1
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Zhang Y, Guo J, VanNatta P, Jiang Y, Phipps J, Roknuzzaman R, Rabaâ H, Tan K, AlShahrani T, Ma S. Metal-Free Heterogeneous Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Olefins Promoted by Chiral Frustrated Lewis Pair Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:979-987. [PMID: 38117691 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of metal-free and recyclable catalysts for significant yet challenging transformations of naturally abundant feedstocks has long been sought after. In this work, we contribute a general strategy of combining the rationally designed crystalline covalent organic framework (COF) with a newly developed chiral frustrated Lewis pair (CFLP) to afford chiral frustrated Lewis pair framework (CFLPF), which can efficiently promote the asymmetric olefin hydrogenation in a heterogeneous manner, outperforming the homogeneous CFLP counterpart. Notably, the metal-free CFLPF exhibits superior activity/enantioselectivity in addition to excellent stability/recyclability. A series of in situ spectroscopic studies, kinetic isotope effect measurements, and density-functional theory computational calculations were also performed to gain an insightful understanding of the superior asymmetric hydrogenation catalysis performances of CFLPF. Our work not only increases the versatility of catalysts for asymmetric catalysis but also broadens the reactivity of porous organic materials with the addition of frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry, thereby suggesting a new approach for practical and substantial transformations through the advancement of novel catalysts from both concept and design perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1508 W Mulberry St, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Peter VanNatta
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1508 W Mulberry St, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Yao Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Joshua Phipps
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1508 W Mulberry St, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Roknuzzaman Roknuzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1508 W Mulberry St, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Hassan Rabaâ
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1508 W Mulberry St, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Ibn Tofail University, ESCTM, Kenitra 14000, Morocco
| | - Kui Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1508 W Mulberry St, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Thamraa AlShahrani
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shengqian Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1508 W Mulberry St, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
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2
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Hansen PE. Isotope Effects on Chemical Shifts in the Study of Hydrogen Bonds in Small Molecules. Molecules 2022; 27:2405. [PMID: 35458603 PMCID: PMC9026942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is giving a short introduction to the techniques used to investigate isotope effects on NMR chemical shifts. The review is discussing how isotope effects on chemical shifts can be used to elucidate the importance of either intra- or intermolecular hydrogen bonding in ionic liquids, of ammonium ions in a confined space, how isotope effects can help define dimers, trimers, etc., how isotope effects can lead to structural parameters such as distances and give information about ion pairing. Tautomerism is by advantage investigated by isotope effects on chemical shifts both in symmetric and asymmetric systems. The relationship between hydrogen bond energies and two-bond deuterium isotope effects on chemical shifts is described. Finally, theoretical calculations to obtain isotope effects on chemical shifts are looked into.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poul Erik Hansen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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3
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Bogdanova EV, Stogniy MY, Suponitsky KY, Sivaev IB, Bregadze VI. Synthesis of Boronated Amidines by Addition of Amines to Nitrilium Derivative of Cobalt Bis(Dicarbollide). Molecules 2021; 26:6544. [PMID: 34770953 PMCID: PMC8588172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel cobalt bis(dicarbollide) based amidines were synthesized by the nucleophilic addition of primary and secondary amines to highly activated B-N+≡C-R triple bond of the propionitrilium derivative [8-EtC≡N-3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)(1',2'-C2B9H11)]. The reactions with primary amines result in the formation of mixtures of E and Z isomers of amidines, whereas the reactions with secondary amines lead selectively to the E-isomers. The crystal molecular structures of E-[8-EtC(NMe2)=HN-3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)(1',2'-C2B9H11)], E-[8-EtC(NEt2)=HN-3,3'-Co(1,2- C2B9H10)(1',2'-C2B9H11)] and E-[8-EtC(NC5H10)=HN-3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)(1',2'-C2B9H11)] were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V. Bogdanova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.B.); (K.Y.S.); (I.B.S.); (V.I.B.)
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Av., 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Yu. Stogniy
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.B.); (K.Y.S.); (I.B.S.); (V.I.B.)
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Av., 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kyrill Yu. Suponitsky
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.B.); (K.Y.S.); (I.B.S.); (V.I.B.)
- Basic Department of Chemistry of Innovative Materials and Technologies, G.V. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyannyi Line, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor B. Sivaev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.B.); (K.Y.S.); (I.B.S.); (V.I.B.)
| | - Vladimir I. Bregadze
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.B.); (K.Y.S.); (I.B.S.); (V.I.B.)
