1
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SiO2 Deposition to Regulate Surface Barriers and Its Impact on ZSM-5 Catalyzed Reactions with Distinct Molecular Sizes. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Bai R, Song X, Yan W, Yu J. Low-Energy Adsorptive Separation by Zeolites. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac064. [PMID: 36128463 PMCID: PMC9477195 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Separation of mixture is always necessarily required in modern industry, especially in fine chemical, petrochemical, coal chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. The challenge of separation process is usually associated with small molecules with very similar physical and chemical properties. Among the separation techniques, the commonly used high-pressure cryogenic distillation process with combination of high-pressure and very low temperature is heavily energy-consumed and accounts for the major production costs as well as 10–15% of the world's energy consumption. To this end, the adsorptive separation process based on zeolite sorbents is a promising lower-energy alternative and the performance is directly determined by the zeolite sorbents. In this review, we surveyed the separation mechanisms based on the steric, equilibrium, kinetic, and ‘trapdoor’ effect, and summarized the recent advances in adsorptive separation via zeolites including CO2, light olefins, C8 aromatics, and hydrogen isotopes. Furthermore, we provided the perspectives on the rational design of zeolite sorbents for the absolute separation of mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Xiaowei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Wenfu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
| | - Jihong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun130012, China
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kärger
- Universität Leipzig Fakultät für Physik und Geowissenschaften Linnéstraße 5 04103 Leipzig Germany
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5
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Hu S, Liu J, Ye G, Zhou X, Coppens MO, Yuan W. Effect of External Surface Diffusion Barriers on Platinum/Beta-Catalyzed Isomerization of n-Pentane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14394-14398. [PMID: 33856709 PMCID: PMC8252482 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a generalizable strategy to quantify the effect of surface barriers on zeolite catalysis. Isomerization of n‐pentane, catalyzed by Pt/Beta, is taken as a model reaction system. Firstly, the surface modification by chemical liquid deposition of SiO2 was carried out to control the surface barriers on zeolite Beta crystals. The deposition of SiO2 leads to a very slight change in the physical properties of Beta crystals, but an obvious reduction in Brønsted acid sites. Diffusion measurements by the zero‐length column (ZLC) method show that the apparent diffusivity of n‐pentane can be more than doubled after SiO2 deposition, indicating that the surface barriers have been weakened. Catalytic performance was tested in a fixed‐bed reactor, showing that the apparent catalytic activity improved by 51–131 % after SiO2 deposition. These results provide direct proof that reducing surface barriers can be an effective route to improve zeolite catalyst performance deteriorated by transport limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Junru Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Guanghua Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xinggui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Marc-Olivier Coppens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Weikang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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6
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Hu S, Liu J, Ye G, Zhou X, Coppens M, Yuan W. Effect of External Surface Diffusion Barriers on Platinum/Beta‐Catalyzed Isomerization of
n
‐Pentane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Junru Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Guanghua Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xinggui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | | | - Weikang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
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7
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Hwang S, Kärger J, Miersemann E. Diffusion and reaction in pore hierarchies by the two-region model. ADSORPTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-021-00307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe two-region (“Kärger”) model of diffusion in complex pore spaces is exploited for quantitating mass transfer in hierarchically organized nanoporous materials, consisting of a continuous microporous bulk phase permeated by a network of transport pores. With the implications that the diffusivity in the transport pores significantly exceeds the diffusivity in the micropores and that the relative population of the transport pores is far below that of the micropores, overall transport depends on only three independent parameters. Depending on their interrelation, enhancement of the overall mass transfer is found to be ensured by two fundamentally different mechanisms. They are referred to as the limiting cases of fast and slow exchange, with the respective time constants of molecular uptake being controlled by different parameters. Complemented with reaction terms, the two-region model may equally successfully be applied to the quantitation of the combined effect of diffusion and reaction in terms of the effectiveness factor. Generalization of the classical Thiele concept is shown to provide an excellent estimate of the effectiveness factor of a chemical reaction in hierarchically porous materials, solely based on the intrinsic reaction rate and the time constant of molecular uptake relevant to the given conditions.
