a great deal of attention from both industrial and academic communities because it promises to replace petroleum-derived plastics and supports a sustainable environment. Significant progress in the copolymerization of cyclic ethers (e.g., epoxide, oxetane) and carbon dioxide has been made in recent decades, owing to the rapid development of catalysts. In this Review, the focus is to summarize and discuss recent advances in the development of homogeneous catalysts, including metal- and organo-based complexes, as well as the preparation of carbon dioxide-based block copolymer and functional polycarbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000, Mons, Belgium
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joshua C Worch
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew P Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000, Mons, Belgium
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Gołowicz D, Kasprzak P, Orekhov V, Kazimierczuk K. Fast time-resolved NMR with non-uniform sampling. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 116:40-55. [PMID: 32130958 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is a versatile tool for studying time-dependent processes: chemical reactions, phase transitions or macromolecular structure changes. However, time-resolved NMR is usually based on the simplest among available techniques - one-dimensional spectra serving as "snapshots" of the studied process. One of the reasons is that multidimensional experiments are very time-expensive due to costly sampling of evolution time space. In this review we summarize efforts to alleviate the problem of limited applicability of multidimensional NMR in time-resolved studies. We focus on techniques based on sparse or non-uniform sampling (NUS), which lead to experimental time reduction by omitting a significant part of the data during measurement and reconstructing it mathematically, adopting certain assumptions about the spectrum. NUS spectra are faster to acquire than conventional ones and thus better suited to the role of "snapshots", but still suffer from non-stationarity of the signal i.e. amplitude and frequency variations within a dataset. We discuss in detail how these instabilities affect the spectra, and what are the optimal ways of sampling the non-stationary FID signal. Finally, we discuss related areas of NMR where serial experiments are exploited and how they can benefit from the same NUS-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Gołowicz
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, Warsaw 02-097, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland.
| | - Paweł Kasprzak
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, Warsaw 02-097, Poland; Department of Mathematical Methods in Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Vladislav Orekhov
- Department of Chemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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47
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Della Monica F, Kleij AW. Mechanistic guidelines in nonreductive conversion of CO2: the case of cyclic carbonates. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00544d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This perspective provides general mechanistic guidelines for the catalytic formation of cyclic organic carbonates from CO2 and cyclic ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Della Monica
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- The Barcelona Institute for Science & Technology (BIST)
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Arjan W. Kleij
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- The Barcelona Institute for Science & Technology (BIST)
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)
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48
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Topić E, Landripet I, Duguin M, Pisk J, Đilović I, Vrdoljak V, Rubčić M. Coordinating and supramolecular prospects of unsymmetrically substituted carbohydrazides. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03106b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrically substituted carbohydrazides serve as multifunctional ligands, practicing their chelating and supramolecular roles with cis-dioxomolybdenum(vi) cationic core and the Lindqvist anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edi Topić
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Ivana Landripet
- Ruđer Bošković Institute
- Division of Materials Chemistry
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Maëlle Duguin
- INP-ENSIACET
- 31030 Toulouse
- France
- Sleever Technologies
- ZA Gabor
| | - Jana Pisk
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Ivica Đilović
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Višnja Vrdoljak
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Mirta Rubčić
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
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Su YC, Tsui CH, Tsai CY, Ko BT. Highly active bimetallic nickel catalysts for alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide with epoxides. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00174k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Catalyst 1 was reported for the first time to be effective for nickel-catalyzed CO2/CHO copolymerization at 1 atm CO2 pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chia Su
- Department of Chemistry
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402
- Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Tsui
- Department of Chemistry
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402
- Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yen Tsai
- Department of Chemistry
- Chinese Culture University
- Taipei 111
- Taiwan
| | - Bao-Tsan Ko
- Department of Chemistry
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402
- Taiwan
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50
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Topić E, Pisk J, Agustin D, Jendrlin M, Cvijanović D, Vrdoljak V, Rubčić M. Discrete and polymeric ensembles based on dinuclear molybdenum( vi) building blocks with adaptive carbohydrazide ligands: from the design to catalytic epoxidation. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01045f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Discrete and polymeric ensembles based on dimolybdenum(vi) units with adaptive carbohydrazide ligands are described. The polymeric complexes are efficient catalysts for cyclooctene epoxidation under eco-friendly conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edi Topić
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Croatia
| | - Jana Pisk
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Croatia
| | | | - Martin Jendrlin
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Croatia
| | - Danijela Cvijanović
- University of Zagreb
- School of Medicine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Croatia
| | - Višnja Vrdoljak
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Croatia
| | - Mirta Rubčić
- University of Zagreb
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Croatia
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