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4
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Nelyubin AV, Klyukin IN, Novikov AS, Zhdanov AP, Grigoriev MS, Zhizhin KY, Kuznetsov NT. Nucleophilic addition of amino acid esters to nitrilium derivatives of closo-decaborate anion. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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5
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Hamza A, Sorochkina K, Kótai B, Chernichenko K, Berta D, Bolte M, Nieger M, Repo T, Pápai I. Origin of Stereoselectivity in FLP-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Imines. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hamza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristina Sorochkina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bianka Kótai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Konstantin Chernichenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dénes Berta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Imre Pápai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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6
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Chen C, Daniliuc CG, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Kehr G, Erker G. A BH Borenium-Derived Thioxoborane, Its Persulfide, and Their Li +-Induced Reactions with Alkynes and with Carbon Dioxide. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19763-19771. [PMID: 33166151 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insertion of sulfur into the B-H bond of the BH borenium salt [IMes(C6F5)BH]+ followed by deprotonation gave the thioxoborane IMes(C6F5)B═S. Subsequent treatment with additional sulfur gave the corresponding boron persulfide, a NHC-stabilized boradithiirane. The B═S compound reacted with carbon dioxide in the presence of the lithium salt Li[B(C6F5)4] by formal [2+2] cycloaddition to give a boron thiocarbonate-type product. The boron persulfide formally inserted phenyl acetylene into the B-S bond in the presence of Li[B(C6F5)4] to give the respective five-membered heterocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohuang Chen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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7
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Bogdanova EV, Stogniy MY, Chekulaeva LA, Anisimov AA, Suponitsky KY, Sivaev IB, Grin MA, Mironov AF, Bregadze VI. Synthesis and reactivity of propionitrilium derivatives of cobalt and iron bis(dicarbollides). NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The nucleophilic addition of alcohols and thiols to 8-propionitrilium derivatives of cobalt and iron bis(dicarbollides) gives the corresponding imidates and thioimidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V. Bogdanova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology
| | - Marina Yu. Stogniy
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology
| | - Lyubov A. Chekulaeva
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Aleksei A. Anisimov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- D.I. Mendeleev Russian Chemical Technological University
| | - Kyrill Yu. Suponitsky
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
| | - Igor B. Sivaev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- G.V. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
| | - Mikhail A. Grin
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology
- MIREA - Russian Technological University
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Andrey F. Mironov
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology
- MIREA - Russian Technological University
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Vladimir I. Bregadze
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
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8
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Dong S, Daniliuc CG, Kehr G, Erker G. Formation of Active Cyclic Five-membered Frustrated Phosphane/Borane Lewis Pairs and their Cycloaddition Reactions. Chemistry 2019; 26:745-753. [PMID: 31660668 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic five-membered frustrated phosphane/borane Lewis pairs 11 a, b featuring the bulky octaethylhydrindacenyl- (Eind) substituent or its mono-bromo derivative (Br Eind) at phosphorus are monomeric at room temperature. The reactive frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) cleave dihydrogen. The cyclic FLP 11 b (Br Eind) undergoes 1,2-P/B addition to ethylene to give the zwitterionic heteronorbornane derivative 14 b. It reacts similarly with the carbon-carbon double bond of norbornene. With a variety of organic π-reagents, the cyclic FLP 11 b often undergoes reaction sequences reminiscent of the Alder-Rickert reaction: the cycloaddition reaction is followed by rapid cycloreversion to form new five-membered heterocyclic FLP products with extrusion of ethene. Reactions of 11 b with benzaldehyde or with acetylenes follow this reaction pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunxi Dong
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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9
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LaFortune JHW, Trofimova A, Cummings H, Westcott SA, Stephan DW. Phosphinoboration of Diazobenzene: Intramolecular FLP Synthon for PN
2
B‐Derived Heterocycles. Chemistry 2019; 25:12521-12525. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James H. W. LaFortune
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Alina Trofimova
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Haley Cummings
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Stephen A. Westcott
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMount Alison University Sackville New Brunswick E4L 1G8 Canada
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
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10