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Liu Z, Yuan J, van Baten JM, Zhou J, Tang X, Zhao C, Chen W, Yi X, Krishna R, Sastre G, Zheng A. Synergistically enhance confined diffusion by continuum intersecting channels in zeolites. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/11/eabf0775. [PMID: 33712464 PMCID: PMC7954456 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In separation and catalysis applications, adsorption and diffusion are normally considered mutually exclusive. That is, rapid diffusion is generally accompanied by weak adsorption and vice versa. In this work, we analyze the anomalous loading-dependent mechanism of p-xylene diffusion in a newly developed zeolite called SCM-15. The obtained results demonstrate that the unique system of "continuum intersecting channels" (i.e., channels made of fused cavities) plays a key role in the diffusion process for the molecule-selective pathways. At low pressure, the presence of strong adsorption sites and intersections that provide space for molecule rotation facilitates the diffusion of p-xylene along the Z direction. Upon increasing the molecular uptake, the adsorbates move faster along the X direction because of the effect of continuum intersections in reducing the diffusion barriers and thus maintaining the large diffusion coefficient of the diffusing compound. This mechanism synergistically improves the diffusion in zeolites with continuum intersecting channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, and Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Jiamin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, and Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jasper M van Baten
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology, SINOPEC, Shanghai 201208, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, and Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chao Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, and Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Xianfeng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, and Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Rajamani Krishna
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - German Sastre
- Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Anmin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, and Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
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9
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Chmelik C, Gläser R, Haase J, Hwang S, Kärger J. Application of microimaging to diffusion studies in nanoporous materials. ADSORPTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-020-00279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMicroimaging on the basis of, respectively, interference microscopy and IR microscopy permit the observation of the distribution of guest molecules in nanoporous solids and their variation with time. Thus attainable knowledge of both concentration gradients and diffusion fluxes provides direct access to the underlying diffusion phenomena. This includes, in particular, the measurement of transport diffusion under transient, i. e. under non-equilibrium conditions, and of self- or tracer diffusion on considering the rate of tracer exchange. Correlating the difference in guest concentration close to the external surface to its equilibrium value with the influx into the nanoporous solid, microimaging does as well allow the direct determination of surface resistances. Examples illustrating the variety of information thus attainable include the comparison of mass transfer under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions, single- and multicomponent diffusion and chemical reactions. They, finally, introduce into the potentials of microimaging for an in-depth study of mass transfer in mixed-matrix membranes. This tutorial review may serve as first introduction into the topic. Further references are linked for the interested reader.
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Abstract
AbstractThis paper provides a general overview of the phenomenon of guest diffusion in nanoporous materials. It introduces the different types of diffusion measurement that can be performed under both equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions in either single- or multicomponent systems. In the technological application of nanoporous materials for mass separation and catalytic conversion diffusion often has a significant impact on the overall rate of the process and is quite commonly rate controlling. Diffusion enhancement is therefore often a major goal in the manufacture of catalysts and adsorbents.
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12
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Pini R, Joss L. See the unseen: applications of imaging techniques to study adsorption in microporous materials. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Chmelik C, Liebau M, Al‐Naji M, Möllmer J, Enke D, Gläser R, Kärger J. One‐Shot Measurement of Effectiveness Factors of Chemical Conversion in Porous Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Chmelik
- Faculty of Physics and Earth SciencesUniversität Leipzig Linnéstrasse 5 Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Michael Liebau
- Faculty of Physics and Earth SciencesUniversität Leipzig Linnéstrasse 5 Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Institute of Chemical TechnologyUniversität Leipzig Linnéstrasse 3 Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Majd Al‐Naji
- Institute of Chemical TechnologyUniversität Leipzig Linnéstrasse 3 Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 Postdam 14476 Germany
| | - Jens Möllmer
- Institute for Non-Classical Chemistry e. V. Permoserstrasse 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
| | - Dirk Enke
- Institute of Chemical TechnologyUniversität Leipzig Linnéstrasse 3 Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Roger Gläser
- Institute of Chemical TechnologyUniversität Leipzig Linnéstrasse 3 Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Institute for Non-Classical Chemistry e. V. Permoserstrasse 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
| | - Jörg Kärger
- Faculty of Physics and Earth SciencesUniversität Leipzig Linnéstrasse 5 Leipzig 04103 Germany
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14