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Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Domingo LR, Rojas RS, Toro-Labbé A, Pérez P. A molecular electron density theory study of the insertion of CO into frustrated Lewis pair boron-amidines: a [4 + 1] cycloaddition reaction. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9214-9224. [PMID: 31157816 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01489f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The insertion of CO into hydrogenated boron-amidine 1 yielding five-membered diazaborolone (5DAB) 3 has been studied within the molecular electron density theory (MEDT) at the DFT ωB97X-D/6-311G(d,p) level. This is a domino process comprised of two consecutive reactions: (i) the dehydrogenation of 1 yielding the frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) boron-amidine 4, which quickly equilibrates with four-membered diazaborolone (4DAB) 2; and (ii) the addition of CO into FLP 4, yielding the final 5DAB 3. Analysis of the Gibbs free energies indicates that the extrusion of H2 demands a high ΔG≠ of 28.6 kcal·mol-1, being endergonic by 6.7 kcal·mol-1. The subsequent addition of CO into FLP 4 presents a low ΔG≠ of 15.0 kcal·mol-1; formation of 5DAB 3 being exergonic by -5.7 kcal·mol-1 from hydrogenated boron-amidine 1. An analysis of the bonding changes along the insertion of CO in a smaller FLP model indicates that this reaction can be considered a [4 + 1] cycloaddition reaction taking place via a five-membered pseudocyclic transition state associated with a two-stage one-step mechanism. Analysis of the conceptual DFT reactivity indices suggests that the initial attack of CO on FLP 4 is an acid/base process in which the carbenoid carbonyl character allows CO to participate as a Lewis base, rather than a nucleophilic/electrophilic interaction. The results arising from the analysis of the Parr functions, however, coincide with this behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Universidad de Valencia, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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11
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Revisiting the reduction of indoles by hydroboranes: A combined experimental and computational study. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Zhivonitko VV, Bresien J, Schulz A, Koptyug IV. Parahydrogen-induced polarization with a metal-free P-P biradicaloid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:5890-5893. [PMID: 30694276 PMCID: PMC6430094 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07625a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal-free H2 activations are unusual but interesting for catalytic transformations, particularly in parahydrogen-based nuclear spin hyperpolarization techniques. We demonstrate that metal-free singlet phosphorus biradicaloid, [P(μ-NTer)]2, provides pronounced 1H and 31P hyperpolarization while activating the parahydrogen molecules. A brief analysis of the resulting NMR signals and the important kinetic parameters are presented.
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13
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Li J, Daniliuc CG, Kehr G, Erker G. Selective formation of heterocyclic trans-cycloalkenes by alkyne addition to a biphenylene-based phosphane/borane frustrated Lewis pair. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6344-6347. [PMID: 29863728 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03369b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A biphenylene based P/B FLP reacts with 1-alkynes through trans-1,2-addition to give heterocyclic E-cycloalkene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstr. 40
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstr. 40
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstr. 40
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstr. 40
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
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14
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Skara G, De Vleeschouwer F, Geerlings P, De Proft F, Pinter B. Heterolytic Splitting of Molecular Hydrogen by Frustrated and Classical Lewis Pairs: A Unified Reactivity Concept. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16024. [PMID: 29167477 PMCID: PMC5700139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a set of state-of-the-art quantum chemical techniques we scrutinized the characteristically different reactivity of frustrated and classical Lewis pairs towards molecular hydrogen. The mechanisms and reaction profiles computed for the H2 splitting reaction of various Lewis pairs are in good agreement with the experimentally observed feasibility of H2 activation. More importantly, the analysis of activation parameters unambiguously revealed the existence of two reaction pathways through a low-energy and a high-energy transition state. An exhaustive scrutiny of these transition states, including their stability, geometry and electronic structure, reflects that the electronic rearrangement in low-energy transition states is fundamentally different from that of high-energy transition states. Our findings reveal that the widespread consensus mechanism of H2 splitting characterizes activation processes corresponding to high-energy transition states and, accordingly, is not operative for H2-activating systems. One of the criteria of H2-activation, actually, is the availability of a low-energy transition state that represents a different H2 splitting mechanism, in which the electrostatic field generated in the cavity of Lewis pair plays a critical role: to induce a strong polarization of H2 that facilities an efficient end-on acid-H2 interaction and to stabilize the charge separated "H+-H-" moiety in the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Skara
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Balazs Pinter
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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15