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Di Maio FP, Santaniello A, Di Renzo A, Golemme G. Description of gas transport in perfluoropolymer/SAPO-34 mixed matrix membranes using four-resistance model. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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16
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Kondrashova D, Lauerer A, Mehlhorn D, Jobic H, Feldhoff A, Thommes M, Chakraborty D, Gommes C, Zecevic J, de Jongh P, Bunde A, Kärger J, Valiullin R. Scale-dependent diffusion anisotropy in nanoporous silicon. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40207. [PMID: 28106047 PMCID: PMC5247748 DOI: 10.1038/srep40207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoporous silicon produced by electrochemical etching of highly B-doped p-type silicon wafers can be prepared with tubular pores imbedded in a silicon matrix. Such materials have found many technological applications and provide a useful model system for studying phase transitions under confinement. This paper reports a joint experimental and simulation study of diffusion in such materials, covering displacements from molecular dimensions up to tens of micrometers with carefully selected probe molecules. In addition to mass transfer through the channels, diffusion (at much smaller rates) is also found to occur in directions perpendicular to the channels, thus providing clear evidence of connectivity. With increasing displacements, propagation in both axial and transversal directions is progressively retarded, suggesting a scale-dependent, hierarchical distribution of transport resistances (“constrictions” in the channels) and of shortcuts (connecting “bridges”) between adjacent channels. The experimental evidence from these studies is confirmed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in the range of atomistic displacements and rationalized with a simple model of statistically distributed “constrictions” and “bridges” for displacements in the micrometer range via dynamic Monte Carlo (DMC) simulation. Both ranges are demonstrated to be mutually transferrable by DMC simulations based on the pore space topology determined by electron tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kondrashova
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Linnéstraße 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.,University of Gießen, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Alexander Lauerer
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Linnéstraße 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Mehlhorn
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Linnéstraße 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hervé Jobic
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement - CNRS 2, Avenue Albert-Einstein, F-69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Armin Feldhoff
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Callinstr. 3-3A, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Thommes
- Quantachrome Ins., 1900 Corporate Drive, Boynton Beach, Florida 33426, USA
| | - Dipanjan Chakraborty
- Indian Institute of Science Education &Research Mohali, Sec 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli - 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Cedric Gommes
- Utrecht University, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sorbonnelaan 16, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jovana Zecevic
- Utrecht University, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sorbonnelaan 16, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra de Jongh
- Utrecht University, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sorbonnelaan 16, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Armin Bunde
- University of Gießen, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Jörg Kärger
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Linnéstraße 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rustem Valiullin
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Linnéstraße 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Ristanović Z, Kubarev AV, Hofkens J, Roeffaers MBJ, Weckhuysen BM. Single Molecule Nanospectroscopy Visualizes Proton-Transfer Processes within a Zeolite Crystal. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13586-13596. [PMID: 27709925 PMCID: PMC5089756 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Visualizing proton-transfer processes at the nanoscale is essential for understanding the reactivity of zeolite-based catalyst materials. In this work, the Brønsted-acid-catalyzed oligomerization of styrene derivatives was used for the first time as a single molecule probe reaction to study the reactivity of individual zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals in different zeolite framework, reactant and solvent environments. This was accomplished via the formation of distinct dimeric and trimeric fluorescent carbocations, characterized by their different photostability, as detected by single molecule fluorescence microscopy. The oligomerization kinetics turned out to be very sensitive to the reaction conditions and the presence of the local structural defects in zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals. The remarkably photostable trimeric carbocations were found to be formed predominantly near defect-rich crystalline regions. This spectroscopic marker offers clear prospects for nanoscale quality control of zeolite-based materials. Interestingly, replacing n-heptane with 1-butanol as a solvent led to a reactivity decrease of several orders and shorter survival times of fluorescent products due to the strong chemisorption of 1-butanol onto the Brønsted acid sites. A similar effect was achieved by changing the electrophilic character of the para-substituent of the styrene moiety. Based on the measured turnover rates we have established a quantitative, single turnover approach to evaluate substituent and solvent effects on the reactivity of individual zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Ristanović
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexey V. Kubarev
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and
Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and
Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Maarten B. J. Roeffaers
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and
Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Glavatskiy KS, Bhatia SK. Thermodynamic Resistance to Matter Flow at The Interface of a Porous Membrane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3400-3411. [PMID: 27010213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous materials are important in industrial separation, but their application is subject to strong interfacial barriers to the entry and transport of fluids. At certain conditions the fluid inside and outside the nanoporous material can be viewed as a two-phase system, with an interface between them, which poses an excess resistance to matter flow. We show that there exist two kinds of phenomena which influence the interfacial resistance: hydrodynamic effects and thermodynamic effects, which are independent of each other. Here, we investigate the role of the thermodynamic effects in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and slit pores and compare the associated thermodynmic resistance with that due to hydrodynamic effects traditionally modeled by the established Sampson expression. Using CH4 and CO2 as model fluids, we show that the thermodynamic resistance is especially important for moderate to high pressures, at which the fluid within the CNT or slit pore is in the condensed state. Further, we show that at such pressures the thermodynamic resistance becomes comparable with the internal resistance to fluid transport at length scales typical of membranes used in fuel cells, and of importance in membrane-based separation, and nanofluidics in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Glavatskiy
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Suresh K Bhatia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Zhao X, Zhao J, Chiang CY, Li Z, Zhao Y, Zhou W. Highly efficient synthesis of LTA-type aluminophosphate molecular sieve by improved ionothermal method. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03006d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An LTA-type aluminophosphate molecular sieve was synthesized under the conditions of a low ILs/Al2O3 ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhong Zhao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University of Technology
- Lanzhou 730050
- China
- EaStChem
| | - Jiangbo Zhao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University of Technology
- Lanzhou 730050
- China
| | | | - Zhengshan Li
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University of Technology
- Lanzhou 730050
- China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University of Technology
- Lanzhou 730050
- China
| | - Wuzong Zhou
- EaStChem
- School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews
- UK
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20
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Kärger J, Ruthven DM. Diffusion in nanoporous materials: fundamental principles, insights and challenges. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02836a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The increasing complexity of nanoporous catalysts and adsorbents presents a challenge to both the experimental measurement and theoretical modeling of transport behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kärger
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences
- University of Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Douglas M. Ruthven
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Maine
- Orono
- USA
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22
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23
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Uphill diffusion and overshooting in the adsorption of binary mixtures in nanoporous solids. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7697. [PMID: 26177626 PMCID: PMC4518250 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Under certain conditions, during binary mixture adsorption in nanoporous hosts, the concentration of one component may temporarily exceed its equilibrium value. This implies that, in contrast to Fick's Law, molecules must diffuse in the direction of increasing rather than decreasing concentration. Although this phenomenon of ‘overshooting' has been observed previously, it is only recently, using microimaging techniques, that diffusive fluxes in the interior of nanoporous materials have become accessible to direct observation. Here we report the application of interference microscopy to monitor ‘uphill' fluxes, covering the entire period of overshooting from initiation until final equilibration. It is shown that the evolution of the profiles can be adequately predicted from the single-component diffusivities together with the binary adsorption equilibrium data. The guest molecules studied (carbon dioxide, ethane and propene) and the host material (ZSM-58 or DDR) are of practical interest in relation to the development of kinetically selective adsorption separation processes. During the transient adsorption of a binary mixture in a nanoporous host, the concentration of one component may temporarily exceed its equilibrium value, with molecules diffusing in the direction of increasing concentration. Here, the authors use microimaging to examine this process in a real system.
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Ristanović Z, Hofmann JP, De Cremer G, Kubarev AV, Rohnke M, Meirer F, Hofkens J, Roeffaers MBJ, Weckhuysen BM. Quantitative 3D Fluorescence Imaging of Single Catalytic Turnovers Reveals Spatiotemporal Gradients in Reactivity of Zeolite H-ZSM-5 Crystals upon Steaming. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6559-68. [PMID: 25867455 PMCID: PMC4448181 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Optimizing the number, distribution,
and accessibility of Brønsted
acid sites in zeolite-based catalysts is of a paramount importance
to further improve their catalytic performance. However, it remains
challenging to measure real-time changes in reactivity of single zeolite
catalyst particles by ensemble-averaging characterization methods.
In this work, a detailed 3D single molecule, single turnover sensitive
fluorescence microscopy study is presented to quantify the reactivity
of Brønsted acid sites in zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals upon steaming.