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Chernichenko K, Kótai B, Nieger M, Heikkinen S, Pápai I, Repo T. Replacing C6F5 groups with Cl and H atoms in frustrated Lewis pairs: H2 additions and catalytic hydrogenations. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:2263-2269. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04649e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis isosteres: 2-aminophenylboranes containing C6F5 groups replaced with Cl atoms show similar reactivity with H2 including catalytic hydrogenations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B. Kótai
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - M. Nieger
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - S. Heikkinen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - I. Pápai
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - T. Repo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
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16
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Rochette É, Bouchard N, Légaré Lavergne J, Matta CF, Fontaine FG. Spontaneous Reduction of a Hydroborane To Generate a B−B Single Bond by the Use of a Lewis Pair. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12722-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Étienne Rochette
- Département de Chimie, Centre de Catalyse et Chimie Verte (C3V); Université Laval; 1045 Avenue de la Médecine Québec Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Nicolas Bouchard
- Département de Chimie, Centre de Catalyse et Chimie Verte (C3V); Université Laval; 1045 Avenue de la Médecine Québec Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Julien Légaré Lavergne
- Département de Chimie, Centre de Catalyse et Chimie Verte (C3V); Université Laval; 1045 Avenue de la Médecine Québec Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Chérif F. Matta
- Department of Chemistry and Physics; Mount Saint Vincent University; 166 Bedford Highway Halifax Nova Scotia B3M 2J6 Canada
| | - Frédéric-Georges Fontaine
- Département de Chimie, Centre de Catalyse et Chimie Verte (C3V); Université Laval; 1045 Avenue de la Médecine Québec Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
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17
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Rochette É, Bouchard N, Légaré Lavergne J, Matta CF, Fontaine FG. Spontaneous Reduction of a Hydroborane To Generate a B−B Single Bond by the Use of a Lewis Pair. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Étienne Rochette
- Département de Chimie, Centre de Catalyse et Chimie Verte (C3V); Université Laval; 1045 Avenue de la Médecine Québec Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Nicolas Bouchard
- Département de Chimie, Centre de Catalyse et Chimie Verte (C3V); Université Laval; 1045 Avenue de la Médecine Québec Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Julien Légaré Lavergne
- Département de Chimie, Centre de Catalyse et Chimie Verte (C3V); Université Laval; 1045 Avenue de la Médecine Québec Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Chérif F. Matta
- Department of Chemistry and Physics; Mount Saint Vincent University; 166 Bedford Highway Halifax Nova Scotia B3M 2J6 Canada
| | - Frédéric-Georges Fontaine
- Département de Chimie, Centre de Catalyse et Chimie Verte (C3V); Université Laval; 1045 Avenue de la Médecine Québec Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
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18
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Belkova NV, Epstein LM, Filippov OA, Shubina ES. Hydrogen and Dihydrogen Bonds in the Reactions of Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2016; 116:8545-87. [PMID: 27285818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The dihydrogen bond-an interaction between a transition-metal or main-group hydride (M-H) and a protic hydrogen moiety (H-X)-is arguably the most intriguing type of hydrogen bond. It was discovered in the mid-1990s and has been intensively explored since then. Herein, we collate up-to-date experimental and computational studies of the structural, energetic, and spectroscopic parameters and natures of dihydrogen-bonded complexes of the form M-H···H-X, as such species are now known for a wide variety of hydrido compounds. Being a weak interaction, dihydrogen bonding entails the lengthening of the participating bonds as well as their polarization (repolarization) as a result of electron density redistribution. Thus, the formation of a dihydrogen bond allows for the activation of both the MH and XH bonds in one step, facilitating proton transfer and preparing these bonds for further transformations. The implications of dihydrogen bonding in different stoichiometric and catalytic reactions, such as hydrogen exchange, alcoholysis and aminolysis, hydrogen evolution, hydrogenation, and dehydrogenation, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Belkova
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lina M Epstein
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg A Filippov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena S Shubina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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19
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Mo Z, Rit A, Campos J, Kolychev EL, Aldridge S. Catalytic B-N Dehydrogenation Using Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Evidence for a Chain-Growth Coupling Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3306-9. [PMID: 26918906 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic dehydrogenation of ammonia- and amine-boranes by a dimethylxanthene-derived frustrated Lewis pair is described. Turnover is facilitated on a thermodynamic basis by the ready release of H2 from the weakly basic PPh2-containing system. In situ NMR studies and the isolation of intermediates from stoichiometric reactions support a mechanism initiated by B-H activation, followed by end-growth BN coupling involving the terminal NH bond of the bound BN fragment and a BH bond of the incoming borane monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Mo
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Arnab Rit
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Jesús Campos
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene L Kolychev
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
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20
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Zhivonitko VV, Sorochkina K, Chernichenko K, Kótai B, Földes T, Pápai I, Telkki VV, Repo T, Koptyug I. Nuclear spin hyperpolarization with ansa-aminoboranes: a metal-free perspective for parahydrogen-induced polarization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:27784-27795. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05211h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of new ansa-aminoboranes was analyzed experimentally and theoretically for metal-free production of parahydrogen-induced polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Zhivonitko
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging
- International Tomography Center SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences
| | | | | | - Bianka Kótai
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- H-1117 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Tamás Földes
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- H-1117 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Imre Pápai
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- H-1117 Budapest
- Hungary
| | | | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Igor Koptyug
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging
- International Tomography Center SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences
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21
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Firouzi R, Shahbazian S. Seeking Extremes in Molecular Design: To What Extent May Two “Non-Bonded” Hydrogen Atoms be Squeezed in a Hydrocarbon? Chemphyschem 2015; 17:51-4. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201501002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohoullah Firouzi
- Department of Physical Chemistry; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran; P.O. Box 14968-13151 Tehran Iran
| | - Shant Shahbazian
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University, G.C. Evin; P.O. Box 19395-4716 Tehran 19839 Iran
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22
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Mo Z, Kolychev EL, Rit A, Campos J, Niu H, Aldridge S. Facile reversibility by design: tuning small molecule capture and activation by single component frustrated Lewis pairs. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12227-30. [PMID: 26356306 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A series of single component FLPs has been investigated for small molecule capture, with the finding that through tuning of both the thermodynamics of binding/activation and the degree of preorganization (i.e., ΔS(⧧)) reversibility can be brought about at (or close to) room temperature. Thus, the dimethylxanthene system {(C6H4)2(O)CMe2}(PMes2)(B(C6F5)2): (i) heterolytically cleaves dihydrogen to give an equilibrium mixture of FLP and H2 activation product in solution at room temperature and (ii) reversibly captures nitrous oxide (uptake at room temperature, 1 atm; release at 323 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Mo
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Dept of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene L Kolychev
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Dept of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Arnab Rit
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Dept of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Jesús Campos
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Dept of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Haoyu Niu
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Dept of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Dept of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
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23
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Pérez P, Yepes D, Jaque P, Chamorro E, Domingo LR, Rojas RS, Toro-Labbé A. A computational and conceptual DFT study on the mechanism of hydrogen activation by novel frustrated Lewis pairs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:10715-25. [PMID: 25812082 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00306g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A computational and conceptual density functional theory (DFT) study on the mechanism of molecular hydrogen activation by a set of three frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) was performed at the ωB97X-D/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. A reduced model and other two prototypes derived from experimental data, based on the donor nitrogen and acceptor boron atoms, were used. Analysis based on the energy results, geometries and the global electron density transfer at the TSs made it possible to obtain some interesting conclusions: (i) despite the well-known very low reactivity of molecular hydrogen, the catalytic effectiveness of the three FLPs produces reactions with almost unappreciable activation energies; (ii) the reactions, being exothermic, follow a one-step mechanism via polarised TSs; (iii) there are neither substituent effects on the kinetics nor on the thermodynamics of these reactions; (iv) the activation of molecular hydrogen seems to be attained when the N-B distance in the FLP derivatives is around 2.74 Å; and (v) the proposed FLP model is consistent with the behaviour of the experimental prototypes. Finally, the ability of the three FLPs as efficient catalysts was evaluated studying the hydrogenation of acetylene to yield ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Av. República 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile.