This approach, in combination with the oligomerization of furfuryl
alcohol as a probe reaction, allowed the stochastic behavior of single
catalytic turnovers and temporally resolved turnover frequencies of
zeolite domains smaller than the diffraction limited resolution to
be investigated with great precision. It was found that the single
turnover kinetics of the parent zeolite crystal proceeds with significant
spatial differences in turnover frequencies on the nanoscale and noncorrelated
temporal fluctuations. Mild steaming of zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals at
500 °C led to an enhanced surface reactivity, with up to 4 times
higher local turnover rates than those of the parent H-ZSM-5 crystals,
and revealed remarkable heterogeneities in surface reactivity. In
strong contrast, severe steaming at 700 °C significantly dealuminated
the zeolite H-ZSM-5 material, leading to a 460 times lower turnover
rate. The differences in measured turnover activities are explained
by changes in the 3D aluminum distribution due to migration of extraframework
Al-species and their subsequent effect on pore accessibility, as corroborated
by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) sputter
depth profiling data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Ristanović
- †Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan P Hofmann
- †Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert De Cremer
- ‡Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexey V Kubarev
- §Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Marcus Rohnke
- ∥Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Florian Meirer
- †Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Hofkens
- ‡Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten B J Roeffaers
- §Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- †Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Goepel M, Kabir H, Küster C, Saraçi E, Zeigermann P, Valiullin R, Chmelik C, Enke D, Kärger J, Gläser R. Improving mass-transfer in controlled pore glasses as supports for the platinum-catalyzed aromatics hydrogenation. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy01665c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mass-transfer improvement in the Pt-catalyzed aromatics hydrogenation by increasing the pore width of controlled pore glasses as supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Goepel
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Universität Leipzig
- Germany
| | - H. Kabir
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Universität Leipzig
- Germany
| | - C. Küster
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Universität Leipzig
- Germany
| | - E. Saraçi
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Universität Leipzig
- Germany
| | - P. Zeigermann
- Institute of Experimental Physics I
- Universität Leipzig
- Germany
| | - R. Valiullin
- Institute of Experimental Physics I
- Universität Leipzig
- Germany
| | - C. Chmelik
- Institute of Experimental Physics I
- Universität Leipzig
- Germany
| | - D. Enke
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Universität Leipzig
- Germany
| | - J. Kärger
- Institute of Experimental Physics I
- Universität Leipzig
- Germany
| | - R. Gläser
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Universität Leipzig
- Germany
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Kärger J, Binder T, Chmelik C, Hibbe F, Krautscheid H, Krishna R, Weitkamp J. Microimaging of transient guest profiles to monitor mass transfer in nanoporous materials. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:333-343. [PMID: 24651427 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The intense interactions of guest molecules with the pore walls of nanoporous materials is the subject of continued fundamental research. Stimulated by their thermal energy, the guest molecules in these materials are subject to a continuous, irregular motion, referred to as diffusion. Diffusion, which is omnipresent in nature, influences the efficacy of nanoporous materials in reaction and separation processes. The recently introduced techniques of microimaging by interference and infrared microscopy provide us with a wealth of information on diffusion, hitherto inaccessible from commonly used techniques. Examples include the determination of surface barriers and the sticking coefficient's analogue, namely the probability that, on colliding with the particle surface, a molecule may continue its diffusion path into the interior. Microimaging is further seen to open new vistas in multicomponent guest diffusion (including the detection of a reversal in the preferred diffusion pathways), in guest-induced phase transitions in nanoporous materials and in matching the results of diffusion studies under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kärger
- Department of Interface Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnestrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tomas Binder
- Department of Interface Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnestrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Chmelik
- Department of Interface Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnestrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Hibbe
- Department of Interface Physics, University of Leipzig, Linnestrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Krautscheid
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rajamani Krishna
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Weitkamp
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Bonilla MR, Titze T, Schmidt F, Mehlhorn D, Chmelik C, Valiullin R, Bhatia SK, Kaskel S, Ryoo R, Kärger J. Diffusion Study by IR Micro-Imaging of Molecular Uptake and Release on Mesoporous Zeolites of Structure Type CHA and LTA. MATERIALS 2013; 6:2662-2688. [PMID: 28811401 PMCID: PMC5521224 DOI: 10.3390/ma6072662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of mesopores in the interior of microporous particles may significantly improve their transport properties. Complementing previous macroscopic transient sorption experiments and pulsed field gradient NMR self-diffusion studies with such materials, the present study is dedicated to an in-depth study of molecular uptake and release on the individual particles of mesoporous zeolitic specimens, notably with samples of the narrow-pore structure types, CHA and LTA. The investigations are focused on determining the time constants and functional dependences of uptake and release. They include a systematic variation of the architecture of the mesopores and of the guest molecules under study as well as a comparison of transient uptake with blocked and un-blocked mesopores. In addition to accelerating intracrystalline mass transfer, transport enhancement by mesopores is found to be, possibly, also caused by a reduction of transport resistances on the particle surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Rincon Bonilla
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Tobias Titze
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Franz Schmidt
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Dirk Mehlhorn
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christian Chmelik
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Rustem Valiullin
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Suresh K Bhatia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ryong Ryoo
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea.
| | - Jörg Kärger
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Kärger J, Valiullin R. Mass transfer in mesoporous materials: the benefit of microscopic diffusion measurement. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4172-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35326e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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