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24
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Chen GQ, Türkyilmaz F, Daniliuc CG, Bannwarth C, Grimme S, Kehr G, Erker G. Enamine/butadienylborane cycloaddition in the frustrated Lewis pair regime. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10477-86. [PMID: 26330093 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01602a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The dienylborane 2a was prepared by regioselective alkyne hydroboration of the conjugated enyne 1a with Piers' borane [HB(C6F5)2]. Its reaction with a series of acetophenone derived enamines 3 resulted in the formation of the strong enamine β-carbon adduct with the borane Lewis acid (4). In contrast B-C adduct formation between the dienylborane 2a and a series of much more bulky cyclohexanone derived enamines (6) is rapidly reversible above ca.-30 °C and then leads to the formation of the [4 + 2]cycloaddition products 8. A DFT study revealed that this reaction is probably taking a stepwise route, proceeding by means of enamine addition to the dienylborane terminus to generate a zwitterionic borata-alkene/iminium ion intermediate that undergoes rapid subsequent ring closure. Heating of the products 8 led to amidoborane elimination from the vicinal amino/borane pair at the product framework to give the respective hexahydronaphthalene product 10. Subsequent treatment with TEMPO (2 equiv.) resulted in selective oxidation of the unsaturated ring to give the respective tetrahydronaphthalene derivative 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Chen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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25
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Chen J, Murillo Parra DA, Lalancette RA, Jäkle F. Diferrocenophosphaborin: A Planar-Chiral, Redox-Active and Anion-Responsive Ambiphilic Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:10202-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Chen J, Murillo Parra DA, Lalancette RA, Jäkle F. Diferrocenophosphaborin: A Planar-Chiral, Redox-Active and Anion-Responsive Ambiphilic Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Chen J, Chen EXY. Reactivity of Amine/E(C6F5)3 (E = B, Al) Lewis Pairs toward Linear and Cyclic Acrylic Monomers: Hydrogenation vs. Polymerization. Molecules 2015; 20:9575-90. [PMID: 26016548 PMCID: PMC6272166 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20069575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reveals the contrasting reactivity of amine/E(C6F5)3 (E = B, Al) Lewis pairs toward linear and cyclic acrylic monomers, methyl methacrylate (MMA) and biorenewable γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (γMMBL). While mixing of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TMP) and B(C6F5)3 leads to a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP), Et3N reacts with B(C6F5)3 to form disproportionation products, ammonium hydridoborate ionic pair and iminium zwitterion. On the other hand, the stoichiometric reaction of either TMP or Et3N with Al(C6F5)3 leads to clean formation of a classic Lewis adduct (CLA). Neither TMP nor Et3N, when paired with E(C6F5)3, polymerizes MMA, but the Et3N/2B(C6F5)3 pair promotes transfer hydrogenation of MMA to form methyl isobutyrate. In contrast, the amine/E(C6F5)3 pairs promote rapid polymerization of γMMBL carrying the more reactive exocyclic methylene moiety, achieving full conversion in less than 3 min even at a low catalyst loading of 0.0625 mol %. TMP is more effective than Et3N for the polymerization when paired with either the borane or the alane, while the alane exhibits higher polymerization activity than the borane when paired with Et3N. Overall, the TMP/Al(C6F5)3 system exhibits the highest polymerization activity, achieving a maximum turn-over frequency of 96,000 h-1 at 0.125 mol % of catalyst loading, producing high molecular weight PγMMBL with Mn = 1.29 × 105 g∙mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Eugene X-Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA.
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28
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Stephan DW, Erker G. Chemie frustrierter Lewis-Paare: Entwicklung und Perspektiven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Stephan DW, Erker G. Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry: development and perspectives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6400-41. [PMID: 25974714 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1311] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are combinations of Lewis acids and Lewis bases in solution that are deterred from strong adduct formation by steric and/or electronic factors. This opens pathways to novel cooperative reactions with added substrates. Small-molecule binding and activation by FLPs has led to the discovery of a variety of new reactions through unprecedented pathways. Hydrogen activation and subsequent manipulation in metal-free catalytic hydrogenations is a frequently observed feature of many FLPs. The current state of this young but rapidly expanding field is outlined in this Review and the future directions for its broadening sphere of impact are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S3H6 (Canada).
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 40, 48149 Münster (Germany).
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30
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31
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Rocchigiani L. Experimental Insights into the Structure and Reactivity of Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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Scott DJ, Fuchter MJ, Ashley AE. Metal-free hydrogenation catalyzed by an air-stable borane: use of solvent as a frustrated Lewis base. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10218-22. [PMID: 25113014 PMCID: PMC4497615 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years 'frustrated Lewis pairs' (FLPs) have been shown to be effective metal-free catalysts for the hydrogenation of many unsaturated substrates. Even so, limited functional-group tolerance restricts the range of solvents in which FLP-mediated reactions can be performed, with all FLP-mediated hydrogenations reported to date carried out in non-donor hydrocarbon or chlorinated solvents. Herein we report that the bulky Lewis acids B(C6Cl5)x(C6F5)(3-x) (x=0-3) are capable of heterolytic H2 activation in the strong-donor solvent THF, in the absence of any additional Lewis base. This allows metal-free catalytic hydrogenations to be performed in donor solvent media under mild conditions; these systems are particularly effective for the hydrogenation of weakly basic substrates, including the first examples of metal-free catalytic hydrogenation of furan heterocycles. The air-stability of the most effective borane, B(C6Cl5)(C6F5)2, makes this a practically simple reaction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Scott
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ (UK)
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ (UK)
| | - Andrew E Ashley
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ (UK)
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33
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Scott DJ, Fuchter MJ, Ashley AE. Metal-Free Hydrogenation Catalyzed by an Air-Stable Borane: Use of Solvent as a Frustrated Lewis Base. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Firouzi R, Shahbazian S. Seeking for ultrashort “non-bonded” hydrogen–hydrogen contacts in some rigid hydrocarbons and their chlorinated derivatives. Struct Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-014-0411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Arnott GE, Moquist P, Daniliuc CG, Kehr G, Erker G. A Phosphino Calix[4]arene Bis-Frustrated Lewis Pair. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201301529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Hatnean JA, Thomson JW, Chase PA, Stephan DW. Imine hydrogenation by alkylaluminum catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:301-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47889k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Rocchigiani L, Ciancaleoni G, Zuccaccia C, Macchioni A. Probing the Association of Frustrated Phosphine–Borane Lewis Pairs in Solution by NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 136:112-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4119169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rocchigiani
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Istituto
del CNR di Science e Tecnologie Molecolari, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica,
Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
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38
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Zhivonitko VV, Telkki VV, Chernichenko K, Repo T, Leskelä M, Sumerin V, Koptyug IV. Tweezers for Parahydrogen: A Metal-Free Probe of Nonequilibrium Nuclear Spin States of H2 Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 136:598-601. [DOI: 10.1021/ja410396g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Zhivonitko
- Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International Tomography Center SB RAS, Instututskaya St. 3A, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova
St. 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ville-Veikko Telkki
- Department
of Physics, NMR Research Group, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Konstantin Chernichenko
- Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Timo Repo
- Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Markku Leskelä
- Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Victor Sumerin
- Borealis Polymers Oy, P.O. Box 330, 06101 Porvoo, Finland
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International Tomography Center SB RAS, Instututskaya St. 3A, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova
St. 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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39
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Udagawa T, Tachikawa M. Why is N···Be distance of NH3H+···DBeH shorter than that of NH3D+···HBeH? paradoxical geometrical isotope effects for partially isotope-substituted dihydrogen-bonded isotopomers. J Comput Chem 2013; 35:271-4. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Udagawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Faculty of Engineering; Gifu University; Yanagido 1-1 Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Quantum Chemistry Division, Graduate School of Science; Yokohama-city University; Seto 22-2, Kanazawa-ku Yokohama 236-0027 Japan
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40
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Devarajan D, Doubleday CE, Ess DH. Theory of divalent main group H2 activation: electronics and quasiclassical trajectories. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:8820-33. [PMID: 23837687 DOI: 10.1021/ic4010399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT), absolutely localized molecular orbital (ALMO) analysis, and quasiclassical trajectories (QCTs) were used to study the structure, barrier heights, thermodynamics, electronic properties, and dynamics of dihydrogen (H2) activation by singlet divalent main group compounds (ER2; E = C, Si, Ge). ALMO energy and charge decomposition calculations reveal that in the transition state CR2 acts as an ambiphile toward H2 because of equal forward-bonding and back-bonding orbital stabilization while SiR2 and GeR2 act as nucleophiles with dominant orbital energy stabilization arising from ER2 to H2 donation. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) energy gaps do not provide a reasonable estimate of energy stabilization gained between the ER2 and H2 in the transition state or an accurate description of the nucleophilic versus electrophilic character because of electron repulsion and orbital overlap influences that are neglected. In CR2 transition states, forward-bonding and back-bonding are maximized in the nonleast motion geometry. In contrast, SiR2/GeR2 transition states have side-on geometries to avoid electron-electron repulsion. Electron repulsion, rather than orbital interactions, also determines the relative barrier heights of CR2 versus SiR2/GeR2 reactions. Examination of barrier heights and reaction energies shows a clear kinetic-thermodynamic relationship for ER2 activation of H2. A computational survey of R groups on ER2 divalent atom centers was performed to explore the possibility for H2 activation to occur with a low barrier and thermodynamically reversible. QCTs show that dihydrogen approach and reaction with CR2 may involve geometries significantly different than the static transition-state structure. In contrast, trajectories for dihydrogen addition to SiR2 involve geometries close to the side-on approach suggested by the static transition-state structure. QCTs also demonstrate that addition of H2 to CR2 and SiR2 is dynamically concerted with the average time gap of bond formation between E-H bonds of approximately 11 and 21 fs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Devarajan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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Lindqvist M, Axenov K, Nieger M, Räisänen M, Leskelä M, Repo T. Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry of chiral (+)-camphor-based aminoboranes. Chemistry 2013; 19:10412-8. [PMID: 23788132 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylamino-(+)-camphorenamine reacted with an equimolar amount of Piers' borane, HB(C6F5)2, to give the corresponding iminium-hydroborate zwitterionic salt. Being in equilibrium with the parent enamine-HB(C6F5)2 N-B pair, this salt was able to split hydrogen heterolytically, hydrogenating the iminium group in the molecule. Detailed studies revealed that the hydrogen splitting in this reaction proceeded through an intermolecular pathway leading to a bornylamine-HB(C6F5)2 adduct. When the starting enamine is present in excess over HB(C6F5)2, the produced bornylamine-HB(C6F5)2 adduct breaks up, eliminating free bornylamine and forming the initial camphorenamine-HB(C6F5)2 pair. This results in hydrogenation of the camphorenamine framework in a catalytic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lindqvist
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Finland
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Sajid M, Kehr G, Wiegand T, Eckert H, Schwickert C, Pöttgen R, Cardenas AJP, Warren TH, Fröhlich R, Daniliuc CG, Erker G. Noninteracting, Vicinal Frustrated P/B-Lewis Pair at the Norbornane Framework: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:8882-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ja400338e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sajid
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr.
40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr.
40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Institut für Physikalische
Chemie and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149
Münster, Germany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische
Chemie and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149
Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Schwickert
- Institut
für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rainer Pöttgen
- Institut
für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Allan Jay P. Cardenas
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, P.O. Box 571227, Washington,
D.C. 20057-1227, United States
| | - Timothy H. Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, P.O. Box 571227, Washington,
D.C. 20057-1227, United States
| | - Roland Fröhlich
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr.
40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr.
40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr.
40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Rokob TA, Bakó I, Stirling A, Hamza A, Pápai I. Reactivity Models of Hydrogen Activation by Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Synergistic Electron Transfers or Polarization by Electric Field? J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4425-37. [DOI: 10.1021/ja312387q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor András Rokob
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry,
Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri út
59-67, Hungary
| | - Imre Bakó
- Institute of Organic Chemistry,
Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri út
59-67, Hungary
| | - András Stirling
- Institute of Organic Chemistry,
Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri út
59-67, Hungary
| | - Andrea Hamza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry,
Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri út
59-67, Hungary
| | - Imre Pápai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry,
Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri út
59-67, Hungary
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Maruyama M, König M, Guldi DM, Nakamura E, Matsuo Y. Reaktivität eines Cobalt(III)-trisulfid-Komplexes: photofunktionelle Cobaltkomplexe durch mehrfache C-H-Funktionalisierung vonp-Xylol mit Disulfiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Maruyama M, König M, Guldi DM, Nakamura E, Matsuo Y. Reactivity of a Metastable Cobalt(III) Trisulfide Complex: Multiple CH Functionalization ofp-Xylene and Disulfides to Afford Photofunctional Cobalt Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3015-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Stute A, Kehr G, Daniliuc CG, Fröhlich R, Erker G. Electronic control in frustrated Lewis pair chemistry: adduct formation of intramolecular FLP systems with –P(C6F5)2 Lewis base components. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:4487-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32806b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Greb L, Tussing S, Schirmer B, Oña-Burgos P, Kaupmees K, Lõkov M, Leito I, Grimme S, Paradies J. Electronic effects of triarylphosphines in metal-free hydrogen activation: a kinetic and computational study. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50347j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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48
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Zaher H, Ashley AE, Irwin M, Thompson AL, Gutmann MJ, Krämer T, O'Hare D. Structural and theoretical studies of intermolecular dihydrogen bonding in [(C6F5)2(C6Cl5)B]–H⋯H–[TMP]. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:9755-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45889j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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50
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Hydrogen Activation by Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Insights from Computational Studies. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 332:157-211. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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